Design of 8-like Non-planar Cavity

For eliminating the negative effects of lock-in region and optical elements in cavity,the non-planar structure is strongly needed in laser gyro. In this paper,the theoretical formula of rotatory effect in non-planar cavity is presented deducing from basic light propagating law. Based on the 8-like plane cavity,a novel non-planar structure is designed and numerically calculated. The results show that for obtaining the required rotatory angle,it just needs to adjust the structural parameters of the original 8-like plane cavity. The four-frequency-differential laser gyro which adopts the non-planar 8-like structure has the same advantages as those with the planar 8-like structure,such as the gain region locates at one leg,the position of Faraday rotator has better spatial symmetry and the coating films of the output mirror is easily designed.

Burning rate analysis of laser controlled 5-aminotetrazole propellant

As an innovative propulsion technique, laser augmented chemical propulsion(LACP) seems superior to the traditional ones. However, the corresponding combustion theories have still to be ascertained for LACP. Burning rate of 5-aminotetrazole(5-ATZ) propellant has been studied by testing pressed samples under different combustor pressures and laser powers. Based on micro computed tomography(Micro CT),an advanced thickness-over-time(TOT) method to characterize the regression of the produced nonplanar burning surface is established. Because of a shell structure covering the combustion surface,the burning rate of the implemented 5-ATZ propellant is not constant during laser ablation. Resorting to functional fitting, a new law of non-constant burning including the effect of the observed unique burning surface structures is proposed. Accordingly, applicable combustion conditions of 5-ATZ based propellants have been preliminarily speculated for future research activities.

裂缝性地层水力裂缝复杂形态延伸分析

多种研究表明,在裂缝性地层中,水力裂缝由于受天然裂缝作用的影响可能延伸为多分支、非平面的复杂裂缝体系。从矿场试验、室内实验、数字实验和图貌监测4个方面分别论证裂缝性油气藏压裂过程中天然裂缝的存在对水力裂缝延伸的影响,并分析裂缝性地层水力裂缝沿天然裂缝的非平面延伸规律。矿场相交试验结果表明,在地质非连续体地层中,压裂后的水力裂缝多以分支缝的方式延伸;室内相交实验发现,在一定的逼近角和水平主应力差条件下,天然裂缝会改变水力裂缝的延伸形态和扩展模式;数值模拟方法和微地震监测证实,裂缝性储层水力压裂后所形成的裂缝体系是复杂的缝网系统。裂缝性地层中水力裂缝呈复杂的非平面延伸,与均质地层压裂产生的对称双翼平面裂缝有很大差异。

Experimental modeling of sanding fracturing and conductivity of propped fractures in conglomerate:A case study of tight conglomerate of Mahu sag in Junggar Basin,NW China

True tri-axial sanding fracturing experiments are carried out on conglomerate samples from the Permian Wuerhe Formation of Mahu sag,Junggar Basin,to study hydraulic fracture propagation geometry and quartz sand transport in ma-trix-supported fine conglomerate and grain-supported medium conglomerate.The effect of rough fracture surface on conduc-tivity is analyzed using the 3D-printing technology to reconstruct the rough surface formed in the fractured conglomerate.The hydraulic fractures formed in the matrix-supported fine conglomerate are fairly straight,and only more tortuous when en-countering large gravels at local parts;thus,proppants can get into the fractures easily with transport distance about 70%–90%of the fracture length.By contrast,in the grain-supported medium conglomerate,hydraulic fractures tend to bypass the gravels to propagate in tortuous paths and frequently change in width;therefore,proppants are difficult to transport in these fractures and only move less than 30%of the fracture length.As the ma trix-supported fine conglomerate has high matrix content and low hardness,proppants embed in the fracture surface severely.In contrast,the grain-supported medium conglomerate has higher gravel content and hardness,so the quartz sand is crushed more severely.Under the high proppant concentration of 5 kg/m^(2),when the closure stress is increased(above 60 MPa),fractures formed in both matrix-supported fine conglomerate and grain-supported medium conglomerate decrease in width significantly,and drop 88%and 92%in conductivity respectively compared with the case under the low closure stress of 20 MPa.The field tests prove that under high closure stress above 60 MPa,using a high proportion of fine proppants with high concentration allow the proppant to move further in the fracture;meanwhile proppant places more uniformly in the ro ugh fracture,resulting in a higher fracture conductivity and an improved well per-formance.

