New Perspective for the Philosophy of Religion: New Era Theory, Religion and Science

In this article,author expressed the meaning of“belief”,possible effective factors in human life,and how these factors can be effective on person and/or communities.With this respect,the meaning of religion,the possible interaction and relation between religion and science evaluated.42 past/present theories of religion and evaluation of the past/present works of the 87 philosophers of religion are explained.Author considered new synthesis(R-Synthesis),and also new era philosophy,new and re-constructed branches of philosophy,and some systems/constructions to express the new perspective for philosophy of religion.Author applied 27(+)possible definitive/certain result cases of the synthesis for R-Religion discipline specifically,and did the followings under new perspective:(i)eliminated some religious subjects,(ii)unified some religious subjects,(iii)modified some religious subjects,(iv)united some religious subjects in upper phase,(v)separated some religious subject,(vi)defined all religious subjects under one framework,(vii)integrated all religious subjects,(viii)defined new religious subjects,(ix)re-defined some religious subjects,(x)removed some religious subjects and put new religious subjects instead,(xi)added some religious subjects,(xii)kept/protected some religious subjects,(xiii)proposed progression for religious subjects,(xiv)changed the priority of some religious subjects,(xv)increased the importance of some religious subjects,(xvi)strengthened the ethics,(xvii)integrated philosophy branches under one framework,(xviii)others.Some of the purposes of this article are:(i)to define new synthesis method,(ii)to define good and/or correct new perspective and structure for philosophy of religion,science of religion,theories of religion,and related subjects,(iii)to extend the definition/limits of philosophy of religion with new perspective,(iv)others.As result of the synthesis,new perspective for philosophy of religion explained by considering the following concepts/sections:(a)theories of religion,(b)17 upper constructional philosophies and philosophy of religion,(c)eight complementary branches of philosophy of religion,(d)14 lower constructional philosophies and philosophy of religion,(e)science of religion,(f)new theory of religion and its relations with other disciplines.Author defined New Era Theory,New Era Religion,New Era Belief,Progressive Religion and their relations with other religions,beliefs,religious/non-religious movements,and the relation with other theories of religion.Also,power authorities and functional position levels in the New Era Belief,and Religion of God,Knowledge of God/gods,Nature of God/gods concepts are explained generally/specifically.

Confucianism is a Philosophy Rather than a Religion

The Chinese Recorder, a journal produced by the Protestant missionary community in China, enjoyed a run of seventytwo years in which Confucianism was regarded as a religion by many missionary scholars. But is Confucianism a religion or a philosophy? There are different ideas in present literatus. This study attempts to prove that Confucianism is not a religion by distinguishing the definitions of religion and Confucianism and comparing them, and further points out that Confucianism is a philosophy.

Philosophy of GodForm:Power Authorities, Functional Position Levels, Religion and Science

In this work,author expressed new R-Synthesis specifically.Good and/or correct perspective that must be behind the definitions and administration generally expressed.New perspective of the philosophy explained generally.Philosophy of GodForm is defined and expressed as connected/related with the following concepts:(a)basic principles,(b)17 upper constructional philosophies,(c)14 lower constructional philosophies,(d)eight basic philosophies.As special cases,Philosophy of Engineering and Technology,Philosophy of Wireless Administration and others defined as hybrid philosophies.17 specific components/units which can be considered to define the basic principles of the related formation,are proposed to be designed by GodForm and defined by the author.Philosophy of GodForm and its relation with Values and Positions specifically defined.New Era Theory and New Era Belief explained generally.Some specific religions/beliefs are defined as variants/forms of the Progressive Religion.Good and/or correct power authorities(R-Power Authority)are defined due to 29 categories.Functional position levels defined for the R-Power Authorities with a unique table.As result of the R-Synthesis,functional position levels of some philosophers,some scientists,and of Prophet Jesus,Prophet Mohamed,Prophets Mouses,Buddha,and of Confucius generally/specifically defined.Integration and past/present effects of some R-Power Authorities in 5 x 5 Ideal Political Construction specifically explained.New Era Belief,Concepts of GodX and Science relation explained with the following concepts:(1)Religion of GodForm,(2)Knowledge of GodX,(3)Nature of GodX.With this respect,some other characteristics of 7 GodX power authorities expressed with details as complementary information.Following concepts/systems defined to arrange and solve some/most/all religious problems,which are determined with R-Synthesis:(a)Religious Responsibilities and Positions,(b)Ideal Religious Administration,(c)Sustainable/Continuable Political Administration System,(d)Community Values Council/Authority for each world country,(e)Progressive Councils.15 general religious position categories defined to express their good and/or correct meanings/values/responsibilities in the religious system.21 general/specific cases/programs defined due to New Era Belief to solve possible past/present/future community values problems,to have continuous,judicious,and progressive administration about the 36 kinds of community values.Progressive Councils,which are related with the CUS-WW-HO,are defined.Progressive Religion Council and some of the related religious responsibilities expressed for the kind progressive religion studies due to the Philosophy of Progressive Religions.

