The medium-temperature dependence of jet transport coefficient in high-energy nucleus-nucleus collisions

The medium-temperature T dependence of the jet transport coefficient̂q was studied via the nuclear modification factor RAA(p_(T))and elliptical flow parameter v_(2)(p_(T))for large transverse momentum p_(T) hadrons in high-energy nucleus-nucleus collisions.Within a next-to-leading-order perturbative QCD parton model for hard scatterings with modified fragmentation functions due to jet quenching controlled by q,we check the suppression and azimuthal anisotropy for large p_(T) hadrons,and extract q by global fits to RAA(pT)and v_(2)(pT)data in A+A collisions at RHIC and LHC,respectively.The numerical results from the best fits show that q∕T^(3) goes down with local medium-temperature T in the parton jet trajectory.Compared with the case of a constant q∕T^(3),the going-down T dependence of q∕T^(3) makes a hard parton jet to lose more energy near T_(c) and therefore strengthens the azimuthal anisotropy for large pT hadrons.As a result,v_(2)(p_(T))for large pT hadrons was enhanced by approximately 10%to better fit the data at RHIC/LHC.Considering the first-order phase transition from QGP to the hadron phase and the additional energy loss in the hadron phase,v_(2)(p_(T))is again enhanced by 5-10%at RHIC/LHC.

Computation of synthetic surface heat transfer coefficient of 7B50 ultra-high-strength aluminum alloy during spray quenching

According to inverse heat transfer theory, the evolutions of synthetic surface heat transfer coefficient（SSHTC） of the quenching surface of 7B50 alloy during water-spray quenching were simulated by the Pro CAST software based on accurate cooling curves measured by the modified Jominy specimen and temperature-dependent thermo-physical properties of 7 B50 alloy calculated using the JMat Pro software. Results show that the average cooling rate at 6 mm from the quenching surface and 420-230 ℃（quench sensitive temperature range） is 45.78℃/s. The peak-value of the SSHTC is 69 kW/（m^2·K） obtained at spray quenching for 0.4 s and the corresponding temperature of the quenching surface is 160 ℃. In the initial stage of spray quenching, the phenomenon called ＂temperature plateau＂ appears on the cooling curve of the quenching surface. The temperature range of this plateau is 160-170℃ with the duration about 3 s. During the temperature plateau, heat transfer mechanism of the quenching surface transforms from nucleate boiling regime to single-phase convective regime.

Collective Calculation of Actual Values of Non-Photochemical Quenching from Their Apparent Values after Chloroplast Movement and Photoinhibition

Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters such as Fv/Fm, NPQ and ΦII (YII) are widely used to estimate the fitness and photosynthetic activity of plant leaves and non-photochemical dissipation of excessive excitation energy in photosystem II. The effect of chloroplast movement on these fluorescence parameters reduces the accuracy of estimations of the size of de-excitation processes, but there is no method to calculate correct parameters from altered (fluctuated) parameters. Chloroplast movement was recently identified as the “middle” kinetic component of NPQ. In this paper, we devised a complex but reasonable mathematical method to remove the effect of chloroplast movement on fluorescence parameters, based on our previously reported fluorescence theory. The fraction of “S fluctuation” (designated as σ) was estimated from fluorescence observations and used to calculate the non-fluctuated Fs and F′m. fluorescence yields. From the σ values, the fractional change of light absorbance by a leaf caused by chloroplast movement was estimated at 70% - 100%, which varied according to the experimental conditions and plant species. The effect of photoinhibition on fluorescence parameters was also examined in this paper. The photochemical and non-photochemical de-excitation sizes during photoinhibition (measured by the parameters qPI and qSlow) changed on a single regression line. Using this correlation, qPI and qSlow can be predicted from Fv/Fm, and the non-fluctuated Fm and Fo values can be estimated from the fluctuated F″m and F″o values.

