Non-Pneumatic Tire Design and Modeling: An Overview of Research

The research provides valuable insights into the intricate world of Non-Pneumatic (NP) tire technology, covering various facets from modeling and validation to material properties, design optimization, and tire-soil interactions. It begins with an exploration of existing NP tire modeling techniques, emphasizing the importance of accurate and reliable models for NP tires, including static and dynamic validation methods, and demonstrating the influence of structural features and material properties on tire performance. The review emphasizes the challenges and prospects of NP tires and aims to support the development of innovative airless tire solutions. The reviewed papers collectively contribute to a deeper understanding of NP tires, their applications, and potential enhancements in performance and efficiency across various industries.

Steady-State Cornering Properties of a Non-pneumatic Tire with Mechanical Elastic Structure

Mechanical elastic wheel(ME-wheel)is a new type of non-inflatable safety tyre,and the structure is significantly different from traditional pneumatic tyre.In order to investigate cornering properties of ME-wheel,experimental research on mechanics characteristics of ME-wheel under steady-state cornering conditions are carried out.The test of steady-state cornering properties of ME-wheel at different experimental parameter conditions is conducted by test bench for dynamic mechanical properties of tyre.Cornering property curves are used to analyze the steady-state cornering properties of ME-wheel,namely the variation tendency of lateral force or aligning torque with the increase of side-slip angle.Moreover,evaluation indexes for cornering properties of ME-wheel are extracted and the effect of different experimental parameters(including vertical load,friction coefficient,and speed)on cornering properties of ME-wheel is contrastively analyzed.The proposed research can provide certain reference to facilitate structure parameters and cornering properties optimizing process of ME-wheel.

Bearing capacity of circular footings on multi-layered sand-waste tire shreds reinforced with geogrids

The presence of waste tires poses an environmental challenge as they occupy a significant amount of land and are expensive to dispose in landfills.However,reusing waste tires can address this issue when waste tires are used in geotechnical applications.To determine the viability of this approach,laboratoryscale tests were conducted to investigate load-bearing capacity of circular footings on sand-tire shred(STS)mixtures with shredded waste tire contents of 5%e15%by weight and three different widths of shreds.The investigation focused on analyzing the thickness of layers composed of STS mixtures,the soil cap,and the impact of geogrids on bearing capacity.The results indicate that a specific mixture of sand and tire shreds provides the highest footing-bearing capacity.In addition,the optimal shred content and size were found to be 10%by weight and 2 cm×10 cm,respectively.Furthermore,for a given tire shred width,a particular length provides the largest bearing capacity.The results agree well with that of previous research conducted by the first author and his colleagues in direct shear and California bearing ratio(CBR)tests.The primary finding of this research is that the use of two-layered STS mixtures reinforced by geogrids significantly enhances the bearing capacity.

Mechanical properties and damage evolution characteristics of waste tire steel fiber-modified cemented paste backfill

During the process of constructional backfill mining,the cemented paste backfill(CPB)typically exhibits a high degree of brittleness and limited resistance to failure.In this study,the mechanical and damage evolution characteristics of waste tire steel fiber(WTSF)-modified CPB were studied through uniaxial compression tests,acoustic emission(AE)tests,and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The results showed that the uniaxial compressive strength(UCS)decreased when the WTSF content was 0.5%,1%,and 1.5%.When the WTSF content reached 1%,the UCS of the modified CPB exhibited a minimal decrease(0.37 MPa)compared to that without WTSF.When the WTSF content was 0.5%,1%,and 1.5%,peak strain of the WTSF-modified CPB increased by 18%,31.33%,and 81.33%,while the elastic modulus decreased by 21.31%,26.21%,and 45.42%,respectively.The addition of WTSF enhances the activity of AE events in the modified CPB,resulting in a slower progression of the entire failure process.After the failure,the modified CPB retained a certain level of load-bearing capacity.Generally,the failure of the CPB was dominated by tensile cracks.After the addition of WTSF,a gradual increase in the proportion of tensile cracks was observed upon loading the modified CPB sample to the pore compaction stage.The three-dimensional localization of AE events showed that the WTSF-modified CPB underwent progressive damage during the loading,and the samples still showed good integrity after failure.Additionally,the response relationship between energy evolution and damage development of WTSF-modified CPB during uniaxial compression was analyzed,and the damage constitutive model of CPB samples with different WTSF contents was constructed.This study provides a theoretical basis for the enhancement of CPB modified by adding WTSF,serving as a valuable reference for the design of CPB constructional backfill.

