Identification of an Aux/IAA regulator for flesh firmness using combined GWAS and bulked segregant RNA-Seq analysis in watermelon

Watermelon is a highly cultivated fruit crop renowned for its quality properties of fruit flesh.Among various quality factors,fruit flesh firmness is a crucial quality parameter influencing the fruit texture,shelf life and its commercial value.The auxin/indole-3-acetic acid(Aux/IAA)plays a significant role in fruit development and ripening of non-climacteric fruits.However,the regulatory mechanism of Aux/IAA in controlling fruit flesh firmness and ripening in watermelon remains unknown.In this study,we employed an integrative approach combining genome-wide association study(GWAS)and bulked segregant RNA-Seq analysis(BSR-Seq)to identify an overlapping candidate region between 12776310 and 12968331 bp on chromosome 6,underlying an auxin-responsive gene(Aux/IAA)associated with flesh firmness in watermelon.Transcriptome analysis,followed by real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR(qRT-PCR),confirmed that the expression of Aux/IAA was consistently higher in fruits with high flesh firmness.The sequence alignment revealed a single base mutation in the coding region of Aux/IAA.Furthermore,the concomitant Kompetitive/Competitive allele-specific PCR(KASP)genotyping data sets for F2 population and germplasm accessions identified Aux/IAA as a strong candidate gene associated with flesh firmness.Aux/IAA was enriched in the plant hormone signal transduction pathway,involving cell enlargement and leading to low flesh firmness.We determined the higher accumulation of abscisic acid(ABA)in fruits with low flesh firmness than hard flesh.Moreover,overexpression of Aux/IAA induced higher flesh firmness with an increased number of fruit flesh cells while reducing ABA content and flesh cell sizes.Additionally,the allelic variation in Aux/IAA for soft flesh firmness was found to exist in Citrullus mucosospermus and gradually fixed into Citrullus lanatus during domestication,indicating that soft flesh firmness was a domesticated trait.These findings significantly enhanced our understanding of watermelon fruit flesh firmness and consequently the watermelon fruit quality.

Innovation and Firm Co-ownership Network in China’s Electric Vehicle Industry

Firms are embedded in complex networks,where diverse ideas combine and generate new ideas.Shareholders of firms are of-ten seen as critical external resources that have significant influence on firm innovation.The current literature tends to focus on the rela-tionship between firms and their shareholders,while paying less attention to the connections between firms with the same shareholders.This article identifies two types of network spillover effects,intra-city network effect and inter-city network effect,by visualizing the co-ownership networks in China’s electric vehicle(EV)industry.We find that firms with the same shareholders,which are defined as co-owned EV firms,are more innovative than non-co-owned ones.Furthermore,there are two dominant types of firm co-ownership ties formed by corporate and financial institution shareholders.While corporate shareholders help exploiting local tacit knowledge,financial institutions are more active in bridging inter-city connections.The conclusion is confirmed at both firm and city levels.This paper theor-izes the firm co-ownership network as a new form of institutional proximity and tested the result empirically.For policy consideration,we have emphasized the importance of building formal or informal inter-firm network,and the government should further enhance the knowledge flow channel by institutional construction.

GHG Emissions of Italian Unlisted Firms and Bank Debt

In this paper I investigate the effect of the greenhouse gas emissions of a sample of 478 Italian unlisted firms on their bank debt,in the context of the growing attention and awareness for climate change issue.My findings show that unlisted firms generating low levels of greenhouse gas emissions borrow less long-term,short term,and total bank debt than unlisted firms generating high levels of greenhouse gas emissions,to finance their growth opportunities.Being the first work analyzing this topic,to the best of my knowledge,further empirical research could also investigate the impact of greenhouse gas emissions on the bank financing of unlisted firms of different countries,representing specific cultural and political approaches towards climate change problems.