Identification of Heat Transfer Coefficients by Use Conditions of Quenching Oil

Heat transfer coefficients of the quench medium are necessary for heat-treatment simulation. Cooling characteristics of quenching oil vary with kinds and usage greatly. Users are selecting oil solutions that come up to their desired hardness and quenching distortion requirements. In particular cooling performance rises by agitation and decompression. Therefore we identified a heat transfer coefficient by usage and kinds of quenching oil. Cooling characteristics are different greatly by a kind of quenching oil. A difference of a cooling characteristic by a kind of oil depends on a temperature range of a boiling stage and the maximum heat transfer coefficient mainly. On the other hand, in a convection stage, there are few changes in a boiling stage. Even if quenching oil temperature is changed, heat transfer coefficients do not change greatly. When quenching oil stirred, heat transfer coefficients of vapor blanket stage and a convection stage rise, but there are a few changes in a boiling stage. When quenching oil is decompressed a temperature range of a high heat transfer coefficient moves to the low temperature side. In addition, a heat transfer coefficient in a vapor blanket stage comes down. For precision improvement of heat-treatment simulation, it is important that the heat transfer coefficient is calculated in conformity to the on-site use reality.

Study on inhomogeneous cooling behavior of extruded profile with unequal and large thicknesses during quenching using thermo-mechanical coupling model

The interfacial heat transfer coefficient between hot profile surface and cooling water was determined by using inverse heat conduction model combined with end quenching experiment. Then, a Deform-3 D thermo-mechanical coupling model for simulating the on-line water quenching of extruded profile with unequal and large thicknesses was developed. The temperature field, residual stress field and distortion of profile during quenching were investigated systematically. The results show that heat transfer coefficient increases as water flow rate increases. The peak heat transfer coefficient with higher water flow rates appears at lower interface temperatures. The temperature distribution across the cross-section of profile during quenching is severe nonuniform and the maximum temperature difference is 300 ℃ at quenching time of 3.49 s. The temperature difference through the thickness of different parts of profile first increases sharply to a maximum value, and then gradually decreases. The temperature gradient increases obviously with the increase of thickness of parts. After quenching, there exist large residual stresses on the inner side of joints of profile and the two ends of part with thickness of 10 mm. The profile presents a twisting-type distortion across the cross-section under non-uniform cooling and the maximum twisting angle during quenching is 2.78°.

Simulation of temperature field in pipe during single-face quenching process

Temperature-time curves were measured for the air cooling and laminar cooling of a steel plate.Convective heat transfer coefficients of steel plate and air as well as steel plate and laminar cooling water were computed inversely. Therefore,the temperature field in the single-face quenching process of a steel pipe was simulated using ABAQUS finite element softw are,and the relationships betw een the temperatures and quenching time at different positions of the steel pipe were obtained. In addition,the relationships betw een the cooling rates and quenching time,as w ell as betw een cooling rates and temperatures,were obtained. The simulation quickly produced accurate results,and it can be used to optimize the quenching process. In addition,the results provide a basis for rationally designing the composition of a single-face quenching steel pipe.

基于改进集中热容法的TC17钛合金淬火表面换热系数测算

表面换热系数是TC17钛合金淬火数值分析研究的重要边界条件,其准确性影响工件淬火温度与应力场的分布精度。基于深埋热电偶动态实测的温降曲线,采用改进后的集中热容法,计算求解TC17钛合金淬火表面换热系数,并通过数值模拟验证了结果的可靠性。结果表明,TC17钛合金水浴淬火过程中会经历3个主要阶段:蒸汽膜阶段、核沸腾阶段及对流冷却阶段。表面换热系数在蒸汽膜阶段、核沸腾阶段会快速增大,随后在对流冷却阶段会逐渐减小,在第50 s达到峰值1299 W/(m^(2)·℃),此时淬火面温度为355℃。将换热系数代入数值模型中进行温度场计算验证,计算结果与实测温降曲线吻合较好,平均相对误差仅为1.4%。

High non-photochemical quenching of VPZ transgenic potato plants limits CO_(2) assimilation under high light conditions and reduces tuber yield under fluctuating light

