MARIE:One-Stage Object Detection Mechanism for Real-Time Identifying of Firearms

Security and safety remain paramount concerns for both governments and individuals worldwide.In today’s context,the frequency of crimes and terrorist attacks is alarmingly increasing,becoming increasingly intolerable to society.Consequently,there is a pressing need for swift identification of potential threats to preemptively alert law enforcement and security forces,thereby preventing potential attacks or violent incidents.Recent advancements in big data analytics and deep learning have significantly enhanced the capabilities of computer vision in object detection,particularly in identifying firearms.This paper introduces a novel automatic firearm detection surveillance system,utilizing a one-stage detection approach named MARIE(Mechanism for Realtime Identification of Firearms).MARIE incorporates the Single Shot Multibox Detector(SSD)model,which has been specifically optimized to balance the speed-accuracy trade-off critical in firearm detection applications.The SSD model was further refined by integrating MobileNetV2 and InceptionV2 architectures for superior feature extraction capabilities.The experimental results demonstrate that this modified SSD configuration provides highly satisfactory performance,surpassing existing methods trained on the same dataset in terms of the critical speedaccuracy trade-off.Through these innovations,MARIE sets a new standard in surveillance technology,offering a robust solution to enhance public safety effectively.

Fractures by Firearms in Conflict Town

For nearly two decades, the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has been plagued by war and abnormal movement of firearms is commonplace. The consequence of this is the increasing number of victim patients from gunshot wound at the hospitals. The aim of this study is to make an assessment of fractures caused by firearms and their management in a post conflict town. This is a retrospective, descriptive, multicenter study involving 123 cases with 128 fractures by firearms recorded during a period of 24 months from 1st January 2011 to 31st December 2012. Patients were recruited from 3 major hospitals in Bukavu town having a unit of fractures management. One hundred and six (86.9%) patients were males with the modal age in the ranks from 20 to 40 years old (mean 29.9 years). Seventy-one (57.7%) were civilians and 52 (42.3%) patients were soldiers;86 (78.2%) came from countryside. The reprisal was implicated in 77 (62.6%) cases. In 62.5% of cases, fractures were localized in the lower limbs and were treated orthopedically in ?50% of cases. The gunshot fractures in eastern DRC were mainly concerning the civilian young people living in the countryside and necessarily affected the bones of low limb. A study on fracture by firearms should be carried in the area where people have been wounded. Reducing the flow of gunshot could reduce the rate of fractures by firearms.

A clinical study of penetrating craniocerebral injuries caused by firearms

Penetrating craniocerebral firearm injuries remains one of the most lethal of all head traumas and are common in both war and peace time. Data were reviewed for 6487 moderately, severely head injuring patients (Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores 3 to 12) tre

The concept of sUAS/DL-based system for detecting and classifying abandoned small firearms

Military object detection and identification is a key capability in surveillance and reconnaissance.It is a major factor in warfare effectiveness and warfighter survivability.Inexpensive,portable,and rapidly deployable small unmanned aerial systems(s UAS)in conjunction with powerful deep learning(DL)based object detection models are expected to play an important role for this application.To prove overall feasibility of this approach,this paper discusses some aspects of designing and testing of an automated detection system to locate and identify small firearms left at the training range or at the battlefield.Such a system is envisioned to involve an s UAS equipped with a modern electro-optical(EO)sensor and relying on a trained convolutional neural network(CNN).Previous study by the authors devoted to finding projectiles on the ground revealed certain challenges such as small object size,changes in aspect ratio and image scale,motion blur,occlusion,and camouflage.This study attempts to deal with these challenges in a realistic operational scenario and go further by not only detecting different types of firearms but also classifying them into different categories.This study used a YOLOv2CNN(Res Net-50 backbone network)to train the model with ground truth data and demonstrated a high mean average precision(m AP)of 0.97 to detect and identify not only small pistols but also partially occluded rifles.