Development and Validation of a Scaled Electric Combat Vehicle Tire Model

Pneumatic tire modeling and validation have been the topic of several research papers, however, most of these papers only deal with pneumatic passenger and truck tires. In recent years, wheeled-scaled vehicles have gained lots of attention as a feasible testing platform, nonetheless up to the authors’ knowledge there has been no research regarding the use of scaled tires and their effect on the overall vehicle performance characteristics. This paper presents a novel scaled electric combat vehicle tire model and validation technique. The pro-line lockdown tire size 3.00 × 7.35 is modeled using the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) technique and several materials including layered membrane, beam elements, and Mooney-Rivlin for rubber. The tire-rim assembly is then described, and the rigid body analysis is presented. The tire is then validated using an in-house custom-made static tire testing machine. The tire test rig is made specifically to test the pro-line tire model and is designed and manufactured in the laboratory. The tire is validated using vertical stiffness and footprint tests in the static domain at different operating conditions including several vertical loads. Then the tire is used to perform rolling resistance and steering analysis including the rolling resistance coefficient and the cornering stiffness. The analysis is performed at different operating conditions including longitudinal speeds of 5, 10, and 15 km/h. This tire model will be further used to determine the tractive and braking performance of the tire. Furthermore, the tire test rig will also be modified to perform cornering stiffness tests.

Non-pneumatic mechanical elastic wheel natural dynamic characteristics and influencing factors

Non-pneumatic tire appears to have advantages over traditional pneumatic tire in terms of flat proof and maintenance free.A mechanical elastic wheel(MEW) with a non-pneumatic elastic outer ring which functions as air of pneumatic tire was presented.The structure of MEW was non-inflatable integrated configuration and the effect of hinges was accounted for only in tension. To establish finite element model of MEW, various nonlinear factors, such as geometrical nonlinearity, material nonlinearity and contact nonlinearity, were considered. Load characteristic test was conducted by tyre dynamic test-bed to obtain force-deflection curve. And the finite element model was validated through load characteristic test. Natural dynamic characteristics of the MEW and its influencing factors were investigated based on the finite element model. Simulation results show that the finite element model closely matched experimental wheel. The results also show that natural frequency is related to ground constraints, material properties, loads and torques. Influencing factors as above obviously affect the amplitude of mode of vibration, but have little effect on mode of vibration shape. The results can provide guidance for experiment research, structural optimization of MEW.

Driving Force Model for Non-pneumatic Elastic Wheel

In order to obtain good driving performance,a driving force model is presented for non-pneumatic elastic wheel.Brush model of pneumatic tyres is introduced and the deformations of elastic supports and tread are also taken into account.The longitudinal slip rate is redefined.The grounding pressure distribution of elastic wheels is analyzed and corrected according to speed,temperature and stiffness.Then rolling resistance equation is developed.Finally,simulation is conducted by software CarSim,and the results show that the estimated values are consistent with simulation values,especially at low longitudinal slip rate.The research can help to optimize design of non-pneumatic elastic wheel.

