Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Studies on Effects of Crowning Value in Roller Bearings

The purpose of this paper is to present a comparison of numerical calculations and experiment results of optical interferometry in finite line contact for the elastohydrodynamic lubrication(EHL) problem of Lundberg's profiled cylindrical roller under the conditions of flooded state, moderate load and material parameter. It shows clearly the effects of crowning value on the variations of oil film shape and thickness. The agreement between numerical analysis and experiment results is very good. The results indicate there must be an optimum crowning value that will induce the thickest and most even oil film in EHL state for a given working condition, and this value is larger than the design value in dry contact state for the same working conditions.

ELASTOHYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION OF LOGARITHMIC PROFILE ROLLER CONTACTS

An account of numerical solutions to the isothermal and flooded elastohydrodynamic lubrication(EHL)of a logarithmic profile roller,which is rolling over a flat plane,is given The analysis takes account of sideways flow of lubricant in the inlet region of the contact When the results are presented in suitable non dimensional groups,it is shown that more uniformly pressure and shape of the film distributing in axial direction is taken place under light loading As the increase of the load,the end closure is displayed and the oil pressure rises sharply at the ends The seal action formed by the end closure makes the film thickness a little And the minimum film thickness is transferred from the central to the ends and the value is reduced rapidly As the increase of the speed,the end closure becomes much serious The optimum crowning value obtained in EHL state is larger than the design value obtained in elastostatic contact state for the same working conditions In order to verify the correctness of theory,optical interferometry is applied to measure the oil film thickness between a logarithmic profiled roller and a glass plate under pure rolling conditions It is found the agreement between numerical solutions and experiments is very good.

Jacobian-free Newton-Krylov subspace method with wavelet-based preconditioner for analysis of transient elastohydrodynamic lubrication problems with surface asperities

This paper presents an investigation into the effect of surface asperities on the over-rolling of bearing surfaces in transient elastohydrodynamic lubrication(EHL) line contact. The governing equations are discretized by the finite difference method. The resulting nonlinear system of algebraic equations is solved by the Jacobian-free Newtongeneralized minimal residual(GMRES) from the Krylov subspace method(KSM). The acceleration of the GMRES iteration is accomplished by a wavelet-based preconditioner.The profiles of the lubricant pressure and film thickness are obtained at each time step when the indented surface moves through the contact region. The prediction of pressure as a function of time provides an insight into the understanding of fatigue life of bearings.The analysis confirms the need for the time-dependent approach of EHL problems with surface asperities. This method requires less storage and yields an accurate solution with much coarser grids. It is stable, efficient, allows a larger time step, and covers a wide range of parameters of interest.

The size-dependent elastohydrodynamic lubrication contact of a coated half-plane with non-Newtonian fluid

Based on the couple-stress theory,the elastohydrodynamic lubrication(EHL)contact is analyzed with a consideration of the size effect.The lubricant between the contact surface of a homogeneous coated half-plane and a rigid punch is supposed to be the non-Newtonian fluid.The density and viscosity of the lubricant are dependent on fluid pressure.Distributions of film thickness,in-plane stress,and fluid pressure are calculated by solving the nonlinear fluid-solid coupled equations with an iterative method.The effects of the punch radius,size parameter,coating thickness,slide/roll ratio,entraining velocity,resultant normal load,and stiffness ratio on lubricant film thickness,in-plane stress,and fluid pressure are investigated.The results demonstrate that fluid pressure and film thickness are obviously dependent on the size parameter,stiffness ratio,and coating thickness.

STUDY ON THE LUBRICATION FACTOR OF INVOLUTE SPUR GEARS

Based on a lot of numerical solutions to the problems of the thermalnon-Newtonian elastohydrodynamic lubrication and some fatigue tests with rollers, the lubricationfactor of involute spur gears (called gear for short) is investigated. The results suggest that gearlubrication effects bear close relations to a dimensionless parameter D which is syntheticallydetermined by gearing rotational speed, load, material, dimension and lubricant viscosity. When D<=8, the gear fatigue life increases as the lubricant viscosity is increased; When D>8, however, thelife decreases with the viscosity addition, which is in marked contrast to the lubrication factorZ_L recommended by the International Standard for Computing Cylindrical Gear Strength. At the end, aset of formulae for calculating gear lubrication factors suitable for different working conditionsare advanced.

