The Impact of Bank-Specific and Macroeconomic Factors on Non-performing Loans in Sri Lankan Commercial Banks

The main purpose of this study is to ascertain the effect of bank-specific and macroeconomic factors on non-performing loans in systemically and non-systemically important commercial banks in Sri Lanka over 10 year’s period from 2004 to 2013.Also,the study examines the impact of civil war that prevailed in the country for 30 years on the ex-post credit risk of the banking sector.The study employed panel data methodology to investigate the effect of bank-specific and macroeconomic factors on non-performing loans.Panel unit root test has been undertaken in order to test the stationary of the variables.Hausman test and Wald coefficient restriction test were used to select the appropriate model out of pooled,random,and fixed effect.A dummy variable panel regression model adopted to study the war effect,considering 2009 as the structural year.Findings revealed that return on assets as a proxy for bank efficiency has a significant negative influence,while non-interest income as a proxy for income diversity is positively correlated with non-performing loans of systemically important banks.Both real gross domestic products and lending rates were highly significant in both bank types.On contrary with literature,growth in bank branches is negatively correlated.Public banks do not account for higher level of non-performing loans compared to their private counterpart.Finally,it was identified that civil war had an effect on the level of non-performing loans in commercial banks.The research would have benefited if the analysis is carried out among classified types of loans offered by commercial banks.Future researchers should involve in identifying the most significant contributing loan type to the non-performing loans and its determinants.This study is one of the few studies which have investigated the causes of non-performing loans in the commercial banking industry in Sri Lanka.The analysis of civil war and its impact on non-performing loans is the first study of that nature to be conducted in the context.

Determining pledged loan-to-value ratio:an option pricing perspective

Background:We investigated the determination of the pledged loan-to-value ratio in an optionpricing environment and mainly articulated the theoretical framework and analytical method.Methods:The basic idea is that the present value of the pledged loan payoff is equal to a put option’s value.While the interest rate is fixed and the loan is without coupon,we analyzed the pledged loan-to-value ratioin the option pricing perspective and got it that the pledged loan-to-value ratio is decided by term,excessreturn,and the value volatility of the pledge.Next,we extended the same work to coupon loan and portfoliopledge circumstances.For zero coupon and fixed interest rate circumstances,we performed a numericalanalysis.Results:Our results indicate the following:the pledged loan-to-value ratio is a convex decreasing function ofthe term;and the pledged loan-to-value ratio is a concave decreasing function of the value volatility of the pledge;and the pledged loan-to-value ratio is a concave increasing function of the risk premium.For floating interest rate circumstances,we should specify the function form between the loan interest and the risk-free rate.Conclusions:The scientific measurement of the pledged loan-to-value ratio means that simple rules of thumb or the VaR method may lead to mispricing,which could create the possibility of arbitrage.In this way,a new direction for trading derivative products of pledges will be provided.

基于央行征信数据运用的区域金融风险预警实证研究——以广东省为例

区域金融风险预警的前提是合理选择风险预警指标。以广东省为研究对象,基于央行征信数据、宏观经济数据和广东省经济风向指标数据,构建广东省金融风险监测预警分析框架和模型,实证分析预测广东省区域金融风险演变趋势,并针对构建基于央行征信数据运用的区域金融风险预警体系提出建议,为运用征信数据开展区域金融风险监测预警提供有益借鉴。

金融科技对商业银行系统性风险影响研究

金融科技已经成为金融行业关注的焦点,为银行业的发展带来了新范式,并且正逐渐成为银行业风险管控的重要手段。文章基于静态的CoVaR方法来测算系统性风险,进而探讨金融科技与商业银行系统性风险之间的关系。结果表明:金融科技会抑制商业银行的系统性风险;金融科技通过提高资本充足率进而降低商业银行的系统性风险;商业银行的不良贷款率越高,金融科技对系统性风险的抑制作用会越明显。基于此,应推动金融科技与银行业务结合,注重系统性风险防范;优化银行网点分布,提高客户粘性;针对不同类型商业银行,施行差异化风险管控;加强内外联动,建立金融业务网络信息共享平台。