Therapeutic Strategies and Evolution in the Short Term: Fractures by Firearms in Civilian Practice about 35 Operated Lesions

Fracture by firearms is a surgical emergency. The aim of our study was to report our experience in the management of open fractures by firearms and monitoring with a decline of 6 months the lesions observed in peacetime. This retrospective study over 3 years (January 2007-November 2010), supplemented by a prospective (December 2010-November 2011) is based on an analysis of operative reports and clinical records of patients admitted to the Yaoundé Central Hospital. 29 cases were selected, including 35 lesions were observed. Our series consists of 27 men and 2 women, mean age 30 years. 40% of our patients were initially supported (debridement) before the 6th hour and 51.42% between the 6th and 24th hours. In terms of internal fixation, these figures were 66% between the 25th and 96th hours. The type of material was used as the external fixate (64.9%). Conversion processing by the establishment of an internal hardware, after 3 - 6 weeks and control NFS (numeration of blood count or blood count), VS (rate of sedimentation), CRP (C reactive protein). Unfortunately this has been possible only in two cases because of financial means. In 40% of cases, surgical outcome was simple, and complications to a type of osteomyelitis, shortening, suppuration in 42.7% of cases.

新时代民用枪支管理制度研究

民用枪支管理是关乎社会公共安全的重要内容,完善民用枪支管理制度是保障枪支管理工作有序开展的客观要求,是适应社会发展的现实需要,是深化民用枪支管理改革的前提和保障。满足行业的社会需求和现有的法律基础以及实践探索经验为研究起草民用枪支管理办法提供了可能性。以民用枪支概念界定、民用枪支的配置、制造与配售、日常管理、携带和运输、出入境、信息化和法律责任等重点内容为核心开展研究起草民用枪支管理办法。

Noether symmetry and conserved quantity for dynamical system with non-standard Lagrangians on time scales

This paper focuses on studying the Noether symmetry and the conserved quantity with non-standard Lagrangians, namely exponential Lagrangians and power-law Lagrangians on time scales. Firstly, for each case, the Hamilton prin- ciple based on the action with non-standard Lagrangians on time scales is established, with which the corresponding Euler-Lagrange equation is given. Secondly, according to the invariance of the Hamilton action under the infinitesimal transformation, the Noether theorem for the dynamical system with non-standard Lagrangians on time scales is established. The proof of the theorem consists of two steps. First, it is proved under the infinitesimal transformations of a special one-parameter group without transforming time. Second, utilizing the technique of time-re-parameterization, the Noether theorem in a general form is obtained. The Noether-type conserved quantities with non-standard Lagrangians in both clas- sical and discrete cases are given. Finally, an example in Friedmann-Robertson-Walker spacetime and an example about second order Duffing equation are given to illustrate the application of the results.

GUT BARRIER FUNCTION DAMAGE FOLLOWING MULTIPLE FIREARM INJURIES IN A PORCINE MODEL

Objective. To study the characteristics and pathogenesis of gut barrier damage following multiple firearm injuries in a porcine model. Methods. Twenty four small pigs were divided into 4 groups: control group (n=6, group C), group H (n=6, gunshot induced tangential fracture of parietal bone), group L (n=6, gunshot induced comminuted fracture of bilateral femora) and group M (n=6, combined group H+L). Gastric intramucosal pH (pHi), plasma endotoxin levels in portal vein, and plasma D lactate levels were measured and blood samples were cultured at different intervals after trauma. The animals were sacrificed at 72 h following trauma and intestinal tissues were harvested for pathological examination and diamine oxidase (DAO) activity measurement. Results. In group M at 72 h, pHi was significantly lower than that of group H and L (P< 0.01), and plasma endotoxin level was significantly higher than that of group H (P< 0.01) and group L (P< 0.05). Simultaneously, in groupM, D lactate level was markedly higher than that of group H (P< 0.01), and incidence of positive blood culture was much higher than that of group H and L (P<0.05). Necrosis and exfoliation were revealed at ileum villus top in all traumagroups, especially in group M, in which ileum DAO activity declined most significantly as well. Conclusion. Multiple trauma is prone to cause gastrointestinal ischemia even without hemorrhagic shock. The damage of gut barrier in multiple trauma appears to be more severe than that in one site trauma, thereby promoting gut derived endotoxemia and bacterial translocation and contributing to the development of endogenous infection.SURGICAL TREATMENT OF MALIGNANTESOPHAGEAL TUMORS IN PUMC HOSPITAL Guo Huiqin,Li Zejian ,Zhang Fan1 ,Zhang Zhiyong,Xu Letian ,Li Weidong2,Wang Xiuqin2and Wu Min2Department of Thoracic Surgery, PUMC Hospital, CAMS &PUMC, Beijing 100730Key words malignant esophageal tumors; early diagnosis; FHIT geneTo study how to prolong the postoperative survival time of the patientswith malignant esophageal tumors. The clinical data of 1098 patients with malignant esophageal tumors from 1961 to 1992 were retrospectively analyzed. The deletion of fragile histamine triplet (FHIT) gene (a tumor suppressor gene) in 30 fresh esophageal samples obtained in 1996 was detected with PCR and RT PCR method. The resectability was raised gradually and the operative morbidity and mortality decreased year by year, but there was no significant improvement on the postoperative 5 year survival rate. Delayed diagnosis and irradical resection influenced the long term survival. The deletion of cDNA of FHIT gene was 64.2%in esophageal cancer and 20%in the resected margin of the cancer. We believe that high grade atypical hyperplasia in esophageal epithelium and deletion of FHIT gene in esophageal cancer and its resected margin are pathological and molecular markers for early diagnosis of esophageal cancer respectively, and the latter may be one of the molecular markers for the resection. Early diagnosis and treatment, radical resection, and postoperative nutritional support are very important for the improvement of the postoperative survival time of the patients.