An Analysis of the Correlation between Employee Compensation Policies and Operating Performance of Accounting Firms

This paper aims to explore the impact of compensation for employees of different ranks on the overall operating performance of accounting firms(hereinafter referred to as firms)and operating performance of the business markets,and provide reference for decision making by firm managers on employee compensation.The results show that 1)judging by overall operating performance,a firm’s income from professional practice increases as the average annual salary of partner accountants,manager-level heads,professional team heads and professional assistants increases,or the proportion of employees with the CPA qualification rises;the number of cases entrusted to a firm increases as the average annual salary of partner accountants and professional assistants increases,or the proportion of employees with the CPA qualification rises;2)judging by the operating performance of business markets,the income from tax service,management consulting,business registration and other business lines increases as the average annual salary of partner accountants and professional team heads rises;the income from public issue of certification documents,tax service and business registration and other business lines increases as the average annual salary of professional assistants rises;a higher proportion of employees with the CPA qualification has a positive impact on the income from management consulting;3)the shorter the firm age,and the greater the firm size,the better the firm’s overall operating performance.

米良1号猕猴桃贮藏过程中糖酸含量估测模型的构建

【目的】针对传统化学方法测定猕猴桃品质存在工序复杂、费时费力、需破坏性检测等问题,提出一种基于高光谱技术的高效无损检测方法。【方法】以110个米良1号猕猴桃(Actinidia chinensis var.deliciosa‘Miliang-1’)样本为研究对象,利用高光谱仪采集不同贮藏时间果实的高光谱反射光谱。利用光谱-理化值共生距离法(sample set partitioning based on joint X-Y distance sampling,SPXY)将猕猴桃样本按照8∶3的数量比例划分为训练集和测试集,统一采用支持向量机(SVM)对比分析标准正态变换(SNV)、多元散射校正(MSC)、一阶导数(1st-D)、二阶导数(2nd-D)、平滑算法(SG)对原始光谱进行预处理。使用遗传算法(genetic algorithm,GA)和随机蛙跳(random frog,RF)对猕猴桃高光谱特征波长进行筛选,结合支持向量回归(SVR)、反向传播神经网络(BP)算法,组合构建猕猴桃品质的回归预测模型。【结果】在组合模型中,可溶性固形物含量的最优模型为1st-D+GA-BP,R^(2)为0.903,RMSE为1.731;可滴定酸含量的最优模型为1st-D+GA-BP,R^(2)为0.857,RMSE为0.225。【结论】应用高光谱技术对米良1号猕猴桃可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量进行无损检测具有可行性。为进一步研究不同品种猕猴桃可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量的无损检测模型奠定了基础。

政府数字化激励、企业数字化水平与企业创新

选取2013—2020年中国信息传输、软件和信息技术服务业中高新技术上市公司为研究对象,基于企业成长理论探讨政府数字化激励对企业创新的影响机制。结果表明,政府数字化激励对企业创新具有显著促进作用,企业数字化水平在两者间发挥中介效应。异质性分析表明,政府数字化激励对国有企业创新水平的促进作用更显著。相较于非创业板上市公司,政府数字化激励对创业板上市公司研发投入水平的影响更显著。政府应重视数字化激励,鼓励企业走上创新发展的道路。结论可为政府顶层设计提供参考依据,同时为企业数字化发展及创新实践提供启示。

工业互联网技术、标准化管理与公司特质风险——基于关键核心技术赋能视角

本文基于2010—2022年沪深A股制造业上市公司年报数据,运用Word2vec词嵌入模型度量工业互联网技术的微观应用程度,探究工业互联网技术对公司特质风险的影响。研究发现,工业互联网技术显著降低了公司特质风险。同时,当企业标准化管理程度较高时,工业互联网技术缓解公司特质风险的效应更强。上述结论在经过一系列稳健性和内生性检验后依然成立。机制分析表明,工业互联网通过关键核心技术的跨层协作来缓解公司特质风险,主要体现为企业决策效率提高、运营效能提升和用户服务能力增强。本文为缓解公司特质风险、推动上市公司高质量发展和维护资本市场稳定提供了启示。