Loan growth and bank solvency:evidence from the Pakistani banking sector

Background:The dramatic loan growth and changes in the Pakistani banking system in mid-2000s have led to significant research attention on borrowers and lenders.This expansion and diversification in financial sector was driven by structural reforms,political stability and significant economic growth.Against this background,this study investigates the loan growth and risk-taking behavior of the banks during the expansionary periods of lending.Method:This study used dynamic two-step system generalized method of moment’s estimation technique,based on data taken from 32 banks in Pakistan over 2006-2014.Result:Loan growth has a significant effect on bank-specific and macroeconomicspecific variables.Loan growth in the previous year raises non-performing loans and decreases the solvency of banks with a time lag of many years.The driving force behind this phenomenon is weak prudential regulation among competitors,the asymmetric information of the borrowers,and,most importantly,that banks underestimate the risk of lending during credit booms.Conclusion:More regulatory measures are required to ensure a strong financial system when the volume of non-performing loan grows significantly.An increase in the capital requirement policy for rapidly growing banks is also needed because the problem of abnormal loan growth cannot be detected at the current time.At the same time,strong supervision is necessary to avoid the adverse consequences of borrower selection.

资产证券化对银行资本充足率和不良贷款率的影响机制

基于2SLS方法和中介效应模型,选取81家中国商业银行2012—2021年微观数据,分析资产证券化对商业银行资本充足率和不良贷款率的影响,并进一步从盈利能力视角和信贷扩张视角分别研究两者的影响机制。研究表明:资产证券化通过提升银行盈利能力显著提高其资本充足率,净资产比率越高、不良贷款率越低、贷款占比大、资产规模小的银行,其资产证券化对银行资本充足率有更好的效应;资产证券化刺激了银行信贷扩张却增加了银行不良贷款率,流动性越强、成本收入比越大、资本充足率越低的银行不良贷款的风险越大。银行资产证券化的目的在于提高盈利能力和增强资产流动性,但是利益的驱使和监管不到位会促使银行过度资产证券化,从而增加银行风险。

地方政府债务扩张与政策选择

在经济压力叠加背景中,中国出现房价疲软与地方政府债务激增并存现象,二者趋势的长期背离可能诱发系统性金融风险。通过建立包含异质性生产部门、地方政府的DSGE模型,讨论在实现稳房价目标基础上的地方政府债务风险化解问题。研究发现,当地方政府债务规模较小时,其土地融资行为能够推动房价与地价螺旋上涨。负向住房交易成本冲击可以通过地方政府的土地融资渠道刺激经济增长,由此引发地方政府债务规模扩张。相比于对预期房价作出反应的货币政策,逆周期地方政府贷款价值比的宏观审慎政策的优势在于能够基于地价与预期房价的变动关系来适时调整政策力度,有效抑制地方政府债务扩张的同时在稳地价、稳房价上的表现更佳。

衡量金融支持力度:存贷比还是社会融资规模?

存贷比和社会融资规模都是衡量金融要素投入的重要指标,随着金融市场不断发展,金融产品持续创新,传统的存贷比指标很可能无法全面反映金融支持地方经济的力度,社会融资规模或将成为主要的金融考察依据。本文基于湖南省实际,对存贷比和社会融资规模指标进行对比分析,得出以下结论。第一,以存贷比指标衡量区域经济金融发展存在明显短板,多种融资渠道对贷款的替代效应明显,贷款真实需求不足、金融政策导向等因素易导致存贷比信息失真。第二,社会融资规模具有取代存贷比指标的多重优势。其作为国家宏观调控重要参考指标,能多角度、全方位反映各类融资支持实体经济的情况,与经济的相关性更高,能前瞻性地反映经济发展变化,对宏观调控政策有一定指示作用。鉴于此,本文建议地方政府应用社会融资规模指标,多角度、更全面地掌握地区金融发展状况,切实推动地区社会融资规模合理增长。

