Fixed-Time Gradient Flows for Solving Constrained Optimization: A Unified Approach

The accelerated method in solving optimization problems has always been an absorbing topic.Based on the fixedtime(FxT)stability of nonlinear dynamical systems,we provide a unified approach for designing FxT gradient flows(FxTGFs).First,a general class of nonlinear functions in designing FxTGFs is provided.A unified method for designing first-order FxTGFs is shown under Polyak-Łjasiewicz inequality assumption,a weaker condition than strong convexity.When there exist both bounded and vanishing disturbances in the gradient flow,a specific class of nonsmooth robust FxTGFs with disturbance rejection is presented.Under the strict convexity assumption,Newton-based FxTGFs is given and further extended to solve time-varying optimization.Besides,the proposed FxTGFs are further used for solving equation-constrained optimization.Moreover,an FxT proximal gradient flow with a wide range of parameters is provided for solving nonsmooth composite optimization.To show the effectiveness of various FxTGFs,the static regret analyses for several typical FxTGFs are also provided in detail.Finally,the proposed FxTGFs are applied to solve two network problems,i.e.,the network consensus problem and solving a system linear equations,respectively,from the perspective of optimization.Particularly,by choosing component-wisely sign-preserving functions,these problems can be solved in a distributed way,which extends the existing results.The accelerated convergence and robustness of the proposed FxTGFs are validated in several numerical examples stemming from practical applications.

A Few Expanding Integrable Models, Hamiltonian Structures and Constrained Flows

Two kinds of higher-dimensional Lie algebras and their loop algebras are introduced, for which a few expanding integrable models including the coupling integrable couplings of the Broer-Kaup （BK） hierarchy and the dispersive long wave （DLW） hierarchy as well as the TB hierarchy are obtained. From the reductions of the coupling integrable couplings, the corresponding coupled integrable couplings of the BK equation, the DLW equation, and the TB equation are obtained, respectively. Especiaily, the coupling integrable coupling of the TB equation reduces to a few integrable couplings of the well-known mKdV equation. The Hamiltonian structures of the coupling integrable couplings of the three kinds of soliton hierarchies are worked out, respectively, by employing the variationai identity. Finally, we decompose the BK hierarchy of evolution equations into x-constrained flows and tn-eonstrained flows whose adjoint representations and the Lax pairs are given.

HOW TO CONSTRUCT LAX REPRESENTATION FOR CONSTRAINED FLOWS OF THEBOUSSINESQ HIERARCHY VIA ADJOINT REPRESENTATIONS

By using the constraint relating potential and eigenfunctions, the decomposition of each equation in the Boussinesq hierarchy into two commuting finite-dimensional integrable Hamiltonian system (FDIHS) is presented. A method to construct the Lax representations for both x- and t(n)- constrained flows via reduction of the adjoint representations of the auxiliary linear problems is developed.

A Chance Constrained Optimal Reserve Scheduling Approach for Economic Dispatch Considering Wind Penetration

The volatile wind power generation brings a full spectrum of problems to power system operation and management, ranging from transient system frequency fluctuation to steady state supply and demand balancing issue. In this paper, a novel wind integrated power system day-ahead economic dispatch model, with the consideration of generation and reserve cost is modelled and investigated. The proposed problem is first formulated as a chance constrained stochastic nonlinear programming U+0028 CCSNLP U+0029, and then transformed into a deterministic nonlinear programming U+0028 NLP U+0029. To tackle this NLP problem, a three-stage framework consists of particle swarm optimization U+0028 PSO U+0029, sequential quadratic programming U+0028 SQP U+0029 and Monte Carlo simulation U+0028 MCS U+0029 is proposed. The PSO is employed to heuristically search the line power flow limits, which are used by the SQP as constraints to solve the NLP problem. Then the solution from SQP is verified on benchmark system by using MCS. Finally, the verified results are feedback to the PSO as fitness value to update the particles. Simulation study on IEEE 30-bus system with wind power penetration is carried out, and the results demonstrate that the proposed dispatch model could be effectively solved by the proposed three-stage approach. © 2017 Chinese Association of Automation.

Comparison of Economic Dispatch, OPF and Security Constrained-OPF in Power System Studies RN

Electricity network is a very complex entity that comprises several components like generators, transmission lines, loads among others. As technologies continue to evolve, the complexity of the electricity network has also increased as more devices are being connected to the network. To understand the physical laws governing the operation of the network, techniques such as optimal power flow (OPF), Economic dispatch (ED) and Security constrained optimal power flow (SCOPF) were developed. These techniques have been used extensively in network operation, planning and so on. However, an in-depth presentation showcasing the merits and demerits of these techniques is still lacking in the literature. Hence, this paper intends to fill this gap. In this paper, Economic dispatch, optimal power flow and security-constrained optimal power flow are applied to a 3-bus test system using a linear programming approach. The results of the ED, OPF and SC-OPF are compared and presented.