草酸处理对采后银条贮藏品质与细胞壁降解的影响及其通径分析

为探究草酸处理对采后银条贮藏品质及细胞壁降解的影响,该研究采用10 mmol/L草酸浸泡处理银条20 min(对照用蒸馏水浸泡),于10℃下贮藏30 d,定期取样分析贮藏过程中银条硬度、失重率、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、抗坏血酸、细胞壁组分及细胞壁降解酶活性的变化。结果表明,草酸处理显著抑制了银条硬度、可滴定酸和抗坏血酸含量的下降,减缓了银条失重率的上升,抑制了原果胶、纤维素含量的下降以及可溶性果胶含量的上升,显著抑制了银条贮藏后期(15~30 d)果胶甲酯酶(pectinesterase,PME)、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(polygalacturonase,PG)、α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶(α-L-Arabinofuranosidase,α-L-Af)、β-葡萄糖苷酶(β-glucosidase,β-Glu)、β-半乳糖苷酶(β-galactosidase,β-Gal)和纤维素酶(cellulase,Cx)活性,减轻了银条细胞壁降解程度,使银条贮藏品质得到提升。相关性分析表明,银条硬度与原果胶、纤维素呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与失重率、可溶性果胶、PG、PME、β-Glu、α-L-Af、Cx呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。通径分析结果显示,可溶性果胶、Cx、β-Gal、α-L-Af、PME、β-Glu、PG能促进银条硬度的下降,而原果胶、纤维素则有利于抑制银条硬度的下降,原果胶可通过可溶性果胶对硬度产生间接负向作用,可溶性果胶可通过原果胶对硬度产生间接正向效应,纤维素也可通过原果胶对硬度产生间接正向效应。由此可见,银条硬度下降与细胞壁降解密切相关,10 mmol/L草酸处理可抑制银条细胞壁降解程度从而维持其较好贮藏品质。

企业数字化水平对出口产品质量的影响研究

当前,全球经济正处于数字化转型的关键时期,数字经济已成为推动全球经济增长的重要动力。基于2000—2023年中国企业的面板数据,采用主成分分析法测度企业的数字化水平,分析了其对企业出口产品质量的影响。研究结果表明:(1)企业的数字化水平显著提升了出口产品的质量。(2)机制分析显示,企业的生产率水平和创新能力越高,企业数字化水平对出口产品质量的提升作用越显著;同时,企业所处的市场竞争越激烈,企业数字化水平对出口质量的促进作用也越大。(3)异质性分析表明,相较于国有和集体企业,企业数字化水平对外资、合资和私营企业出口产品质量的提升作用更加明显;相较于西部地区,企业数字化水平对东部和中部地区企业的出口产品质量提升作用更强。研究结果为推动中国企业的数字化转型和提升出口产品质量提供了实证支持。

专精特新家族企业数字化转型的实践路径——基于面板数据的动态fsQCA分析

本文运用动态fsQCA分析方法对前4批A股上市的专精特新家族企业数据进行组态分析,分析其数字化转型路径,结果发现:(1)技术、组织、环境3个层面7个前因条件均不构成专精特新家族企业数字化转型的必要条件,但家族所有权、市场化程度的必要性存在明显的时间变化趋势;(2)驱动专精特新家族企业高数字化转型的路径有4条,即“市场主导-技术辅助”、“技术主导-环境支持”、“去家族化-多要素复合驱动”、“家族控制主导”4条驱动路径,其中技术层面的前因条件尤为重要;导致专精特新家族企业非高数字化转型的路径有两条,其中技术层面前因条件全部缺失;(3)时间维度上,各路径在绝大多数年份均具有较强的解释力度;空间维度上,“市场主导-技术辅助”、“市场主导-环境支持”、“家族控制主导”的覆盖度在不同类型企业中存在差异。

基于扎根理论的后发企业颠覆性技术创新决策影响因素研究

基于扎根理论,对后发制造企业祥云飞龙进行扎根编码,构建后发企业颠覆性技术创新决策影响因素模型,以探究后发企业在面临创新决策时,哪些因素将显著影响并促使后发企业作出颠覆性技术创新决策,以及它们之间是如何相互作用并最终促使颠覆性技术创新顺利实现。研究发现:企业家颠覆性技术创新理念、后发企业颠覆性技术创新文化、政策环境、后发企业经营状况、颠覆性技术创新机会和后发企业内部创新环境等6个因素显著影响后发企业颠覆性技术创新决策。在颠覆性技术探索期,企业家颠覆性技术创新理念引导企业对非主流市场和非主流技术进行探索性的颠覆性技术创新。在颠覆性技术发展期,逐渐形成的颠覆性技术创新文化促使企业内部产生“颠覆性技术创新的正循环”,从而推动企业持续开展颠覆性技术创新。研究结论丰富了后发企业颠覆性技术创新决策的理论研究,也为后发企业有效实施颠覆性技术创新提供决策依据。