The Paradigm Transformation of Postmodern Philosophy of Religion--Taking Don Cupitt and George Lindbeck as an Example

Western postmodern philosophy of religion is the third significant shift following the ancient ontology paradigm and the modern subject paradigm.Postmodern religious philosophers,taking the focus on language as their theoretical basis,criticize the paradigm of the traditional philosophy of religion.At the same time,as a kind of complex thought trend,the postmodern philosophy of relligion also presents different ideological trends--one is radical and the other is conservative.

Religion and Philosophy of the Atharvaveda:A New Approach

The Atharvaveda Samhita(AV),being the second largest compendium in the Vedic literature of the Rgveda Samhita(RV),occupies a great position in the ancient history of religion and philosophy.But unlike the RV,the religion and philosophy of the AV have not been properly analysed,rather somehow misinterpreted.It has been portrayed that the religion of AV is primitive,full of magic and devoid of priestly religion.Again,the philosophy of AV does not represent anything new or original,even if it is a preacher of pseudo-philosophy.In the backdrop of this picture,the paper aims to revisit the old theories on the one hand and on the other hand,it has shown the religion and philosophy of the AV of a new dimension in the Vedic Corpus.This new dimension in the Vedic Corpus needs to be addressed properly.Thus,in the proposed paper,it has been tried to establish that the religious culture of AV fills up the gap of the total gamut of Vedic religion with its social responsibilities.For philosophy,it is the AV that represents more originality than the RV,not only in quantity but also in introspection.The philosophy of the Upanishad,which represents Brahman as the ultimate reality and creator of the world,has been more vividly represented.It has prepared a bridge between the Samhita and Upanishad in respect of philosophical concepts.All these have been elaborately dealt with documents and references in the proposed paper.

Chinese Residents’Philosophy and Religion in Contemporary China and North America

The cultural dimension of sustainability as the fourth pillar of the overall sustainable development framework encompasses both tangible and intangible cultures.In this study,tangible culture refers to the home environments of Chinese residents in China and North America,while intangible culture refers to their faiths and belief systems,in other words,their philosophy and religion,reflected(or not)in their home environments.The paper argues that Chinese philosophy and religion have historically contributed to Chinese people’s environmental ethics and their health and happiness.Set within this context,the paper presents the author’s two empirical research findings on Chinese residents’philosophy and religion in contemporary China and North America.Quantitative and qualitative data were collected by asking Chinese residents the same research question in the 2007-2008 onsite survey and follow-up interviews in Beijing and Suzhou of China,and the 2013 online survey and follow-up interviews in the US and Canada.The findings show a significantly higher percentage of ethnic Chinese in North America holds traditional Chinese faiths than those in China,though Western cultural infiltration is also happening to them.Nevertheless,due to the limited number of participants,the findings may only be indicative.

Philosophical Reflection Over the Origin of the Universe

The world today is in urgent need to unveil the Truth of the Universe to guide the future of humankind.This paper serves as an introductory work to the author’s forthcoming book Revelation and Reflection on Mankind by Modern Physics that examines great recent discoveries in physics and analyzes how it could be linked to philosophical ideologies passed down throughout history from the Axial Age,especially the Eastern philosophical thoughts.This paper also proposes a new cosmic model as a reference for the philosophy and science communities.Finally,this paper advocates for more attention on the Origin of philosophy.

卢梭论现代人的政治救赎及其失败

卢梭考察现代人的根本处境,批判现代社会的不公正,由此展开政治哲学的救赎方案。与霍布斯和洛克的方案不同,卢梭建立以普遍意志(公意)为基础的政治社会,以此为丧失自由的现代人提供政治救赎。然而,卢梭的救赎方案总体上是失败的,体现为相互关联的三组张力:其一,个别意志与普遍意志内在于每个个体之中,二者的张力使卢梭式的政治社会难以建立和保存,卢梭将这一张力交由古典式立法者来化解;其二,古典式立法者与人民主权存在冲突,卢梭不得不放弃这一方案,转而交给公民宗教来弥合,但引出自基督教神学时代以降政治与宗教关系之间的外在张力;其三,政治(特殊主义)与宗教(普遍主义)的本质不同,决定了卢梭的公民宗教方案无力化解两组紧张关系。重新考察卢梭的政治方案及其失败,可以为更深入反思西方政治哲学传统及其现代困境提供新视角。

“仍有一种至高无上”——论张枣诗歌中的宗教哲学

张枣是一位具有“化欧化古”独特诗艺的当代诗人。《圣经》和荷尔德林等西方现代诗人给予他诗艺生成的灵感,中国古典传统文化与西方现代“纯诗”理念的融合开拓了他的诗歌之路。在张枣的诗艺路径中,隐含的宗教哲学促成其诗歌创作的内在超越。张枣的独特诗艺和超越企图应置于20世纪80年代非典型流散状态中来看待。

