浅析微生物样本全自动前处理系统WASP■的维护保养

临床微生物样本种类繁多,操作复杂,样本接种是微生物实验室最耗费人力的工作之一,但其培养出的致病菌直接影响后续的菌株鉴定/药敏试验,因此对微生物样本接种实现全自动化、标准化是提升实验室整体效率的关键步骤。微生物样本全自动前处理系统WASP■(Walk Away Specimen Processor)是一种全自动接种微生物样本的设备,该设备的使用使实验室向全自动化迈出了重要的一步。由于WASP■的重要性及设备结构功能的复杂性,对其进行维护保养,对减少设备故障、延长使用寿命显得尤为重要。维护保养工作需要由经过培训的人员来完成,要注重日常维护保养和预防性维护保养,在使用过程中也要注意正确使用,避免由于人为错误导致WASP?出现故障和造成样本破坏。

Seed and Wasp Production in the Mutualism of Figs and Fig Wasps

Figs (Moracea: Ficus) and fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Chlocloids: Agaonideae) depend on each other to complete their reproduction. Monoecious fig species and their pollinating wasps are in conflict over the use of fig ovaries which can either produce one seed or one wasp. From observation on Ficus virens Ait., we showed that female flowers with outer layer of ovaries (near to the wall of syconium) had no significant difference from that with inner and interval layer of ovaries (near to the syconium cavity), in which most seeds and wasps were produced. This meant that fig tree provided the same potential resource for seed and wasps production. Observation indicated that there was usually only one foundress in syconium at female flower phase and no com- petition pollinators. Measurement of the style length of female flowers and the ovipositor of pollinators indicated that most ovaries could be reached by pollinator’s ovipositor. However, at the male flower phase, production of seeds was significantly more than that of wasps including non-pollinating wasps but there was no significant difference between seed and pollinating wasp production when without non-pollinating wasps produced. This result indicated that non-pollinating wasps competed ovaries not with seeds but with pollinating wasps for ovipositing. Bagged experiment showed that the sampling fig species was not self-sterile which was important for figs and wasps to survive bad season. Seed production in self-pollinated figs was not significantly different from total wasps in- cluding non-pollinating ones. This might be related with the weaker competition among wasps since bagged figs were not easy to reach by wasps from outside.

Parasitoid wasps as effective biological control agents

Biological control(biocontrol) is a safe, sustainable approach that takes advantage of natural enemies such as predators, parasitic insects or pathogens to manage pests in agroecosystems. Parasitoid wasps, a very large evolutionary group of hymenopteran insects, are well-known biological control agents for arthropod pests in agricultural and forest ecosystems. Here, we summarize the recent progress on the application of parasitoid wasps in biocontrol in China for the last five years. These include species diversity of parasitoid wasps, identification of dominant parasitoid wasps associated with insect pests and biocontrol practices(three types of biological control, i.e., classical, augmentative and conservation biological control) in several Chinese agroecosystems. We then treat different mass-rearing and release technologies and the commercialization of several parasitoid wasp species. We also summarize other work that may have a potential use in biocontrol, including the effect of plant volatiles on parasitoids and recent advance in the molecular mechanisms underlying the host regulation by parasitoid wasps. Future research area and applied perspectives are also discussed, noting that advances in biocontrol technologies in Chinese agriculture informs research at the global level.

Mud Wasps and Its Role in the Destruction of Ancient Buildings in Application to the Temple of Isis in the Temple of Dandara, Qena, Egypt and Methods of Prevention

Mud wasps are one of the most important problems that many archaeological sites suffer from in Egypt, especially in southern Egypt. Wasp’s growth increases, especially on the surface of stones or on mud-brick buildings, which represents a major challenge to these archaeological sites. It works to hide the stone surfaces and archaeological inscriptions found on them in addition to that it works to damage the stone surfaces themselves through the nests that they build on these surfaces. It works on weakening the structure of sandstone and the study that included a study on mud wasps and Analysis of nests and studied through the use of various devices and methods, the damage and its nature have also been studied as a result of the presence of wasp nests and the reasons for their existence. Various treatment methods and the best appropriate methods for treating sandstone and stopping wasp activity have also been studied.