银企共同股东与企业经营风险

本文以2007—2022年沪深A股非金融上市公司为样本,考察了银企共同股东对企业经营风险的影响及作用机制。研究结果表明,银企共同股东通过提高企业信贷资金可得性、推动企业持有预防储蓄型金融资产,显著降低了企业经营风险。异质性分析发现,对董事在银行兼职较少、处于金融发展水平较低地区的企业,银企共同股东的风险抑制作用更显著。经济后果检验表明,银企共同股东促进了企业和银行的协同共赢,降低了企业经营风险,使企业能更好地维持主营业务的稳定发展。本文不仅丰富了跨行业共同股东的相关研究,还为金融高质量服务实体经济的微观机制提供了经验证据。

企业网络地位对数据资产信息披露的影响研究

随着数据资产作为重要战略资源的价值日益凸显,数据资产信息披露已经成为学术界和实业界共同关注的重要议题。本文基于2009~2023年A股上市公司数据,实证检验了企业网络地位对数据资产信息披露的影响及作用机制。研究结果发现,企业网络地位对其数据资产信息披露水平具有正向影响。机制分析结果表明,客户集中度在企业网络地位对其数据资产信息披露水平的影响中发挥调节作用,即客户集中度越低,企业网络地位对其数据资产信息披露水平的影响越强。异质性分析结果发现,对于非国有企业、多阶(长链)结构和小规模企业而言,企业网络地位对数据资产信息披露的影响效果尤为明显。本文揭示了企业网络地位影响数据资产信息披露的微观机制,为我国完善数据要素市场制度以及促进数字经济高质量发展提供了政策启示。

Variation and Probability Grading of Fruit Firmness in Peach Germplasm Resource

Objective The aim was to provide basis for further studies on fruit firmness in peach fruits and the standardization and standardization of peach germplasm resource. [ Method] The analysis of fruit firmness of peach germplasm resource was based on the improved firmness measurement, and the probability grading of characteristics was carried out on peach fruit firmness. [Result] The coefficient of variation of peach fruit firmness with skin was less than that of fruit firmness without skin; the fruit firmness with skin and fruit firmness without skin were both fitted the normal distribution; the probability grading of characteristics were divided into five series based on four points of （X-1. 281 8s）, （X-0. 524 6s）, （X＋0. 524 6s） and （X＋1.281 8s）, so that the probability of 1 -5 were 10%, 20%, 40%, 20% and 10%. [Conclusion] There was more abundant genetic basis in fruit firmness, which held a potential for greater choice.

Study on Inheritance Mechanism of Tomato Fruit Firmness

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the inheritance mechanism of tomato fruit firmness.[Method] Two tomato cultivars significantly different in fruit firmness were selected for investigation of the inheritance mechanism of tomato fruit firmness using combination analysis of six generations （P1,P2,F1,F2,B1 and B2）.[Result] The results indicated that the heredity of tomato fruit firmness was consistent with the additive-dominant model controlled by one pair of major genes; the additive effect （d）,dominant effect （h） and degree of dominance （h/d） of major genes were 17.37,-7.96 and-0.46,respectively,showing positive additive effect and incompletely dominant-negative effect; the hereditability of major gene effect in B1,B2 and F2 generation was 88.59％,45.81％ and 85.62％,respectively.[Conclusion] The heredity of fruit firmness was controlled by one pair of major gene,showing significant additive effect and dominant effect.