Influence of Lubrication Performance on the Service Life of Rolling Mill Bearings

In order to confirm the early failure cause of a four-row cylindrical roller bearing at the backup roll position of a six-high cold sheet mill, its lubrication behavior under harsh operating conditions is investigated. Through establishing and solving the Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication （EHL） model of the roller-inner raceway contact region, the minimum oil film thickness and the real lubrication performance are achieved. The results show the bearing failures come from the poor oil film thickness in the case of high temperature and low rotational speed, which leads to contact wear. So various approaches to improve bearing life via improving lubrication are compared. It has been proved decreasing surface roughness of both contact bodies is an effective way.

A GENERALIZED REYNOLDS EQUATION BASED ON NON-NEWTONIAN FLOW IN LUBRICATION MECHANICS

A generalized Reynolds equation based on non-Newtonian flow is derived in this paper.This equation is suitable for a number of non-Newtonian flow models and can be solved numerically to obtain pressure fields in thermalhydrodynamically or elastohydrodynamically lubricated fluid films.A mathematical ap- proach is given for solving simultaneously the shearing stress,shearing rate,velocity and equivalent viscosity.To show the application of this equation,two rheological models which have been widely used in lubrication mechnaics are incorporated into this equation to obtain numerical solutions to the line contact thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication problem.

A new general rheological model for rheological lubrication

Limitation and deficiency of main thcoogical models at present are descrital and analyzed, and seteralgeneral rheological models are discussed and compared with each other, and basic demands for a general model aresummarized. The constitutive eqUation is proposetl for a new general theobocal model. The general medel feaaressimple structure and wide coverage, and can take the Place of many edsting thcofogical ed. The whel has suc-cessfully been used for Elastohydrodynamic lubrication calculation.

分形粗糙面的主轴承弹流脂润滑分析

为探究弹性流体动压润滑(弹流润滑)状态下RV减速器主轴承接触表面之间的润滑特性,基于润滑脂的非牛顿特性以及粗糙表面分形理论,提出一种主轴承的点接触弹流脂润滑数值模型。首先,对该模型进行数值求解,得到脂膜压力、脂膜厚度的分布规律;然后,将其分别与其他点接触弹流润滑模型的数值结果和实验结果进行对比,验证了所建模型的正确性;最后,分析了主轴承表面光滑和粗糙状态下流变指数、分形维数、卷吸速度、载荷和润滑脂黏度对润滑性能的影响。结果表明:润滑脂的非牛顿性越明显,脂膜厚度越小且颈缩现象愈加不明显,接触区附近脂膜压力越符合赫兹压力分布,二次压力峰逐渐消失;考虑主轴承分形粗糙表面的弹流润滑特征更切合实际,增大分形维数,接触区真实接触面积增大,有利于降低脂膜压力,增加脂膜厚度;卷吸速度、载荷和润滑脂黏度对脂膜厚度分布的影响显著,对脂膜压力分布的影响较小;脂膜厚度以及最小膜厚越大,主轴承接触区脂膜不易破坏且越容易形成动压润滑。

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF ELAS－TOHYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION WITH TRANSIENT VISCOSITY

The transient vistosity response of a lubricant following the pressure charge in a EHDcontact is consideied in the line-contact isothermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication analyses. Soobtained pressure distribution and the oil film thickness are different from those obtained with equi-librium viscosity.

燃油介质作动器往复密封摩擦热效应及磨损特性分析

发动机矢量推力作动器采用燃油作为传动介质,燃油的低黏度将使作动器密封接触面处于不良润滑条件,密封件摩擦磨损问题突出。针对燃油介质作动器不同压力、作动速度及油液温度的工作环境,建立往复密封热弹流混合润滑数值仿真模型,分析往复密封接触面摩擦热效应对油膜行为的影响,确定热分析边界条件,计算密封系统的瞬态温度分布。根据热分析结果,对油液黏度及密封区域内的油膜厚度进行修正,考虑密封件润滑条件探究摩擦热效应对密封性能与磨损特性的作用机理,分析不同工况条件对油膜厚度、摩擦力和磨损深度分布的影响,为设计高性能航空密封件奠定理论基础。