金融结构影响产业结构变迁的传导机制研究

通过作用机理分析提出待检验的研究假设,着重研究金融结构影响产业结构变迁的传导机制。研究发现:银行主导型金融结构更适合转型期内中国的金融体系,能够促进产业结构合理化和高级化;不良贷款率和城乡收入差距均为传导渠道,并且不良贷款率对产业结构高级化的中介作用要强于合理化,城乡收入差距对产业结构合理化的中介作用要强于高级化;不同的产业形态需要相应的金融结构与之匹配,产业结构的优化升级能够倒逼金融体系的市场化。因此,未来产业的前沿化发展需要不断提升直接融资比例,逐步推进金融体系的市场化进程。

绿色信贷,银行异质性与银行经营绩效

从商业银行异质性角度出发,采用17家上市银行11年的面板数据分组进行实证研究,检验绿色信贷与上市商业银行经营绩效二者间的内在关系,得出如下结论:一是绿色信贷与非国有商业银行经营绩效之间存在非线性关系;二是绿色信贷对国有商业银行经营绩效存在促进作用,对非国有商业银行经营绩效存在负向作用,导致中小型商业银行缺乏开展绿色信贷业务的动机;三是总资产规模与银行的经营绩效并无关系,不同规模的商业银行对其经营绩效没有显著性影响。

Non-performing loans(NPLs),liquidity creation,and moral hazard:Case of Chinese banks

This study analyzes the impact of non-performing loans(NPLs)on bank liquidity creation to investigate the existence of moral hazard problem in Chinese banks.It uses data from 197 listed and unlisted Chinese banks,spanning the period 2005 to 2014.Total liquidity creation by Chinese banks is declining,and NPLs ratio has started to increase following a continuous decline between 2005 and 2012.Using one-step system GMM estimation,fixed and random effect model,and pool data analysis,we find that liquidity creation by Chinese banks does not depend on NPLs ratio,i.e.,we did not find the evidence of moral hazard problem in Chinese banks.We repeated the analysis for small and large banks and the results of these sub-samples reinforced our findings for the aggregate sample.

Do Macroeconomic Determinants of Non-Performing Loans Vary with the Income Levels of Countries?

This paper explores the macroeconomic determinants of non-performing loans(NPL) in 19 Asian countries(low to high income economies) using the Generalized Method of Moments estimation approach based on the economic data for the period between 1998 and 2015. The categorization of the economies is based on the average gross national income per capita as set by the World Bank.Specifically, the paper aims to evaluate if the determinants of NPL vary with the income levels of the countries. The results indicate that the NPL is strongly influenced by the inflation rate. The effect is,however, negative in the high-income and the middle-income countries and positive in the low-income countries. The GDP per capita has a dynamic negative relationship with the NPL in the high-income and the low-income countries. The remittance has a significant positive association in the high-income and a significant negative association in the low-income countries. Similarly, the unemployment rate has a positive effect on NPL in the middle-income and the low-income countries. With the rise in the official exchange rate, the NPL level increases in the low-income countries. The overall estimation results suggest that the NPL in Asian banking system depend on some key macroeconomic variables,such as unemployment rate, inflation rate, official exchange rate, remittance received and gross domestic product per capita, and these associations vary with the income level of the countries. Therefore,economic level of a country should be carefully considered while formulating credit policy to minimize credit risks in the banking system.