Under natural conditions,photosynthesis has to be adjusted to fluctuating light intensities.Leaves exposed to high light dissipate excess light energy in form of heat at photosystem II(PSII)by a process called non-photochemical quenching(NPQ).Upon fast transition from light to shade,plants lose light energy by a relatively slow relaxation from photoprotection.Combined overexpression of violaxanthin de-epoxidase(VDE),PSII subunit S(PsbS)and zeaxanthin epoxidase(ZEP)in tobacco accelerates relaxation from photoprotection,and increases photosynthetic productivity.In Arabidopsis,expression of the same three genes(VPZ)resulted in a more rapid photoprotection but growth of the transgenic plants was impaired.Here we report on VPZ expressing potato plants grown under various light regimes.Similar to tobacco and Arabidopsis,induction and relaxation of NPQ was accelerated under all growth conditions tested,but did not cause an overall increased photosynthetic rate or growth of transgenic plants.Tuber yield of VPZ expressing plants was unaltered as compared to control plants under constant light conditions and even decreased under fluctuating light conditions.Under control conditions,levels of the phytohormone abscisic acid(ABA)were found to be elevated,indicating an increased violaxanthin availability in VPZ plants.However,the increased basal ABA levels did not improve drought tolerance of VPZ transgenic potato plants under greenhouse conditions.The failure to benefit from improved photoprotection is most likely caused by a reduced radiation use efficiency under high light conditions resulting from a too strong NPQ induction.Mitigating this negative effect in the future might help to improve photosynthetic performance in VPZ expressing potato plants.

Conformational changes in photosynthetic pigment proteins on thylakoid membranes can lead to fast non-photochemical quenching in cyanobacteria

A high non-photochemical quenching(NPQ) appeared below the phase transition temperature when Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7806 cells were exposed to saturated light for a short time.This suggested that a component of NPQ,independent from state transition or photo-inhibition,had been generated in the PSII complex;this was a fast component responding to high intensity light.Glutaraldehyde(GA),commonly used to stabilize membrane protein conformations,resulted in more energy transfer to PSII reaction centers,affecting the energy absorption and dissipation process rather than the transfer process of phycobilisome(PBS).In comparison experiments with and without GA,the rapid light curves(RLCs) and fluorescence induction dynamics of the fast phase showed that excess excitation energy was dissipated by conformational change in the photosynthetic pigment proteins on the thylakoid membrane(PPPTM).Based on deconvolution of NPQ relaxation kinetics,we concluded that the fast quenching component(NPQ f) was closely related to PPPTM conformational change,as it accounted for as much as 39.42% of the total NPQ.We hypothesize therefore,that NPQ f induced by PPPTM conformation is an important adaptation mechanism for Microcystis blooms under high-intensity light during summer and autumn.

Experimental study of heat-transfer coefficient of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu ultra-thick hot plate during multi-stage quenching

Experiments were conducted to investigate the cooling manner of an ultra-thick hot aluminum alloy plate during multistage quenching. Cooling curves and heat flux curves of different rapid quenching flux varied from 23 to 40 L min-1 and were analyzed in detail. In this investigation, cooling process was divided into the following four steps： （Ⅰ） starting step, （Ⅱ） rapid cooling step, （Ⅲ） slow cooling step, and （Ⅳ） stopping step. Based on the curves, the calculation method for surface transfer coefficient was provided, and the effects of coefficient on surface temperature and quenching flux were discussed. Results showed that the transfer coefficient disagreed with heat flux and that it is a nonlinear function of surface temperature. The highest coefficient was observed not in the rapid cooling step with the largest heat flux but in the slow cooling step with lower heat flux. The coefficient increased with surface temperature ranging from 480 to 150℃, and a coefficient peak appeared in the temperature range of 150- 100℃. The coefficient also increased with quenching flux. Finally, a simulation was performed using the finite element method to verify the reliability of the coefficient results, which showed good agreement with the measurement values.

Evaluation of Important Factors Affecting Quench Distortion of Carburized Hypoid Gear with Shaft by Using Computer Simulation Methods

To minimize quenching distortion and dispersion, carburizing and quenching process conditions must be optimized; this includes the parts racking design used for quenching. We investigated some factors affecting carburized quenching distortion with an experiment using a hypoid gear having a shaft and with numerical simulation methods. The experimental results and those obtained from simulation were generally in agreement. Focusing on the surface temperature distribution in the gear, we studied quenching distortion characteristics in terms of changes in tooth profile and helix deviation. In our experiments, distortions occur during quenching in 373 K oil after austenitized temperature treatments conducted with various attitudes. We calculated the distortions by simulating the carburized oil-quenching process for the hypoid gear. Our results show large differences between the cooling rates of the tooth toe, middle section, and heel edges, and these greatly influence the change in tooth profile and helix deviation. We found that reducing the differences in temperatures on the gear surfaces during quenching is most important for minimizing the quench distortion of the hypoid gear.