Slope stability assessment of an open pit using lattice-spring-based synthetic rock mass (LS-SRM) modeling approach

Discontinuity waviness is one of the most important properties that influence shear strength of jointed rock masses,and it should be incorporated into numerical models for slope stability assessment.However,in most existing numerical modeling tools,discontinuities are often simplified into planar surfaces.Discrete fracture network modeling tools such as MoFrac allow the simulation of non-planar discontinuities which can be incorporated into lattice-spring-based geomechanical software such as Slope Model for slope stability assessment.In this study,the slope failure of the south wall at Cadia Hill open pit mine is simulated using the lattice-spring-based synthetic rock mass(LS-SRM)modeling approach.First,the slope model is calibrated using field displacement monitoring data,and then the influence of different discontinuity configurations on the stability of the slope is investigated.The modeling results show that the slope with non-planar discontinuities is comparatively more stable than the ones with planar discontinuities.In addition,the slope becomes increasingly unstable with the increases of discontinuity intensity and size.At greater pit depth with higher in situ stress,both the slope models with planar and non-planar discontinuities experience localized failures due to very high stress concentrations,and the slope model with planar discontinuities is more deformable and less stable than that with non-planar discontinuities.

Effect of substrate curvature on thickness distribution of polydimethylsiloxane thin film in spin coating process

The polymer spin coating is critical in flexible electronic manufaction and micro-electro-mechanical system（MEMS）devices due to its simple operation, and uniformly coated layers. Some researchers focus on the effects of spin coating parameters such as wafer rotating speed, the viscosity of the coating liquid and solvent evaporation on final film thickness.In this work, the influence of substrate curvature on film thickness distribution is considered. A new parameter which represents the edge bead effect ratio（re） is proposed to investigate the influence factor of edge bead effect. Several operation parameters including the curvature of the substrate and the wafer-spin speed are taken into account to study the effects on the film thickness uniformity and edge-bead ratio. The morphologies and film thickness values of the spin-coated PDMS films under various substrate curvatures and coating speeds are measured with laser confocal microscopy. According to the results, both the convex and concave substrate will help to reduce the edge-bead effect significantly and thin film with better surface morphology can be obtained at high spin speed. Additionally, the relationship between the edge-bead ratio and the thin film thickness is like parabolic curve instead of linear dependence. This work may contribute to the mass production of flexible electronic devices.

Static aeroelastic analysis of very flexible wings based on non-planar vortex lattice method

A rapid and efficient method for static aeroelastic analysis of a flexible slender wing when considering the structural geometric nonlinearity has been developed in this paper. A non-planar vortex lattice method herein is used to compute the non-planar aerodynamics of flexible wings with large deformation. The finite element method is introduced for structural nonlinear statics analysis. The surface spline method is used for structure/aerodynamics coupling. The static aeroelastic characteristics of the wind tunnel model of a flexible wing are studied by the nonlinear method presented, and the nonlinear method is also evaluated by comparing the results with those obtained from two other methods and the wind tunnel test. The results indicate that the traditional linear method of static aeroelastic analysis is not applicable for cases with large deformation because it produces results that are not realistic. However, the nonlinear methodology, which involves combining the structure finite element method with the non-planar vortex lattice method, could be used to solve the aeroelastic deformation with considerable accuracy, which is in fair agreement with the test results. Moreover, the nonlinear finite element method could consider complex structures. The non-planar vortex lattice method has advantages in both the computational accuracy and efficiency. Consequently, the nonlinear method presented is suitable for the rapid and efficient analysis requirements of engineering practice. It could be used in the preliminary stage and also in the detailed stage of aircraft design.