明清太极拳演变的因素及其特征分析

明清太极拳形成与演变的过程也是中国传统文化蜕变的过程。它的形成蕴含着中国传统宗教、哲学、血缘、族群、地域、古代内养修炼术和诸多拳种技法等因素的痕迹。太极拳所承载的贵生论、矛盾观、系统论、流派的衍生以及大众、健身和休闲功能等等,都无不是传统文化蕴养之果。

医学视阈下对中西方死亡文化差异的分析

死亡观的迥然不同,直接影响了当前"临终关怀"、"器官捐献"等与死亡相关的医学课题在中西方的不同发展进程。基于医学视角对中西方死亡观的差异进行深入分析;梳理和研究造成二者差异的文化原因——由于哲学传统、宗教信仰与思维方式的不同。在保持死亡伦理的普世性和多元性之间的张力前提下分析中西方死亡观对医学发展和现实社会一些有价值的启示,并提出引入宗教对死亡文化的积极作用和加强对全社会的死亡教育。

列宁社会主义宗教观的价值哲学基础

列宁社会主义宗教观之所以遭遇曲解,主要原因之一在于学界对其价值哲学基础研究不足。以马克思主义价值哲学为反思视角可知,列宁对价值目标的分析,为解决宗教与社会主义的关系问题做出了有益探索;他对价值取向的分析,为宗教斗争策略提供了思想资源和基本立场,展示了未来政治制度的蓝图,夯实了革命斗争实践的群众基础;他对价值效用的分析,为无产阶级政党洞察宗教本质、宣传无神论、教育人民群众做了充分的理论准备;他对价值实现路径的分析,对无产阶级政党宗教政策和斗争的方法策略具有深远影响,极大地推动了革命斗争的胜利进程。列宁社会主义宗教观是对马克思主义宗教观的继承和发展,是与俄国具体实际相结合的理论成果,探究其价值哲学基础对中国特色社会主义宗教理论体系构建、政策出台,以及马克思主义宗教学学科建设和国际共产主义运动具有重大启发意义。

中世纪大学理性的缘起

"理性"概念起源于古希腊"逻各斯"(logos),是与感性、知觉、情感和欲望等概念相对。理性思想通过古希腊哲学理性、古罗马宗教理性发展成中世纪大学理性。古希腊苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里多德三位哲学家的哲学理性,肯定了人灵魂中的理性价值。古罗马通过对古希腊文明破坏性继承,将哲学理性改革成宗教理性,使哲学理性服从于宗教信仰。而古罗马宗教理性发展到阿贝拉尔和阿奎那时代,人们开始转向对宗教的不同理解、解释与各种质疑,并由此开启大学的自由与批判精神。正是这些伟大的哲学家、神学家既身处大学之中又同时对理性的无限追求才促成了中世纪大学理性的诞生。中世纪大学理性以其对真理的自由探索和对知识的纯粹追求在历史上闪耀着独特的光辉,这段时间可以成为中世纪大学理性的缘起期。大学发展过程表明,在大学中理性思想占据了重要地位。中世纪大学作为大学的起源,在历史上具有独到的地位,大学理性即开端于此。

海南黎族原始宗教信仰及其朴素哲学思想的产生

海南黎族的宗教信仰,以本民族的传统宗教即原始宗教为主,具有民族特点,它反映了黎族的自然环境和生产特点,反映了黎族居住的地域特征和生活方式。宗教与哲学有着密切的关系,黎族的原始宗教信仰带动其朴素哲学思想的产生及发展。

也谈医学与宗教

医学与宗教客观存在广泛联系、相互影响并彼此渗透。在各种慢性病、老年病成为现代医学技术棘手"苛疾"的今天,医学专业技术人员在充分利用技术优势的同时,应走出专业主义壁垒,关注宗教有关精神、心理调节等有助健康的人文理念,引导宗教及其相关医学成为现代公共医疗体系的有效补充。

关于“宗教鸦片论”的“南北战争”及其学术贡献

近三十年来我国宗教哲学的兀然崛起和高歌猛进与我国宗教哲学界宽松、自由的学术争鸣密切相关,特别是与上个世纪70年代末开始的关于"宗教鸦片论"的"南北战争"密切相关。作者在对这一争论的过程作出历史追溯的基础上,强调和论述了这一争论对我国宗教哲学研究的巨大解放作用和重要的学术贡献。

人道与神道——中西哲学宗教观之比较

哲学脱胎于宗教的方式不同,其对宗教的态度亦不同。中国哲学自其产生之日起,就基本上剪断了与宗教神学的联系,使中国哲学的发展充满了无神论的色彩。不同的是,西方哲学自其诞生之日起,便与宗教有着千丝万缕的联系。尽管成熟的哲学脱离了超然的宗教,但作为宗教的核心概念——上帝或神,却犹如一条神秘的光环伴随着哲学的全大历程,映射出哲学的时代主题。因此,重人道和重神道就成为中西哲学在对待宗教上区别的重要标志。