Absorptive capacity and R&D strategy of labor-managed firms

Taking absorptive capacity effects on research spillovers into consideration, this paper focuses on the R＆D investment decisions and the output decisions of labor-managed firms. Based on the general model of the cost-reducing R＆D, the strategic interactions of output and R＆D investment between labor-managed firms in a duopoly are analyzed. Moreover, the impact of absorptive capacity effects on optimal output in the production stage is discussed. In the R＆D stage, the impacts of absorptive capacity effects on the equilibrium R＆D investment in cooperative and non-cooperative R＆D are analyzed. Finally, the R＆D strategy of labor-managed firms is compared with the behavior of profit-maximizing firms. The results show that equilibrium R＆D investment is always higher than that in the exogenous spillover rate, which is similar to the behavior of the profit-maximizing firms. However, unlike the profit-maximizing firms, the impact of the absorptive capacity that affects the relationship between the optimal output and its own（rival＇ s）R＆D is shown to be dependent upon a return-to-scale of the production.

数据要素如何影响企业投资行为?

数据要素进入企业生产流程可有效提升管理层对投资项目前景的认知判断,优化企业投资行为;然而,管理层的认知惯性和行动惯性会阻碍这一优化作用.基于2011—2020年中国A股制造业上市公司数据,实证检验了数据要素对企业投资行为的影响.研究发现:数据要素显著扩大企业投资规模,抑制非效率投资,减缓企业投资不足.数据要素通过监管强化来优化企业投资行为,且投资者专业化程度越高,优化作用越强.由于认知惯性和行动惯性的存在,管理层投资视野不足和实施传统竞争战略会弱化数据要素对企业投资的优化作用;当成本领先战略与差异化战略有效融合时,数据要素能够缩减单一战略带来的非效率投资.

Security investment and information sharing for complementary firms with heterogeneous monetary loss

Two complementary firms＇ information sharing and security investment are investigated. When two complementary firms with heterogeneous assets are both breached, it is assumed that they suffer different losses which are associated with their information assets. Some insights about optimal strategies for the firms and the attacker are obtained by the game theory, which forms a comparison with those derived from substitutable firms, and those derived from complementary firms with homogenous loss. In addition, both the unit transform cost of investment and the extent of firms＇loss affect the optimal strategies.Assuming that firms can control information sharing, security investments and both of them, respectively, the effect of the social planner is further analyzed on the information sharing, firms＇ aggregate defence, the aggregate attack and social total cost. Finally, some policy advice is provided through numerical simulation. Results show that firms are willing to choose security investment centrally rather than individually, but an intervention in information sharing by the social planner may not necessarily be preferable.

R&D subsidy policy of domestic firm considering foreign firm competition

Taking the advanced technology of the foreign firm into account, a mixed duopoly three-stage game model is established in the context of research and development（RD）investment subsidies and product subsidies for domestic firms provided by the government, and the RD subsidy policy of domestic firms in competition with foreign firms is analyzed.The equilibrium output, RD investment of the domestic firm, social welfare and the value of government subsidies are derived, in the case of the two policies, RD investment subsidies and product subsidies for domestic firms, provided by the government. The results show that, the equilibrium output and the optimal social welfare under the RD investment subsidy policy are both less than those under the product subsidy policy; the optimal RD investment under the RD investment subsidy policy is less than that under the product subsidy policy; and the RD product subsidy has a more obvious incentive effect on firm RD investment. Under the background of the leading edge of technology of foreign firms, the product subsidy policy drawn up by the government to encourage RD innovation of domestic firms is more effective than the RD investment subsidy policy.

数字创业企业商业模式创新对企业绩效的影响

数字创业企业不再拘泥于技术创新,通过商业模式创新获取竞争优势已成为其主要追求。基于CPSED II数据库中760家企业数据,探讨数字创业企业效率型商业模式创新和新颖型商业模式创新对企业绩效的影响,以及技术创新性的调节作用。结果发现,数字创业企业效率型商业模式创新对企业绩效具有正向影响,新颖型商业模式创新对企业绩效具有负向影响,技术创新性负向调节效率型商业模式创新、新颖型商业模式创新与企业绩效的关系。结论对数字创业企业开展与技术创新相契合的商业模式创新,进而推动我国数字经济发展具有实践指导价值。