Finite Element Simulation of Radial Tire Building and Shaping Processes Using an Elasto-Viscoplastic Model

The comprehensive tire building and shaping processes are investigated through the finite element method(FEM)in this article.The mechanical properties of the uncured rubber from different tire components are investigated through cyclic loading-unloading experiments under different strain rates.Based on the experiments,an elastoviscoplastic constitutive model is adopted to describe themechanical behaviors of the uncured rubber.The distinct mechanical properties,including the stress level,hysteresis and residual strain,of the uncured rubber can all be well characterized.The whole tire building process(including component winding,rubber bladder inflation,component stitching and carcass band folding-back)and the shaping process are simulated using this constitutive model.The simulated green tire profile is in good agreement with the actual profile obtained through 3D scanning.The deformation and stress of the rubber components and the cord reinforcements during production can be obtained fromthe FE simulation,which is helpful for judging the rationality of the tire construction design.Finally,the influence of the parameter“drum width”is investigated,and the simulated result is found to be consistent with the experimental observations,which verifies the effectiveness of the simulation.The established simulation strategy provides some guiding significance for the improvement of tire design parameters and the elimination of tire production defects.

Workability and Durability of Concrete Incorporating Waste Tire Rubber:A Review

Environmental problems caused by waste tires are becoming increasingly prominent.There is an urgent need to find a green way to dispose of waste tires,and scholars have made considerable efforts in this regard.In the construction industry,rubber extracted from waste tires can be added to concrete to alleviate environmental problems to a certain extent.As a new building material,rubber concrete has superior properties compared to ordinary concrete and has been widely used in many fields.Numerous studies have been conducted worldwide to investigate the effect of waste tire rubber on the performance of concrete.It has been reported that the addition of waste tire rubber has a significant influence on the performance of concrete.Workability influences the hardened performance of rubber concrete,especially the durability.Based on the current research results,the workability and durability of concrete manufactured with waste tire rubber,including water absorption and permeability,carbonation resistance,chloride ion permeability resistance,and freeze-thaw resistance,are summarized in this paper.It is concluded that the addition of waste tires has a negative effect on the workability of concrete.In terms of durability,concrete exhibits better chloride ion penetration resistance and frost resistance,with a higher water absorption rate,and lower anti-permeability and carbonation resistance owing to the addition of waste tire rubber.

Determination of the Sound Absorption Capacity of Hydraulic Concrete Mixtures Added with Waste Tire Rubber

There are different types of pollutants that are harmful to the environment, including smog, chemicals that are dumped into rivers, scrap tires, etc. The latter have the particularity that it is not possible to recycle them to manufacture new tires. In the present work, hydraulic concrete plates added with waste tire rubber were manufactured to modify their sound absorption capacity. It was found that the rubber additions produce changes in the density of the material and in the sound absorption capacity. When the material is exposed to high-frequency sounds that correspond to high-pitched sounds, its absorption capacity increases. On the contrary, when the test frequency is low, that is, bass sounds, the sound absorption capacity decreases. The results obtained in this work suggest that the proposed mixtures are suitable for the possible manufacture of acoustic insulating shields.

汽车轮胎滚动阻力研究综述

汽车轮胎稳态滚动阻力作为轮胎力学特性之一,对汽车的动力性、燃油经济性、制动性、操纵稳定性以及轮胎使用寿命等具有重要影响。阐述了轮胎滚动阻力产生机理,总结了轮胎滚动阻力的试验测量、数值仿真和理论计算方法;分析了车轮结构参数及材料属性对轮胎滚动阻力的影响;指出了汽车轮胎滚动阻力研究的技术挑战及发展趋势,可为轮胎滚动阻力的研究提供一定的参考。

Waste Recovery and Sustainable Development. A Case Study of Material Development from Used Tires in Africa

This paper outlines a mechanical transformation process for rubber recycling, demonstrating the development of a new material from used tires. With the crumbs obtained using a crusher-compactor, a novel material for the manufacture of O-rings has been developed, with properties close to those found on the market. The process includes an experimental methodology of a sulfur vulcanization system choice and the quantification of ingredients, as well as the experimental determination of cure parameters. Mechanical tests on the samples completed the work by providing the mechanical characteristics of both unaged and aged (thermo-oxidative ageing) novel material. This process has a high potential for sustainable development and industrialization, making it a valuable contribution to the recycling of rubber in African developing countries.