非稳态点接触EHL问题高效直接算法研究

发展了一种研究非稳态点接触弹流润滑(Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication,简称EHL)的快速直接算法。在弹流求解过程中,通过分析计算域网格离散的特点,对离散后的Reynolds方程采取按列分块、逐列求解的求解策略,使每个时间步长上求解的方程维数显著减小,从而极大地提高了计算效率。运用新算法获得了点接触EHL纯挤压工况下油膜和压力演变过程中的典型特征,证明了新算法的正确性;数值实验和比较证明,新算法具有复合直接迭代法无可比拟的高效率,与逐行迭代法相比,新算法也具有显著的、更高的计算效率,并且随着网格数量的增加,新算法的高效性愈加凸显。

脂润滑弧齿锥齿轮热弹流润滑与效率研究

基于油动重载四旋翼无人机的特殊应用条件,研究了无人机齿轮箱内脂润滑弧齿锥齿轮的润滑状态及啮合效率.推导了适用于弧齿锥齿轮的脂润滑雷诺方程,采用计算油膜剪切力和微凸体接触摩擦力组成的复合摩擦系数代替摩擦系数经验公式的方法,研究了在无人机各种工况下的齿面润滑情况和啮合效率.结果表明,本研究中提出的考虑粗糙度的脂润滑雷诺方程能够很好预测文献中的试验结果;弧齿锥齿轮的齿面较为复杂,不能用油润滑的中心油膜厚度算法近似估计脂润滑弧齿锥齿轮整个齿面上的润滑状态;1个啮合周期内的齿面摩擦系数在节点处最大;低转速情况下,齿面将进入混合润滑状态;1个啮合周期内啮合效率的变化与啮合位置密切相关,在啮入点处效率最低;在转速不变的前提下,润滑脂黏度越高,效率损失越大.

进水温度对水润滑轴承润滑特性的影响

为研究进水温度变化对水润滑轴承润滑特性的影响,采用有限差分法建立水润滑轴承弹流润滑模型,分析不同进水温度和载荷条件下水润滑轴承润滑特性的差异,并且通过试验验证摩擦因数的变化规律。研究发现:随着进水温度升高,轴承的水膜压力下降,但在水膜压力峰区域最大水膜压力升高、最小水膜厚度减小、偏心率增大,表明进水温度升高对润滑性能有着负面影响;在相同的载荷和转速下,轴承摩擦因数随着进水温度升高而下降,且高载荷下进水温度对摩擦因数的影响更大。通过试验发现进水温度越高对摩擦因数变化的影响越大,不同进水温度下载荷越低,载荷的变化对摩擦因数变化量的影响越大。

弹流润滑状态下热可逆超分子凝胶润滑剂成膜机制的研究

轴承和齿轮等机械部件在平稳运转过程中处于弹流润滑状态,研究超分子凝胶润滑剂在弹流润滑状态下的润滑性能具有重要意义.主要研究了热可逆超分子凝胶润滑剂在弹流条件下的摩擦学性能,采用同步热分析仪和差示扫描量热仪分析了超分子凝胶润滑剂的相转变温度和热分解温度,证明该凝胶润滑剂具有良好的热学稳定性.采用流变仪分析了超分子凝胶润滑剂的流变学性能,证明该凝胶润滑剂具有良好的机械稳定性和触变性.通过光弹流润滑油测量仪研究了超分子凝胶润滑剂在弹流润滑条件下速度、载荷以及浓度对成膜机制的影响.结果表明:膜厚随着速度增大而增加,随着载荷增大而减小;乏油时间随着载荷和浓度增大而增加.通过微牵引力测定仪研究了载荷、滑滚比和温度对Stribeck曲线的影响,结果表明载荷越大摩擦系数越大,滑滚比越大摩擦系数越大,温度升高摩擦系数减小.试验证明超分子凝胶润滑剂具有比基础油和锂基脂更优异的摩擦学性能,是1种具有潜在应用价值的新型润滑剂.