Laser-diode-pumped 1319-nm monolithic non-planar ring single-frequency laser

Single-frequency 1319-nm laser was obtained by using a laser-diode-pumped monolithic Nd:YAG crystal with a non-planar ring oscillator (NPRO). When the NPRO laser was pumped by an 800-um fiber coupled laser diode, the output power of the single-frequency 1319-nm laser was 220 mW, and the slope efficiency was 16%. With a 100-um fiber coupled diode laser pumped, 99-mW single-frequency 1319-nm laser was obtained with a slope efficiency of 29%.

Bistable electrowetting device with non-planar designed controlling electrodes for display applications

Bistable electrowetting display(EWD)is a promising low-power electronic paper technology,where power is consumed only during the switching between two stable states;however,it is not required for state maintenance once switched.In this paper,a bistable electrowetting device with non-planar designed controlling electrodes is fabricated by a fully conventional photolithography process.The device has potential for video display applications with a controllable gray scale.The novel electrode design realizes a lower driving voltage and a higher contrast between two stable states than the EWDs with planar electrodes reported previously.

The total ionizing dose effects of non-planar triple-gate transistors

This paper investigates the total ionizing dose response of different non-planar triple-gate transistor structures with different fin widths. By exposing the pseudo-MOS transistor to different amounts of radiation, different interface trap densities and trapped-oxide charges can be obtained. Using these parameters together with Altal 3D simulation software, the total dose radiation response of various non-planar triple-gate devices can be simulated. The behaviors of three kinds of non-planar devices are compared.

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF THE NON-NEWTONIAN BLOOD FLOW IN THE NON-PLANAR ARTERY WITH BIFURCATION

A numerical analysis of non-Newtonian fluid flow in non-planar artery withbifurcation was performed by using a finite element method to solve the three-dimensionalNavier-Stokes equations coupled with the non-Newtonian constitutive models, including Carreau, Crossand Bingham models. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of . thenon-Newtonian properties of blood as well as curvature and out-of-plane geometry in the non-planardaughter vessels on the velocity distribution and wall shear stress. The results of this studysupport the view that the non-planarity of blood vessels and the non-Newtonian properties of bloodare of important in hemodynamics and play a significant role in vascular biology andpathophysiology.

High-current MoS transistors with non-planar gate configuration

The ever-decreasing size of transistors requires effectively electrostatic control over ultra-thin semiconductor body.Rational design of the gate configuration can fully persevere the intrinsic property of two-dimensional(2 D)semiconductors.Here we design and demonstrate a 2 D Mo S_(2) transistor with omega-shaped gate,in which the local gate coupling is enhanced by the non-planar geometry.The omega-shaped non-planar transistors exhibit a high current of 0.89 A/lm and transconductance of32.7 l S/lm.The high performance and desirable current saturation promise the construction of robust logic gate.The inverters show a voltage gain of 26.6 and an ideal total margin nearly 89%.We also assemble NOT-AND(NAND)gate on an individual Mo S_(2) flake,and the constructed NAND gate demonstrates the universal functionality of the transistors as well.This work provides an alternative strategy to fully take the advantages of 2 D materials for high-performance field-effect transistors.

Correction of dispersion distortion of femtosecond pulses by using the non-planar surface of diffractive optical elements

Peculiarities of propagation of femtosecond pulses through a focusing diffractive optical element (DOE) are considered. It is shown that the time delay between the pulse and phase wavefronts can be decreased by fabricating the DOE on the optimal curvilinear surface.

Investigation of the behavior of slender reinforced concrete walls with complex configurations using nonlinearfinite element analysis

Slender RC walls are used commonly in mid-and high-rise buildings to resist lateral loads arising from earthquakes and wind forces.To accommodate architectural constraints,facilitate construction,and maximize structural effi-ciency,the majority of these walls have complex configurations,comprising planar and non-planar wall elements that often include regular or irregular patterns of openings.To date most laboratory testing of slender RC walls has employed wall specimens with relatively simple configurations and without openings and coupling action which provides only limited understanding of the impact on performance of the variations in configuration and reinforcement detailing observed in real-world construction.This study presents a 3D continuum modeling approach to improve understanding of the behavior of walls with complex configurations and support recommendations for design of these systems.Planar wall data were used to calibrate the continuum-type modeling approach;experimental data characterizing the response of non-planar walls and walls with openings are used to validate the model.