基于WASP模型的小流域精细化管理研究——以株洲渌水流域为例

对河流“分区、分类、分级”的精细化管理是推进水污染综合治理与水质保护的最佳管理办法.渌水作为湖南省创建的省级样板河,是湘赣边区域合作示范区流域综合治理典范,是一个边界完整的典型城市河流小流域.本研究通过计算整合渌水流域现状排污负荷数据,以水质分析模拟程序(water quality analysis simulation program,WASP)为工具,建立渌水水质模拟预测模型.以控制单元为载体,基于最大日污染负荷计划,计算分析流域各河段的污染负荷削减分配精细化管理方案.通过模型情景分析,考察上游来水水质超标对本流域的影响和在全流域生活污染治理工作落实完成后的水质改善情况.

Relationship between Representatives of American Dream and Non-WASPs of America

American dream represents a wonderful wish of pursuit of better life, it attracts not only American, but also people all over the world to realize their dreams through hard-working. Focusing on people who have become representatives of American dream, we will find that most of them are Non-WASPS.

Biodiversity of vespid wasps in spatial and temporal dimensions in northern Zanjan Province of Iran

Vespidae is one of the major families of Hymenoptera with more than 115000 described species. In the present paper, Simpson and Shannon-Wiener diversity indices, Simpson, Camargo, Smith and Wilson, and modified Nee evenness indices, and richness index based on rarefaction method were adopted to study the biodiversity of vespid wasps in spatial and temporal dimensions in northern Zanjan Province of Iran. In spatial dimension, Zanjan and Gilvan showed the highest and the lowest species diversity, evenness, and richness, respectively; while in temporal dimension, 16 July-6 August showed the highest species diversity and richness, and 18 May-27 May and 23 August-2 September showed the highest and the lowest species evenness, respectively. Significant differences in species abundance between localities of study area were observed by Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test.

Effect of Purified Paper Wasp Ropalidia marginata Venom Toxins on Different Biomolecules in Mice Serum

This study evaluated the effects of purified paper wasp Ropalidia marginata venoms on various biomolecules in the blood serum of albino mice. Changes in the concentration of some important macromolecules, i.e., proteins, free amino acids, uric acid, cholesterol, pyruvic acid, total lipids and glucose were noted down. These alterations were measured after intraperitoneal injection of 40% and 80% 24-hour LD50 purified Ropalidia marginata venom toxin. Serum total protein levels were found to decrease to 78% after 6 hrs, while serum free amino acid levels were significantly increased to 117% 6 hrs after venom injection compared to control. It was also found that serum uric acid levels increased to 138% after 8 hrs of venom injection compared to control. The increase in serum cholesterol i.e. (101% and 106%) and pyruvic acid increased significantly to a maximum value of 106% after 6 hrs of treatment at 40% LD50. Glycogen levels in the gastrocnemius muscle were found to decrease significantly (p-0.05) to 43% and 92% at LD50 after injection of purified Ropalidia marginata venom after 8 h and 80% at LD50 compared to control. Moreover, up to 71% and 81% were obtained at 10 hrs of treatment with the same dose. In the present study, the purified toxins significantly changed the levels of biomolecules in blood serum, indicating their wider effects on cellular physiology due to toxic effects and stress on the animal. These toxins can be good antigens and stimulate immune responses in experimental mice.