用于轮胎振动分析的壳模型优化研究

虽然现有壳模型在0~500 Hz频带内精度高,适合用于轮胎结构振动分析,但由于模型中耦合了胎侧二维壳模型,导致胎冠振动模态难以分离,且模型自由度和所需输入参数增加。本文对该壳模型进行改进:在保持胎冠壳模型不变的基础上,应用轮胎环模型和板模型中对胎侧的近似方法,采用弹性基底代替胎侧二维壳模型,简化了原模型的边界条件并缩减了输入参数个数;针对改进后的壳模型建立了求解方法,实现了胎冠模态频率和振型的求解。并通过与实验数据的对比,验证了改进后的壳模型及其求解方法的正确性。

基于流固耦合的轮胎花纹滑水性能研究

以205/55 R16型号轮胎为研究对象,基于Abaqus CEL流固耦合方法构建轮胎滑水有限元模型。将模拟得到的轮胎垂直刚度与实验数据进行对比,验证轮胎模型可靠性的前提下,优化欧拉域,更好地捕捉并分析轮胎滑水时水流印迹特征。结合NASA经验公式评估模拟得到的临界滑水速度,验证轮胎滑水模型可靠性,分析不同充气压力和水膜厚度对轮胎临界滑水速度的影响。通过引入V型横向花纹和增加F1 Nose结构优化轮胎花纹结构,验证花纹沟槽子模型优化合理性,对比优化前、后轮胎临界滑水速度和水流压力。结果表明:此优化方法能有效提高轮胎的滑水性能。

应用新结构、新材料开发配套低滚动阻力轮胎

应用新结构、新材料开发配套12R22.5 C600低滚动阻力轮胎。应用超高强度骨架材料,胎体采用0.17+5×0.215+10×0.235CCST钢丝帘线,带束层采用4+3×0.35ST钢丝帘线,钢丝包布采用0.17+5×0.215+10×0.235CCST钢丝帘线;优化配方设计,胎面胶采用低滚动阻力胶料,基部胶采用低滞后损失胶料;优化胎冠弧设计以及胎肩和胎圈部位材料分布。成品轮胎的充气外缘尺寸符合国家标准要求,耐久性能良好,滚动阻力达到欧盟标签C级,满足客户的需求,轮胎装车后行驶里程达到20万km,与普通轮胎相比,平均每百公里可节油1.13 L。

非充气轮胎的滚动越障振动仿真分析

采用仿真分析方法探究非充气轮胎的滚动越障振动特性。建立非充气轮胎的有限元模型,对辐条式原始非充气轮胎(简称原始轮胎)和轮辐仿生优化非充气轮胎(简称优化轮胎)的滚动越障振动进行仿真分析,研究滚动速度和障碍物高度对原始轮胎和优化轮胎的径向和纵向振动的影响,以及两种轮胎的振动特性与其滚动越障时接地压力峰值标准差之间的关系。结果表明:越障时滚动速度和障碍物高度的增大会加剧非充气轮胎的径向和纵向振动;与原始轮胎相比,优化轮胎的减振效果主要体现在滚动速度和障碍物高度变化时其振动特性较为平稳;接地压力峰值标准差能够在一定程度上表征非充气轮胎的振动强度。非充气轮胎的滚动越障振动仿真分析为其动态特性研究奠定了一定的理论基础,对提高车辆的稳定性具有重要的意义。