Multi-Mode Resource Constrained Project Scheduling Models for Progress and Equal Time Interval Payments

This study utilizes a time-precedence network technique to construct two models of multi-mode resource constrained project scheduling problem with discounted cash flows （MRCPSPDCF）, individually including the progress payment （PP） and the payment at an equal time interval （ETI）. The objective of each model is to maximize the net present value （NPV） for all cash flows in the project, subject to the related operational constraints. The models are characterized as NP-hard. A heuristic algorithm, coupled with two upper bound solutions, is proposed to efficiently solve the models and evaluate the heuristic algorithm performance which was not performed in past studies. The results show that the performance of proposed models and heuristic algorithm is good.

考虑光伏随机性的交直流混合配电网鲁棒机会约束安全域模型

为实现高比例光伏接入下交直流混合配电网的安全评估,构建了交直流混合配电网的鲁棒机会约束安全域模型。首先,提出一种基于区间划分的自适应带宽核密度估计方法,以获取光伏预测误差概率分布,构建光伏出力机会约束不确定集合;其次,采用功率与节点电压幅值比值为状态变量,在已有交流线性化潮流模型的基础上推导一种交直流混合配电网线性化潮流模型;然后,提出交直流混合配电网鲁棒机会约束安全域的概念和模型,结合列与约束生成算法和径向迭代搜索算法生成可观测的鲁棒机会约束安全域空间。最后,算例分析验证了所提模型能够在鲁棒机会约束安全域上准确、直观的反映光伏出力的随机性,进而为交直流混合配电网的准确安全评估提供支撑。

基于OpenFlow的自适应QoS流量控制方法设计与实现

目前已有的QoS流量控制方法大多存在对网络资源的利用率低、可靠性差、粒度粗、实现困难、可扩展性差等问题。如何利用有限的网络资源进行有效的流量控制,以保障业务的服务质量(quality of service,QoS)已成为一个非常迫切的问题。为解决此类问题,借鉴软件定义网络(software defined network,SDN)提出的控制层与数据层分离新思想,提出了一种基于OpenFlow技术的QoS流量控制方法,利用自适应多约束QoS路由技术提高了QoS控制的灵活性与可靠性,实现了对网络资源的高效利用和业务流控制的细粒度。实验结果验证了其有效性。

基于PCE的系统参数化暂态稳定约束最优潮流

为更好地应对电力系统中存在的不确定参数给暂态稳定性带来的影响,提出了一种基于多项式混沌展开(polynomial chaos expansion,PCE)和随机伽辽金法(stochastic Galerkin method,SGM)的参数化暂态稳定约束最优潮流(parameterized transient stability constrained optimal power flow,PTSCOPF)问题的求解方案。针对电力系统不确定参数建立PTSCOPF模型;基于PCE和SGM近似拟合参数化暂态稳定轨迹,将原始的微分代数方程组(differential algebraic equations,DAE)形式的PTSCOPF模型转化为代数方程组形式的参数化非线性规划(non-linear programming,NLP)问题;采用原始-对偶内点法求解该NLP问题。利用改进的新英格兰10机39节点系统算例进行了各项测试,仿真结果表明,所提方法能够实现系统在预想故障下保持暂态稳定的优化效果。

计及不确定性的随机暂态稳定约束最优潮流

为应对电力系统中不确定性对系统安全稳定造成的显著影响,提出一种计及不确定性的随机暂态稳定约束最优潮流方法。首先,采用威布尔和正态分布分别描述风电和负荷两种不确定性变量。其次,设置相应的置信水平,基于机会约束理论建立相应的概率约束,以期望值形式表达目标函数,从而建立计及不确定性的随机暂态稳定约束最优潮流模型。然后,通过半不变量法和Gram-Charlier级数求取电力系统输出变量的累积分布函数,并利用改进量子粒子群算法进行求解。最后,算例分析验证了所提方法的优越性和有效性。

基于配点法的参数化暂态稳定性约束的电力最优潮流分析

为实现针对暂态稳定约束最优潮流的精确描述,提出一套参数化TSCOPF模型。通过该模型来判定电力系统中可变参数与TSCOPF解之间的定量关系。借助可变参数的多项式表达式来逼近参数化TSCOPF的最优解。在此基础上,只需在参数化TSCOPF中代入电力系统的可变参数即可取得符合暂态稳定性的最优控制方案。