Galls as a Disputed Resource for Female Parasitoid Wasps Contests

We investigated how the parasitoid Torymus sp. (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) attacking galls of Schismatodiplosis lantanae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on Lantana camara (Verbenaceae) behaves in the presence of a conspecific female competitor in the patch. Presence of a competitor greatly changed resident exploitation behavior. Wasps alone spent more time in gall exploitation behaviors (walk-antennate and probe) and in post-oviposition behaviors (stationary and groom), and when intruders were present they spent more time walking. The attack strategy was through threatening: raising wings and pointing the antennae towards the opponent. Different from theoretical expectations, residents were not always the attacker. Number of galls in the patch and female wasp size did not affect contest outcomes, although gall exploitation time and time on leaf were significant factors for the probability of having attacks. Overall, the study highlights the fact that intruder interest in the host was the main cause of contests and also this is a unique report both in terms of the target species and the nature of the disputed resource, a gall-inducer inside a singular spatial unit, the gall.

Research Progress on the Innate Immunity of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) and the Regulation Mechanism of Parasitic Wasp Venom Protein

[Objectives]The use of natural enemies of living insects and their derivatives can effectively avoid the problems of pesticide residues,pest resistance,biodiversity decline,control effect weakening and so on.[Methods]Parasites inject various parasitic factors into hosts to inhibit the development of hosts,adjust the immunity of hosts,interfere with the growth and development of hosts,and reduce the nutrition metabolism of hosts,so as to ensure the growth and development of the offspring.Host pests can escape or conquer the parasitism of parasitic wasps through immune defense system in order to reproduce their own offspring.[Results]Under intense and strong selection pressure,in order to effectively ensure the success rate of parasitism,the adaptive diversity of parasitism strategies of parasitic wasps is finally caused.In the process of evolution and under the pressure of directional selection,the innate immunity and acquired immunity gradually evolve.[Conclusions]In-depth research on parasitic factors of parasitic wasps and their interaction with crop pests immunity and development can not only improve theoretical understanding of insect immunity and development biology,pest biological control and other disciplines,but also be expected to enable the application of some components of parasitic factors to agriculture,medicine and pharmacy.Bactrocera dorsalis is a destructive fruit and vegetable pest.This paper summarized the venom protein of B.dorsalis parasitoids and the immune interaction with hosts,in order to provide theoretical basis for biological control of plant pests by using parasitic natural enemies.

认同、同化、排异——《反美阴谋》中的美国梦文化记忆与国民身份形塑

菲利普·罗斯在《反美阴谋》中以儿童菲利普的视角追忆了一段纳粹美国的虚构历史,揭示了美国梦作为盎格鲁-撒克逊中心主义的文化记忆对国民身份的多重形塑作用。美国梦不仅是美国犹太人建立美利坚民族身份认同的记忆支点,而且是反犹政府推行强制同化的手段。在WASP主流文化的倾轧之下,美国犹太人在美国性与犹太性之间痛苦挣扎,其中拒绝美国化的犹太人成为美国官方和犹太族群离弃的“残体”。通过揭露美国梦文化记忆的霸权本质,罗斯暗示了同化政策与德国纳粹的暧昧同谋,批判了等级森严的群体国民身份机制给犹太人造成的无法磨灭的创伤。

基于改进蜘蛛蜂算法的无人机三维路径规划

为了提高无人机路径规划在复杂环境中的收敛速度和收敛精度,避免陷入局部最优,提出了一种基于改进蜘蛛蜂算法的无人机三维路径规划方法。本文在传统SWO算法中引入自适应t分布扰动变异和Cubic映射策略更新搜索阶段位置,避免局部早熟收敛;然后,引入周期性随机振幅动态调整追逐和逃逸阶段搜索方向,帮助算法跳出局部最优,并结合螺旋更新机制和Levy飞行策略增强算法全局寻优能力,提高算法收敛精度;最后,将ISWO算法在8个测试函数中进行性能验证并实验仿真,结果表明,复杂地形环境中ISWO算法执行时间相比传统SWO算法减少了26.86%,并且较CPO、COA、GOOSE、PSO、GWO算法执行时间减少了13.80%~28.27%不等。同时,ISWO算法最小适应度值较传统SWO算法减小49.76%,较其他算法至少减小27.73%。由此得出,本文所提改进算法能够在复杂地形环境中快速得到一条更短且更安全的路径。