淬火介质表面换热系数的计算方法与应用

表面换热系数是淬火过程数值模拟中的关键参数。淬火介质下的表面换热系数是大型风电主轴42CrMo4钢淬火过程模拟的重要边界条件之一,也是评定淬火介质冷却能力的主要参数。结合试验测得不同介质(水、油)的冷却曲线,通过研究对比反传热法、数值法和比拟法,测定了42CrMo4钢不同淬火介质下的表面换热系数。对比淬火模拟和相同条件下的试验,结果表明,采用反传热法获得的模拟边界条件精度高,其计算值与实测结果吻合较好。

基于改进集中热容法的Mg-Gd-Y-Zr-Ag变形镁合金表面换热系数求解方法

表面换热系数作为淬火数值模拟过程的重要边界条件,其求解精度直接影响温度场、热应力场的演变规律。实验通过设计矩形淬火探头并进行单面水浴淬火,根据热电偶记录的温降数据,采用改进的集中热容法对Mg-Gd-Y-Zr-Ag变形镁合金进行表面换热系数的求解。研究结果表明:表面换热系数呈现先增大后减小的趋势且水浴淬火过程存在蒸汽膜沸腾阶段、二次形核阶段以及对流换热阶段3个阶段,在第27秒时表面换热系数达到峰值2496.31 W/(m^(2)·℃),此时淬火面温度为211℃。用此方法计算得到的随温度变化的换热系数以列表的形式代入Abaqus有限元模型的相互作用模块,同一深度处仿真温度与实测温度最大相对误差为15%,平均相对误差仅为6%;采用K-S双样本分布检验对仿真与实验的温度曲线进行分布检验,在合适的显著性水平下4个样本的统计量均不在拒绝域内,验证了改进的集中热容法用来求解水浴淬火过程中表面换热系数的正确性。

新一代航空用高Co-Ni钢的摩擦磨损行为

高Co-Ni齿轮钢广泛应用于航空航天、交通运输、工业设备和机械装备等领域的关键构件,其摩擦磨损行为的研究对于服役寿命的优化具有重要意义。通过正交实验确定淬火温度(A因素)、摩擦时间(B因素)及载荷(C因素)三种因素对试件摩擦磨损性能的影响大小。结果表明,影响试样磨损体积的最大影响因素是淬火温度。原因是随着淬火温度的升高,试样内部均匀化增强,硬度降低,摩擦产生的剥落与开裂减少。同时由于塑性变形,亚表层内会发生应变硬化,残余奥氏体在塑性变形下转变为马氏体(相变诱发塑性效应),降低了材料的体积损失。

镍基高温合金端淬表面综合换热系数计算方法的比较

端淬实验是研究材料冷却速率与组织性能之间关系的高通量方法,而工件表面综合换热系数则是端淬数值模拟研究的必要边界条件。采用经验公式法、传热反问题法及流-固耦合分析法,计算了CSU-A1型镍基高温合金工件在空气端淬实验中的各表面综合换热系数;结合工件实验温度测点的冷却曲线及平均冷却速率对三种方法进行了比较。结果表明:实验温度范围内工件底端、侧部以及顶端的综合换热系数分别在323~555、16~30、58~184W/(m~2·K)之间。三种方法中,经验公式法获得的冷却曲线误差较大;传热反问题法的冷却曲线误差最小,但对实验数据及其他边界条件的依赖性强;流-固耦合分析法获得的平均冷却速率准确度最高,且不需要通过实验即可获取工件任意位置的换热系数,是研究气体端淬过程表面综合换热系数的有效方法。

Seasonality of PSII thermostability and water use e ffi ciency of in situ mountainous Norway spruce(Picea abies)