Constrained large-eddy simulation of laminar-turbulent transition in compressible channel flows

An improved approach for constrained large-eddy simulations(CLES)of wall-bounded compressible transitional flows is proposed by introducing an intermittency factor.The improved model is tested and validated with compressible channel flows at various Mach numbers and Reynolds numbers that are transitioning from laminar to turbulent states.The improved model is compared against traditional dynamic Smagorinsky model(DSM)and Direct Numerical Simulations(DNS),where the improved model is in better agreement with DNS results than traditional DSM model,in terms of mean velocity profiles,total Reynolds stress and total heat flux.Therefore,the proposed method can be used to accurately predict the temporal laminar-turbulent transition process of compressible wall-bounded flows.

基于时空正交配置的电力-天然气互联系统最优校正控制方法

构建电力-天然气互联系统(EGIS)有助于促进能源结构转型,但同时造成了耦合系统间故障传播的风险。为消除EGIS中N-1故障造成的安全越限,防范连锁故障发生,该文提出一种基于时空正交配置(STOC)的EGIS最优校正控制方法。首先,针对偏微分方程描述的无限维气网动态管流模型,采用STOC在时空维度同时离散,转换为配置点处的有限维代数方程约束;然后,基于STOC气网动态管流约束和电网交流潮流约束,构建以校正控制代价最小为目标的安全约束最优能流模型,以获取最优校正控制策略;最后,通过算例验证了基于STOC方法与现有方法相比在精度和效率上的优越性,以及所得最优校正控制策略的有效性。所提方法在EGIS故障后具有在线辅助决策的应用潜力。

基于稀疏环境监测点的流动时程重构模型精度研究

根据有限数量且稀疏分布的环境流场监测点处的观测数据,得到更多空间位置处的环境测点的流动时变信息,能够为大气监测、水体监测和污染物扩散等问题的控制与研究提供更加丰富的数据.本文研究了物理约束对机器学习流场时程表征模型的精度影响规律,研究了可用测点数以及物理约束权重对重构精度的影响.以低雷诺数方柱大气绕流为例,开展了基于稀疏环境监测点的数据进行高空间分辨率流场时程重构的精度研究.研究发现当监测点数量增至500时精度不再提高;当监测点数量仅有50时,约束权重为10可得到最优结果.结果表明,通过选择合适的物理约束影响权重,可以有效弥补可用数据较少的问题,为环境流动问题的数据处理和高分辨率流场重构提供了新的方法与依据.

带转移时间的资源受限项目鲁棒调度优化

为使项目在面临活动工期扰动时尽可能按照基准调度计划稳定执行,针对带转移时间的资源受限项目调度问题提出鲁棒调度与资源分配集成优化方法。分别从资源转移关系、活动时差、随机活动工期三个不同角度设计三种解鲁棒性代理指标,构建了两个混合整数规划模型(MinEA,MaxPF)和一个随机规划模型(MinTPC),并分别采用精确方法和禁忌搜索启发式算法求解;在此基础上提出MinTPC+MaxPF混合优化策略。仿真实验结果表明,MinTPC+MaxPF方法在项目解鲁棒性和质鲁棒性两方面均能获得最优绩效;MinEA方法的解鲁棒性优于MinTPC,而后者的质鲁棒性优于前者。所研究的模型和方法,可以为项目决策者在工期不确定环境下协调活动进度安排和优化资源转移提供指导,提升项目计划鲁棒性,提高企业的经济效益。

基于静态安全域的含新能源输电网随机最优潮流

为应对新能源发电出力随机性对输电网最优潮流造成的显著影响,本文基于静态安全域构建一种便于处理的随机最优潮流模型。首先,本文基于交流潮流模型和灵敏度法推导出静态安全域的超平面表达式;其次,结合Cornish-Fisher级数构建随机最优潮流的机会约束模型;再次,提出一种启发式算法进行求解;最后,针对改进IEEE39输电网的仿真结果验证了所提方法能够在保证安全性的前提下快速处理功率不确定性。

The Lax Representation and Darboux Transformation for Constrained Flows of the AKNS Hierarchy

By using a general scheme for decomposing a zero-curvature equation into two commut- ing x-and t_n-finite-dimensional integrable Hamiltonian systems (FDIHS),a systematic deduction of the Lax representation for all constrained flows of the AKNS hierarchy from the adjoint repre- sentation of the two auxiliary linear problems is presented.The Darboux transformation for these FDIHSs is derived.