四川省犍为县两种纵卷叶螟幼虫和蛹的寄生蜂种类及发生动态

本研究旨在明确稻显纹纵卷叶螟和稻纵卷叶螟幼虫和蛹寄生蜂种类和优势寄生蜂种类差异,为两种纵卷叶螟的种间竞争机制研究和生物防治提供理论依据。通过采集四川省犍为县两种纵卷叶螟幼虫和蛹,于室内饲养羽化并收集寄生蜂,鉴定寄生蜂种类和调查自然寄生情况。结果显示,稻显纹纵卷叶螟和稻纵卷叶螟幼虫和蛹的寄生蜂种类主要有8种。其中,在两种纵卷叶螟中均发现的寄生蜂为趋稻厚唇姬蜂Phaeogenes sp.,仅在稻显纹纵卷叶螟中发现的寄生蜂为无脊大腿小蜂Brachymeria excarinata(Gahan,1925)、粘虫广肩小蜂Eurytoma verticillata(Fabricius,1798)、黄眶离缘姬蜂Trathala flavo-orbitalis(Cameron,1907)、具柄凹眼姬蜂指明亚种Casinaria pedunculata(Szépligeti,1908)和稻苞虫兔唇姬小蜂Dimmockia secunda(Crawford,1910),仅在稻纵卷叶螟中发现的寄生蜂为棱角肿腿蜂Goniozus sp.和大螟钝唇姬蜂Eriborus terebrans。稻显纹纵卷叶螟的寄生蜂寄生率(0.01%~0.46%)比稻纵卷叶螟寄生率(0.34%~2.07%)低。大螟钝唇姬蜂为稻纵卷叶螟寄生蜂的丰富种且优势度指数最高,但无脊大腿小蜂是稻显纹纵卷叶螟中优势度指数最高的优势种寄生蜂。稻显纹纵卷叶螟的寄生蜂优势种随时间发生变化,7月和9月的优势寄生蜂为无脊大腿小蜂,而8月为趋稻厚唇姬蜂和黄眶离缘姬蜂。但是,10月采集的稻显纹纵卷叶螟没有发现寄生蜂寄生的现象。两种纵卷叶螟虽为近缘种,但二者寄生蜂种类和优势寄生蜂种类存在差异。

风能资源评估软件WAsP和WT的适用性

基于内蒙古地区不同复杂程度的3个风电场内7个测风塔共21个测风高度完整1a的测风资料及该地区高分辨率的数字地形资料,结合风电场内一个参考塔的测风结果,采用WAsP和WT2种软件推导风场内目标塔的风资源,通过比较目标塔处推算结果和实际测量结果,分别得出WAsP和WT的计算误差。结果表明:对于计算年平均风速和风功率密度,除在C1测风塔处外,WT总体表现比WasP更准确;在风资源分布图上,2种软件计算的风资源丰富区的位置基本一致,均在风电场中海拔较高的地方,但WAsP计算的风资源丰富区面积大于WT计算的风资源丰富区面积,丰富区年平均风速和风功率密度也高于WT计算值。

利用WAsP软件对风力机发电量的预测

提出了一种利用WAsP软件准确求解风力机发电量的方法。首先,利用WAsP OWC Wizard工具对欲安装风力机地区一年的风速资料进行分析,得到风谱图;其次,在给定地区的数字地图上建立模拟风力机站;然后,根据风力发电机的功率特性,采用WAsP Turbine Editor工具拟合输出功率特性曲线;最后,通过实例详细阐述风力机发电量的计算方法。由于这种计算方法完全建立在风场风谱图和风力机自身输出特性的基础上,因此得到的风力机发电量的计算结果更加准确。在WAsP软件的协助下,计算过程可以得到很大简化,能够满足工程的应用。