Thoracic Wounds by Firearm at the University Hospital Yalgado Ouedraogo (YO)

Introduction: Thoracic wounds by firearms are frequent and severe. They may involve the patient’s prognosis. Objective: To study the epidemiological, clinical, paraclinical, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects of the thoracic wounds by firearms. Material and method: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study of all patients over the age of 15 who consulted in the university hospital-YO in the department of general and digestive surgery over a period of 5 years. Results: We collected 50 cases of thoracic wounds by firearms on 183 thoracic wounds with a prevalence of 27.3%. There were 48 men (96%). The average age was 30 years. The patients came from urban areas in 66% of cases;the informal sector accounted for 44% of the cases. The pistol was the most involved firearm (46.9%). The consultation period was less than 6 hours in 78% of patients. An unstable hemodynamic state was found in 42% (n = 21). A fluid and mixed pleural effusion syndrome was found in 46% and 26% of patients, respectively. Associated lesions were diaphragm involvement, and lesions of intra-abdominal hollow organs. Thoracic drainage was performed in 24 patients (48%) and was associated with a laparotomy in 8 patients. The average hospital stay was 7.5 days. Mortality was 14%. Conclusion: the thoracic wounds by firearms are frequent in civilian practice. The thoracic CT allows mapping of the lesions and thoracic drainage constitutes the essential part of surgical treatment. The fight against the proliferation of weapons deserves to be promoted.

An Ensemble Approach to Identify Firearm Listing on Tor Hidden-Services

The ubiquitous nature of the internet has made it easier for criminals to carry out illegal activities online.The sale of illegal firearms and weaponry on dark web cryptomarkets is one such example of it.To aid the law enforcement agencies in curbing the illicit trade of firearms on cryptomarkets,this paper has proposed an automated technique employing ensemble machine learning models to detect the firearms listings on cryptomarkets.In this work,we have used partof-speech(PoS)tagged features in conjunction with n-gram models to construct the feature set for the ensemble model.We studied the effectiveness of the proposed features in the performance of the classification model and the relative change in the dimensionality of the feature set.The experiments and evaluations are performed on the data belonging to the three popular cryptomarkets on the Tor dark web from a publicly available dataset.The prediction of the classification model can be utilized to identify the key vendors in the ecosystem of the illegal trade of firearms.This information can then be used by law enforcement agencies to bust firearm trafficking on the dark web.

Trauma of External Genitalia by Firearm: Therapeutic Strategy and Result, about a Case at CHU-YO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

Introduction: Ballistic traumas of the external genitalia are rare especially in civil practice. Emergency surgical exploration is the rule. Case Report: Mr. F.Y., 29 years old, a security agent, admitted to the Urological Emergency Unit of Yalgado Ouédraogo University Hospital of Ouagadougou for trauma of the penile and left purse by firearm. The clinical examination revealed a good hemodynamic status, bladder distension. A suprapubic catheterization was performed. We noted a transfixing and bleeding wound on the penile, and on the left purse which was edematous. The patient was admitted to the operation room 07 hours after trauma. Exploration found a total destruction of the left testicle classified grade 5 of the classification of the American Association of the Surgery of Trauma (AAST). We performed a left orchiectomy. There was a partial rupture of the ventral face of the penile urethra. We performed an end-to-end anastomosis on a Foley catheter CH 18. The Foley catheter was removed after two weeks. Urination was spontaneous without dysuria. Erections were painless and without kinking of penile. Conclusion: Open traumas of the external genitalia are rare and their treatment is an extreme surgical emergency.