Constrained Large-Eddy Simulation of Compressible Flow Past a Circular Cylinder

Compressible flow past a circular cylinder at an inflow Reynolds number of 2×105 is numerically investigated by using a constrained large-eddy simulation(CLES)technique.Numerical simulation with adiabatic wall boundary condition and at a free-stream Mach number of 0.75 is conducted to validate and verify the performance of the present CLES method in predicting separated flows.Some typical and characteristic physical quantities,such as the drag coefficient,the root-mean-square lift fluctuations,the Strouhal number,the pressure and skin friction distributions around the cylinder,etc.are calculated and compared with previously reported experimental data,finer-grid large-eddy simulation(LES)data and those obtained in the present LES and detached-eddy simulation(DES)on coarse grids.It turns out that CLES is superior to DES in predicting such separated flow and that CLES can mimic the intricate shock wave dynamics quite well.Then,the effects of Mach number on the flow patterns and parameters such as the pressure,skin friction and drag coefficients,and the cylinder surface temperature are studied,with Mach number varying from 0.1 to 0.95.Nonmonotonic behaviors of the pressure and skin friction distributions are observed with increasing Mach number and the minimum mean separation angle occurs at a subcritical Mach number of between 0.3 and 0.5.Additionally,the wall temperature effects on the thermodynamic and aerodynamic quantities are explored in a series of simulations using isothermal wall boundary conditions at three different wall temperatures.It is found that the flow separates earlier from the cylinder surface with a longer recirculation length in the wake and a higher pressure coefficient at the rear stagnation point for higher wall temperature.Moreover,the influences of different thermal wall boundary conditions on the flow field are gradually magnified from the front stagnation point to the rear stagnation point.It is inferred that the CLES approach in its current version is a useful and effective tool for simulating wall-bounded compressible turbulent flows with massive separations.

A Pragmatic Method to Determine Transient Stability Constrained with Interface Real Power Flow Limits via Power System Scenario Similarity

In practical power systems,operators generally keep interface flowing under the transient stability constrained with interface real power flow limits(TS-IRPFL)to guarantee transient stability of the system.Many methods of computing TS-IRPFL have been proposed.However,in practice,the method widely used to determine TS-IRPFL is based on selection and analysis of typical scenarios as well as scenario matching.First,typical scenarios are selected and analyzed to obtain accurate limits,then the scenario to be analyzed is matched with a certain typical scenario,whose limit is adopted as the forecast limit.In this paper,following the steps described above,a pragmatic method to determine TS-IRPFL is proposed.The proposed method utilizes data-driven tools to improve the steps of scenario selection and matching.First of all,we formulate a clear model of power system scenario similarity.Based on the similarity model,we develop a typical scenario selector by clustering and a scenario matcher by nearest neighbor algorithm.The proposed method is pragmatic because it does not change the existing procedure.Moreover,it is much more reasonable than the traditional method.Test results verify the validity of the method.

A reduced-order model for fast predicting ionized flows of hypersonic vehicles along flight trajectory

An improved Reduced-Order Model(ROM)is proposed based on a flow-solution preprocessing operation and a fast sampling strategy to efficiently and accurately predict ionized hypersonic flows.This ROM is generated in low-dimensional space by performing the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition(POD)on snapshots and is coupled with the Radial Basis Function(RBF)to achieve fast prediction speed.However,due to the disparate scales in the ionized flow field,the conventional ROM usually generates spurious negative errors.Here,this issue is addressed by performing flow-solution preprocessing in logarithmic space to improve the conventional ROM.Then,extra orthogonal polynomials are introduced in the RBF interpolation to achieve additional improvement of the prediction accuracy.In addition,to construct high-efficiency snapshots,a trajectory-constrained adaptive sampling strategy based on convex hull optimization is developed.To evaluate the performance of the proposed fast prediction method,two hypersonic vehicles with classic configurations,i.e.a wave-rider and a reentry capsule,are used to validate the proposed method.Both two cases show that the proposed fast prediction method has high accuracy near the vehicle surface and the free-stream region where the flow field is smooth.Compared with the conventional ROM prediction,the prediction results are significantly improved by the proposed method around the discontinuities,e.g.the shock wave and the ionized layer.As a result,the proposed fast prediction method reduces the error of the conventional ROM by at least 45%,with a speedup of approximately 2.0×105compared to the Computational Fluid Dynamic(CFD)simulations.These test cases demonstrate that the method developed here is efficient and accurate for predicting ionized hypersonic flows.