Soft thermal nanoimprint lithography using a nanocomposite mold

Soft nanoimprint lithography has been limited to ultraviolet （UV） curable resists. Here, we introduce a novel approach for soft thermal nanoimprinting. This unprecedented combination of the terms ＂soft＂ and ＂thermal＂ for nanoimprinting became possible thanks to an innovative nanocomposite mold consisting of a flexible polydimethylsiloxane （PDMS） substrate with chemically attached rigid relief features. We used soft thermal nanoimprinting to produce high-resolution nanopatterns with a sub-100 nm feature size. Furthermore, we demonstrate the applicability of our nanoimprint approach for the nanofabrication of thermally imprinted nanopattems on non-planar surfaces such as lenses. Our new nanofabrication strategy paves the way to numerous applications that require the direct fabrication of functional nanostructures on unconventional substrates.

Discretely-supported nanoimprint lithography for patterning the high-spatial-frequency stepped surface

Non-planar morphology is a common feature of devices applied in various physical fields,such as light or fluid,which pose a great challenge for surface nano-patterning to improve their performance.The present study proposes a discretely-supported nanoimprint.lithography(NIL)technique to fabricate nanostructures on the extremely non-planar surface,namely high-spatial-frequency stepped surface.The designed discretely imprinting template implanted a discretely-supported intermediate buffer layer made of sparse pillars arrays.This allowed the simultaneous generation of air-cushion-like buffer and reliable support to the thin structured layer in the template.The resulting low bending stiffness and distributed concentrated load of the template jointly overcome the contact difficulty with a stepped surface,and enable the template to encase the stepped protrusion as tight as possible.Based on the proposed discretely-supported NIL,nanostructures were fabricated on the luminous interface of light emitting diodes chips that covered with micrometer step electrodes pad.About 96%of the utilized indium tin oxide transparent current spreading layer surface on top of the light emitting diode(LED)chips was coated with nanoholes array,with an increase by more than 40%in the optical output power.The excellent ability of nanopatterning a non-planar substrate could potentially lead innovate design and development of high performance device based on discretely-supported NIL.

Novel devices and process for 32 nm CMOS technology and beyond

The development of next 32 nm generation and below needs innovations on not only device structures, but also fabrication techniques and material selections. Among those promising technologies, new gate structures as high-κ gate dielectric and metal gate, strain channel carrier mobility enhancement technology, and novel non-planar MOSFET structures are all possible candidate technologies. In this paper, we will specify our discussion on the research progress of high-κ-metal gate and non-planar MOSFET-technologies that are suitable to 32 nm technology node and beyond.

Homographic Solutions of the N-body Generalized Lennard-Jones System

In this paper,we obtain the existence of non-planar circular homographic solutions and non-circular homographic solutions of the(2+N)-and(3+N)-body problems of the Lennard-Jones system.These results show the essential difference between the Lennard-Jones potential and the Newton's potential of universal gravitation.

Synthesis and Luminescent Properties of Iridium Complexes with Reduced Concentration Quenching Effect

Three novel cyclometalated ligands 1-benzyl-2-phenyl-lH-benzoimidazole（BPBM）, 1-（4-methoxy- benzyl）-2-（4-methoxy-phenyl）-lH-benzoimidazole（MBMPB） and 4-[2-（4-dimethylamino-phenyl）-benzoinidazol-1- ylmethyl]-phenyl-dimethyl-amine（DBPA） were designed and synthesized, and the corresponding highly efficiency green-emitting phosphorescent iridium complexes Ir（BPBM）2（acac）（1）, Ir（MBMPB）2（acac）（2） and Ir（DPBA）2（acac） （3） with acetylacetone（acac） as auxiliary ligand were also synthesized. The ligands are functionalized by bulky non-planarity substituents, thus the phosphorescent concentration quenching is substantially suppressed, and all the complexes exhibit bright photoluminescence（PL） in solid state. The photo-physical properties of the three iridium complexes were researched in detail. The results indicate that they have potential application in fabricating non-doped electrophosphorescence device.