轮轨激扰下轨道车辆轴箱轴承振动与润滑特性分析

基于赫兹接触和弹流润滑理论建立了考虑轴箱轴承的轨道车辆模型,研究了轮轨激扰对轴箱轴承的振动特性和油膜刚度特性的影响规律。分别采用MATLAB/Simulink和UM软件建立了轴承动力学模型和轨道车辆模型,通过相互作用力实现二者的耦合关系。模拟了轴承和轮对的典型故障形式,并详细分析了这些故障对轴承的振动特性和润滑特性的影响。研究结果表明:润滑可以有效减小轴承的振动;轴承的局部故障将导致油膜刚度的增大,轴承故障和车轮扁疤都对润滑的影响较为显著;此外,轮轨激扰会降低轴承外圈的振动比率,但是会增大车辆其他部件的振动,对车体的振动几乎无影响。

SiC表面水滴型微织构的水润滑特性研究

目的 提高水润滑条件下SiC陶瓷的摩擦性能。方法 通过对剪切力矩和摩擦因数的测试和计算,结合扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)观察试件表面的磨痕形貌及元素含量分布,分析转速、载荷和织构排布方式对变深度水滴型织构在SiC表面摩擦因数、磨损特征和摩擦化学反应的影响规律。结果 在变深度动压弹流润滑和摩擦化学反应的协同作用下,单侧水滴型织构试件在润滑介质从小端流向大端时可以实现更好的润滑性能,并且随着转速从200 r/min升至900 r/min,稳定摩擦因数从0.004增至0.068,远低于相同工况下斜槽型织构和无织构的光滑表面试件。对于水滴型织构,当润滑介质从大端流向小端时,其呈现的摩擦因数与无织构表面光滑试件的摩擦因数相近,维持在0.014~0.114。双侧水滴型织构在重载时具有更优异的润滑减摩效果,在200~900 r/min的转速范围内,能够提供稳定且较小的摩擦因数。结论 在SiC材料表面设计具有变深度特征的水滴型织构,可以有效提高系统的润滑减摩效果,特别是当润滑介质从织构较浅处流向较深处时,可以促进SiC试件表面的摩擦化学反应,生成的氧化物薄膜会覆盖在试件表面形成保护层,使SiC陶瓷的摩擦学行为得到改善。

核电循环泵行星齿轮热弹流润滑研究

核电齿轮箱的良好润滑性能是核电循环泵可靠运行的重要保障,充分考虑齿面形貌和齿廓修形等因素对内/外啮合齿轮副的影响是准确评估其润滑特性的前提。建立典型工况下核电循环泵行星传动系统斜齿轮热弹流润滑模型,首先将斜齿轮副的啮合状态几何等效为圆锥滚子的接触问题,然后考虑斜齿轮接触变形和齿廓偏差,计算得到内/外啮合齿轮副接触区域不同位置的油膜厚度、承载压力、摩擦应力和闪温等参数。考虑齿面磨合作用,采用移动平均滤波方法对未经磨合的初始形貌进行光滑处理,分析了齿面形貌对润滑行为的影响,最后采取齿廓修形改善润滑特性。结果表明:粗糙度和齿廓修形均会对润滑特性产生明显的影响,齿面粗糙形貌会造成油膜厚度减小,进而影响其润滑特性,弱化润滑油膜的承载能力;通过齿廓修形可以改善齿轮啮合边界处的几何过渡,降低该区域的应力集中和表面温度,从而明显改善啮合线终端的润滑状态。

三叉式万向联轴器弹流润滑特性优化研究

为了改善三叉式万向联轴器滑杆-套筒孔接触副的润滑状况,基于分形理论建立了联轴器滑杆-套筒孔接触副的弹流润滑计算模型,并结合某小型汽车一挡工作条件,基于modeFrontier软件和NSGA-Ⅱ算法对联轴器润滑性能进行多目标优化。优化后联轴器的最优参数较优化前最大油膜压力降低了27.3%,中心油膜厚度增加了72.7%,且优化结果与数值计算结果误差不超过5%。

基于圆柱型表面织构的配流盘摩擦特性研究

建立了带有圆柱型微观织构配流盘的油膜弹流润滑模型,采用有限差分法求解雷诺方程,迭代之后求得符合误差允许的离散近似解。将得到的数值解导入MATLAB中绘制出微观织构配流副油膜特性云图。通过对比不同工况下带有微观织构与不带微观织构的配流盘之间的油膜摩擦特性差异,发现织构表面的配流盘能有效提高油膜的承载力,减少配流盘与缸体之间的接触,减小摩擦系数,改善润滑条件。