基于全局敏感性分析方法的WASP模型不确定性分析

为了定量讨论WASP(The water quality analysis simulation program,水质分析模拟程序)模型中各参数对模拟结果的影响及其不确定性,本文在Simulink环境下对模型进行重组,利用Sobol方法,对影响DO、CBOD、NH3-N、NO3--N等4项输出的各参数敏感性进行了研究,重点讨论了输入条件如时空变化对参数敏感性的影响.结果表明:Sobol全局敏感性分析方法能够有效地筛选出WASP模型中对DO、CBOD、NH3-N、NO3-变化模拟较为敏感的参数,在实现模型参数"本土化"中具有较大的应用潜力;对比总敏感性与一阶敏感性指数之间的差异,WASP模型当中的若干参数(如GP1、PNH3、anc等)耦合性较强,不宜使用一次一个变量法对这些变量进行敏感性分析;在参数敏感性变化方面,即使对于同一条河流,WASP的参数敏感性指数会因边界条件的时空变化而发生改变.敏感性受空间变化的影响不大,但受时间(季节)变化的影响显著;输入变量随时间的变化,会引起模型不确定性在各季节上的较大的差异;WASP模型当中存在明显的"异参同效"作用,仅靠传统方法进行全局寻优率定,并不能体现水体各组分之间相互转化的过程,还需要结合实验对关键参数进行率定.

白洋淀水域WASP富营养化模型改进研究

在美国环保局开发的WASP湖泊富营养化模型的基础上,引入了浮游动物这一影响因子,表征了浮游动物生长动力学及其对营养盐与溶解氧的作用,使得模型对富营养化过程的描述更加全面。建立的湖泊生态模型,涉及浮游植物、浮游动物、氮、磷、溶解氧等9个变量,揭示了变量之间的相互关系以及湖泊富营养化的变化规律。结合白洋淀水域2004年的总氮、总磷、溶解氧、碳生化需氧量的实际监测数据,将WASP模型和改进后的模型的计算结果进行对比分析,表明改进后的模型能更好的与实测值相吻合,尤其是对于浮游植物、总氮和碳生化需氧量的模拟,准确再现了变量在1a内的变化过程。

基于WASP水质模型与基尼系数的水污染物总量分配——以南太湖苕溪入湖口区域为例

科学合理的水体污染物总量控制方案是流域水体污染控制的关键.以太湖重要入湖河流苕溪入湖口区域为研究对象,探讨基于水质分析模拟程序(WASP)模型与基尼系数的总氮总量分配方法.根据不同水质改善目标估算相应的水环境容量,建立与经济、社会、自然因素相协调的单因子基尼系数模型,在按不同区域、不同污染源类型进行污染负荷总量削减分配的基础上,预测区域水质的变化趋势,验证水质达标的可行性.研究表明,入湖口区域总氮为劣Ⅴ类水质,总量削减压力较大.根据污染负荷分配结果,入湖口水质总氮近、中和远期控制目标分别确定为Ⅴ、Ⅳ和Ⅲ类水质,对入湖水体总氮污染的有效控制是一个长期过程.

WASP水质模型及其研究进展

WASP(The water quality analysis simulation program,水质分析模拟程序)是EPA推荐使用的水质模型软件,使用较为广泛,能够模拟河流、湖泊、水库、河口等多种水体的稳态和非稳态的水质过程。介绍了WASP的组成模块(DYNHYD、EUTRO、TOXI)、基本原理及EUTRO中8个指标之间的相互转化,最后介绍了该模型在国内外的应用和发展前景、方向。

WASP6系统在三峡库区水质仿真中的应用

以1996～2002年三峡库区干流代表性断面水质监测资料为基础,运用WASP6系统对三峡库区水质进行了模拟与预测。结果表明,模拟值与实测值吻合较好,相对误差在15％以下的占92％;在维持现有污染负荷不变的情况下,蓄水前后水质变化不大,各断面水质均可达到地面水环境质量标准中的Ⅲ类或Ⅱ类水质标准;低水位运行的情况下,各断面的水质明显好于高水位运行情况。