BFRP筋回收轮胎钢纤维混凝土黏结性能分析

对玄武岩纤维增强复合材料(BFRP)筋在回收轮胎钢纤维(RTSF)混凝土中的黏结性能进行了试验和分析研究.对不同RTSF体积掺量、BFRP筋直径和嵌入长度的试件进行了拉拔试验,研究其对黏结破坏模式、黏结滑移响应和黏结强度的影响,并提出了BFRP筋RTSF混凝土的黏结滑移理论模型.结果表明:BFRP筋RTSF混凝土黏结破坏类型包括拔出破坏、劈裂破坏以及拔出且劈裂破坏;BFRP筋直径对黏结破坏模式无显著影响,而RTSF体积掺量、BFRP筋直径和嵌入长度均对黏结强度有较大影响,且RTSF体积掺量与极限黏结强度呈正相关,BFRP筋直径和嵌入长度对其影响与之相反;当RTSF体积掺量从0增大至1.5%时,其极限黏结强度最大可提高约23.87%.与已有模型相比,所提出的黏结滑移理论模型对BFRP筋RTSF混凝土的黏结滑移曲线具有更高的拟合精度.

爆胎车辆动力学分析及模糊PID控制优化策略研究

车辆通过控制系统提高行驶的稳定性,但在爆胎时容易导致车辆行驶失去稳定性,从而造成车辆发生侧翻现象。为改善车辆动力学控制系统输出效果,建立了车辆轮胎动力学模型。引用模糊比例-积分-微分(PID)控制器,给出了模糊PID控制器输出参数与误差和误差变化率的关系图。提出人群搜索算法,利用人群搜索算法迭代搜索原理对模糊PID控制器参数进行寻优。以车辆2种行驶路况为例,利用Matlab软件对爆胎车辆的稳定性进行仿真,比较和分析爆胎车辆优化控制系统的输出效果。结果显示:采用模糊PID控制系统,爆胎车辆产生的偏航角、俯仰角加速度和侧倾角加速度较大。采用人群搜索算法优化模糊PID控制系统,爆胎车辆产生的偏航角、俯仰角加速度和侧倾角加速度较小。爆胎车辆采用人群搜索算法优化后的模糊PID控制器,不仅响应速度快,而且行驶的稳定性较好。

基于Simulink轮胎跳动对重型车转向特性影响分析

转向过程轮胎受地面载荷影响呈现跳动,而其对车辆稳定转向产生重要影响。车辆与地面间的接触是通过轮胎得以实现,轮胎受力直接影响到车辆转向稳定性。选用重型车辆轮胎外倾时的受力进行分析,基于此,对空载和满载工况下,高低速转向时的转角偏差进行分析;并对空载和满载工况下,转向时,车轮的摆动误差及滑移量进行分析,获取不同工况下各参数最优的数学模型;根据数学模型分析,基于Simulink搭建包含承载特性的转向系统模型,以此分析不同转速条件下轮胎的受力和轮胎跳动对转向的影响;应用实际车辆,选取双移线转向工况,对比分析运行轨迹和转角关系的差异,以此验证数学模型和仿真分析的可靠性。结果可知:在转向过程中,各轮胎的侧向力变化趋势基本一致;随着车速的增加,在转向过程中各轮胎所受的侧向力也呈现增加的趋势;随着速度的增加,前轴内侧轮胎受力先减小后增加;满载时,车轮跳动对车轮摆动误差的影响随着车轮转角增大而增大,而空载时,则影响更大,变化趋势也更复杂;实车测试与仿真轨迹基本保持一致,且外侧轮转向角曲线基本无较大变化,保持一致特性,误差小于3%,表明数学模型和仿真分析的准确性,为此类设计提供参考。

国产溶聚丁苯橡胶在半钢子午线轮胎胎面胶中的应用

研究国产溶聚丁苯橡胶(SSBR)在半钢子午线轮胎胎面胶中的应用。结果表明:与进口SSBR胶料相比,国产SSBR胶料的硫化特性、物理性能和耐臭氧老化性能相当;成品轮胎的高速性能和耐久性能均通过测试,滚动阻力相当,干地和湿地制动性能可满足使用要求,且可降低材料成本。