The stability of monocultural,even-aged spruce forests at lower altitudes in Central Europe is seriously threatened by the prospects of global climate change.The thermostability and water use efficiency of their photo synthetic apparatus might play a vital role in their successful acclimation.In this study,photo systemⅡ(PSⅡ)performance(OJIP transient,rapid light curves)and thermostability were analyzed in Norway spruce(Picea abies(L.)Karst.)throughout the growing season of the exceptionally warm year 2018(May-September)in the Western Carpathians,Slovakia.These measurements were accompanied by analysis of pigment concentrations in the needles.In addition,gas-exchange temperature curves were produced weekly from June until September to obtain intrinsic water use efficiencies.At the beginning of the growing season,needles exposed to heat stress showed significantly higher basal fluorescence and lower quantum yield,performance index,critical temperature thresholds of PSII inactivation and nonphotochemical yield in comparison to other months.The overall thermostability(heat-resistance)of PSII peaked in July and August,reflected in the lowest basal fluorescence and the highest quantum yield of PSII,critical temperature thresholds and yield of non-photochemical quenching under heat stress.Additionally,the ratio between chlorophyll and carotenoids was the highest in August and had a positive impact on PSII thermostability.Moreover,the high-temperature intrinsic water use efficiency was significantly higher during July and August than in June.Results show that15-year-old trees of Picea abies at 840 m a.s.l.exhibited acclimative seasonal responses of PSII thermostability and intrinsic water use efficiency during an exceptionally warm year.Our results suggest that mountainous P.abies at lower altitudes can acclimate their photosynthetic apparatus to higher temperatures during summer.

淬火换热系数的计算及实验验证

换热系数的精确计算对提高淬火过程数值模拟精度具有十分重要的意义。为此,本文编写了换热系数计算程序,以42CrMo钢为例,对该程序进行了校核,并据此研究了测温位置对换热系数计算结果的影响,分别计算了空冷及水冷过程的换热系数并通过测量不同直径试样的冷却曲线进行了验证。结果表明:测点位置越接近表面,换热系数计算值精度越高;对于空冷过程,当温度高于487 K时,辐射换热大于对流换热,当温度低于487 K时以对流换热为主;水冷的换热系数与工件表面温度有关,在表面温度为473 K左右时数值达到最大;在本研究的直径范围内(30~280 mm),根据某一直径试样计算得到的换热系数适用于其他直径的工件。

不同水分胁迫方式对核桃苗叶绿素荧光动力学特性的影响

离体快速干旱和盆栽人工控水干旱两种水分胁迫处理方式下,核桃(JuglansregiaL.)苗叶片qP值在离体2～4h和盆栽土壤相对含水量(RWC)为60%中度胁迫时,没有明显的降低;离体6h和40%严重胁迫时下降明显(P>0.05),但降低幅度不大,分别为5.7%和4.4%。qN值在两种水分胁迫方式下都明显增加,处理间差异极显著(P>0.01)。结果表明,核桃苗遭遇水分胁迫时,叶片的PSII反应中心电子传递活性受到了一定程度的影响,但影响不大;PSII反应中心耗散过剩光能的能力增强,说明核桃可能存在较强的非光化学淬灭机制以耗散PSII吸收的过剩光能。

热锻炼对甘蓝幼苗叶片激发能分配的影响

以喜温凉的蔬菜甘蓝为试材 ,研究了热锻炼与对照甘蓝幼苗叶片光合速率和叶绿素荧光参数对高温胁迫的响应 .结果表明 ,叶片温度在 2 5～ 35℃之间 ,热锻炼苗和对照苗叶片叶绿素可变荧光 (Fv)、光化学猝灭(qP)、非光化学猝灭 (qN)、PSⅡ光化学效率 (PSⅡ)没有明显的变化 ;当叶温高于 35℃时 ,热锻炼苗的Fv、qP和PSⅡ均明显高于对照 ,37℃时Fv、qP和PSⅡ分别比对照高 5 3%、2 4 %和 86 % ;qN较对照低 2 2 % ,尤其是与光抑制(光破坏 )有关的 qNs明显降低 ,以维持较高的高能态猝灭 (qNf)耗散过剩激发能 ,保护PSⅡ反应中心不受破坏 ,减轻了光抑制 ,这与热锻炼幼苗叶片在高温下具有较高的光合能力是一致的 .