Ballistics firearm identification by digital holography

The need for firearm identification systems by police services continues to increase with greater accessibility to weapons in the national and international contexts. The difficulties associated with traditional imaging of ballistics specimens are numerous, and include the smallness of the samples, the nature of the surfaces and shapes for the cartridge cases and projectiles. The digital holography has been introduced to create the 3D image of the fired bullets in order to identify firearms. In digital holography a CCD camera records optically generated holograms which is then reconstructed numerically by a calculation of scalar diffraction in the Fresnel approximation. The digital photography facilitates real time transmission of the message via traditional communication methods. In this paper the principle of digital holography and its application to the 3D image encryption-decryption were reviewed. The experimental results of firearm identification recording using digital holography and their numerical reconstruction were presented.

Pediatric firearm-associated fractures:Analysis of management and outcomes

BACKGROUND Firearm-associated injuries(FAIs)are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children living in the United States.Most victims of such injuries survive,but may experience compromised function related to musculoskeletal injuries.Although complex firearm-associated fractures(FAFs)often require specialized orthopaedic,vascular,and plastic surgical intervention,there is minimal research describing their management and outcomes.The purpose of this study is to describe the epidemiology and presentation of pediatric FAFs,as well as evaluate the management and outcomes of these injuries.AIM To describe the epidemiology and presentation of pediatric FAFs,as well as evaluate the management and outcomes of these injuries.METHODS A retrospective chart review was performed at a major,pediatric level 1 trauma center.The study included patients aged 18 or younger who presented with FAIs between 2008-2018.Additional data was collected on patients with FAFs including demographic and clinical data such as age,sex,race,payor type,fracture location,injury severity score(ISS),and radiographic and clinical outcomes.The management of FAFs was analyzed as well as need for readmission and reoperation.Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the results and univariate analyses were performed to assess differences between groups.RESULTS Between 2008 and 2018,there were a total of 61 patients who presented with FAIs.In this cohort,21 patients(34%)sustained FAFs(25 fractures)with a mean age of 11(Range:10 mo to 18 years old)at the time of presentation.Approximately 52%(n=11)of patients with FAFs were male,76%(n=8 and n=8,respectively)identified as black or other,and 71%(n=15)had government insurance.FAFs were most commonly noted in the upper extremity(n=7)and lower extremity(n=6).In patients with FAFs,the mean ISS at presentation was 11.38(Range:2-38),and 24%of patients(n=5)were classified as having a major trauma.There were no significant differences in age,sex,race,and payor type in FAF patients that presented with and without major trauma(P>0.05).When comparing FAF and non-FAF patients,there was a statistically significant difference in ISS(11.38 vs 14.45,P=0.02).In total,33%(n=7)of patients with FAFs required orthopaedic surgical management,which was most commonly comprised of debridement(n=6/7,86%),and 14%(n=1/7)of these patients required coordinated care with plastic and/or vascular surgery.There were no significant differences in age and payor type in patients with FAFs treated with and without orthopaedic surgery.Of the patients with FAFs,52%(n=11)had a minimum 90-d follow-up,and 48%(n=10)had a minimum 2-year follow-up.Two patients were readmitted within 90-d,while one patient required a reoperation within 2-years.CONCLUSION Over 25%of FAIs in pediatric patients result in FAFs.FAFs often present to pediatric trauma centers and the majority of these injuries occur in non-Caucasian males with government insurance.Most FAFs do not need orthopaedic surgical management;14%of these injuries require subspecialty care by orthopaedic surgery,vascular surgery,or plastic surgery.Patients with FAFs also have lower ISS compared to patients who sustained FAIs without fracture.Thus,these patients should be treated at pediatric trauma centers with specialty care and additional research is needed to focus prevention efforts,understand reasons for poor follow-up,and evaluate outcomes after injury.

The European Source of Firearm Knowledge in Bing lu (Records of Military Art)

European firearms entered China from the sixteenth century and played a significant role in the warfare of the Ming and Qing dynasties.Some Chinese military books,which include contents on European firearms,appeared in the early seventeenth century and helped to expand the weapons’influence.Certain parts in these books concerning European artilleries are highly similar,indicating that they might have been extracted from a mutual source.Bing lu兵錄(Records of military art)is a typical example of such Chinese military treatises.Its illustrations and data demonstrate that Pratica manuale di arteglieria written by Luys Collado in 1586 is an important source of the Western knowledge in certain chapters of Bing lu.

A Project Management and Decision Support System for Non-standard Equipment's Eexecuting Work

Based on the features of the non-standard equipment executing work, a project management and decision support system oriented to the non-standard equipment is developed, and the information model, function model as well as the structure framework of the system are also introduced in this paper.