基于区块链技术的供应链存货质押融资决策研究

存货质押融资是中小企业解决资金问题的重要金融手段。同时区块链技术因其公开透明、难以伪造数据等特点,能有效改善存货质押融资模式在发展过程中存在的诸多痛点。针对区块链技术下的存货质押决策问题,建立区块链技术下零售商和采用下侧风险银行的存货质押融资博弈决策模型,采用Stackelberg博弈模型分析区块链技术对零售商质押量和银行质押率的决策影响。研究表明:制造商初始批发价定价较高时,区块链技术可以使零售商用较少的质押量获更高的期望利润。在银行采用相同的风险容忍水平下,使用区块链技术后银行的最优质押率上限提高,且最优质押率会有所提高。对融资参与方是否使用,以及何时使用区块链优化存货质押融资有一定参考价值。

学生贷款偿还负担的国际比较及我国的实证研究

各国在研究学生贷款的偿还问题时,对学生所承担债务负担的讨论是必不可少的。学生还款负担的轻重是衡量学生贷款方案是否科学合理的重要指标。本文对学生的贷款偿还负担进行国际比较,并对我国学生的还款负担作了实证分析;在阐述影响还款负担的主要因素的基础上,对我国国家助学贷款偿还模型的改进提出了一些合理化建议。

标准存货质押融资业务贷款价值比率研究

确定合适的质押存货贷款价值比率能够使银行有效地缓释存货质押融资业务的信用风险。沿着简化式的思路,本文综合考虑了外生的企业违约概率,质押存货的价格波动率,贷款的周期和盯市频率等因素的影响,为银行在保持风险容忍水平一致的情况下确定特定存货质押融资业务的相应贷款价值比率提供了一个基本模型。此外,针对存货质押融资的现状,本文还将清算延迟、流动性风险和非零的触发水平等情况引入基本模型中进行了拓展研究。

重随机泊松违约概率下库存商品融资业务贷款价值比率研究

确定合适的质押商品贷款价值比率能够使银行有效缓释库存商品融资业务的信用风险。沿着简化式思路,本文假定借款企业违约事件外生并服从重随机泊松过程,建立了一个有关贷款价值比率的模型。在模型中,本文综合考虑了银行的风险偏好,质押商品的预期收益率和价格波动率,贷款周期和盯市频率等因素的影响,为银行在保持风险容忍水平一致的情况下确定特定库存商品融资业务的相应贷款价值比率提供了科学依据。

股票质押贷款业务的贷款价值比率

确定合适的质押股票贷款价值比率能够使银行有效地缓释股票质押贷款业务的信用风险。沿着简化式思路,本文综合考虑了外生的借款人违约概率,质押股票的价格波动率,贷款的周期和盯市频率等因素的影响,为银行在保持风险容忍水平一致的情况下确定特定股票质押贷款业务的相应贷款价值比率提供了一个基本模型。针对股票质押贷款的现状,本文还将借款人违约随机、清算延迟和有流动性风险的情况引入基本模型中进行了拓展研究。

物流金融中季节性存货质押融资质押率决策

物流金融创新模式下的存货质押融资业务能有效解决供应链上的资金瓶颈,具有很大发展空间,但风险控制水平的滞后严重制约了业务的成长.本文针对基于统一授信的物流金融创新模式中季节性存货质押融资业务的核心风险控制指标——质押率展开研究,首先考虑统一授信模式的特征及成本收益结构,借鉴贸易融资中"主体+债项"的风险评估思路,构建融资约束下的报童模型,分析风险中性的借款企业的再订购决策;进而,通过借款企业和物流企业的Stackelberg动态博弈,分析下侧风险规避的物流企业的质押率决策.研究表明,在统一授信模式下,下侧风险规避的物流企业必须针对不同借款企业的再订购决策反应设定相应质押率才能使决策最优,而且针对初始质押存货不同的借款企业,贷款下侧风险的限制对物流企业最优质押率决策会造成不同程度的影响.

存货质押融资业务的价值风险度量

采取有效的价值风险控制方法对存货质押融资业务的发展有着重大意义。在动态控制存货价值量下限的质押方式下,考虑市场的有效流通速度,持仓量以及物流企业变现能力对变现时间的影响构建变现时间模型,提出度量价值风险模型。通过对贷款价值比率、贷款利率、持仓量、物流企业变现能力进行敏感性分析,发现贷款价值比率对价值风险最为敏感,其次是持仓量、物流企业变现能力,而贷款利率对价值风险不敏感。