Cardiac Perforation by Firearm:Case Report

Heart trauma caused by a firearm projectile is the most fatal of cardiac injuries due to the great potential for death. The increase in the number of cases in recent years is observed, due to the greater urban violence. We report the case of a patient, a victim of firearm perforation, who suffered a cardiac transfixing lesion, with clinical presentation and with an unusual cardiac injury, operated at our service with success.

枪械击发点火系统的点火可靠性仿真分析

为了提高枪械击发点火系统的点火可靠性,研究以一种小口径步枪击发点火系统为研究对象,设计系统模拟试验装置,开展了系统点火性能和可靠性试验研究。在此基础上,采用拉格朗日-欧拉流固耦合方法(ALE)建立了击发点火系统的点火模型,并搭建了参数化仿真平台,以压力启动时间为点火输出性能表征参数,建立了枪械击发点火系统的点火可靠性分析模型。通过将模型计算结果与试验数据进行对比验证,并模拟研究了击发点火系统结构和装配参数变化影响下的可靠性。结果表明:枪械击发点火可靠性分析模型计算结果与试验结果误差为0.72%,模型具有较好的准确性;各因素均值变化对系统可靠性的影响规律为:击针突出量>闭锁间隙>火台头部直径>底火壳厚度>底火装入深度>击针头部直径;标准差变化对系统可靠性影响较小。这些研究结果可为枪械击发点火系统的可靠性设计提供参考。

扬尘寿命试验中某小口径步枪的特性参数变化

扬尘环境对枪械的性能与可靠性有着重要影响,依照扬尘试验标准开展全枪寿命试验,得到枪械特性参数的变化规律并分析原因。利用高速摄影与光幕靶记录枪械初速、射频、特征点速度的变化情况,分析解释参数变化对步枪性能退化的影响。将试验用枪设置为对照组,分析枪支的保养对枪械性能的维持效果。试验结果表明:在扬尘环境下弹簧的预压力、自由长度随射弹量增加呈下降趋势,但刚度并没有明显变化,同时弹簧性能退化幅度活塞簧>复进簧>击锤簧;步枪随着射弹量增加会出现明显的挂铜现象,导致导气室的结构参数发生变化;对摩擦副的磨损会导致构件之间的运动间隙增大,但涂油保养会减缓这一退化。基于全枪寿命试验,为阐明扬尘环境下自动机运动特性和故障的影响机理提供了试验验证,对研究小口径步枪性能变化规律提供了数据支撑。

关于完善我国警务用枪法律制度的思考

枪支的超强杀伤力及其双刃剑性质,使得我国在警务用枪政策上一直在“限制”与“扩张”之间切换徘徊,造成相当一部分警察不会用枪、不敢用枪,给公安民警的执法活动造成不利影响。其主要原因,一是用行政法规来调控警察用枪权位阶较低;二是对开枪情形的列举式规定脱离实际,影响警察在紧急状态下的准确判断;三是开枪前的警告程序规定没有进行具体的细分;四是开枪的合法性调查制度在调查主体、调查方式等方面存在不足。因此,应提高立法位阶,制定《人民警察枪械使用法》;明确警察开枪的条件,采取“概括式+肯定+排除式”的综合立法模式,以“生命威胁”“必要性”和“最小损失”原则作为开枪的基本遵循;细化完善用枪程序,确立人民检察院作为开枪后合法性调查的第三方主体,并确立“合理性”调查原则;完善枪支使用流程制度,建立系统的枪支训练机制、严格的持枪证制度和枪支认证制度,以及必要的媒体应对机制和强制性心理疏导机制等,减少枪支使用的审批环节,实现安全与效率的平衡。

略论明朝水师仿制欧洲火器及其击败荷兰军舰的火攻战术

郑成功水师于1661年收复中国台湾的战役中击败荷兰水师,并击沉荷兰主力舰“赫克托号”,这是明朝水师对外战役中最杰出的战绩之一。自从葡萄牙舰队出现于闽粤海面以来,明军一直在研究和仿制欧洲军舰及其火器,在火炮、火枪等方面都有很大的进步。不仅如此,明军还研发了推送火船和抛掷火罐等火攻战术,并将其和明军传统近战战术相结合,这才取得在浅海攻击欧洲军舰的海上优势。因此,明军击沉荷兰主力舰“赫克托号”不是偶然的。