Variable-coordinate forward modeling of irregular surface based on dual-variable grid

The mapping method is a forward-modeling method that transforms the irregular surface to horizontal by mapping the rectangular grid as curved; moreover, the wave field calculations move from the physical domain to the calculation domain. The mapping method deals with the irregular surface and the low-velocity layer underneath it using a fine grid. For the deeper high-velocity layers, the use of a fine grid causes local oversampling. In addition, when the irregular surface is transformed to horizontal, the flattened interface below the surface is transformed to curved, which produces inaccurate modeling results because of the presence of ladder-like burrs in the simulated seismic wave. Thus, we propose the mapping method based on the dual-variable finite-difference staggered grid. The proposed method uses different size grid spacings in different regions and locally variable time steps to match the size variability of grid spacings. Numerical examples suggest that the proposed method requires less memory storage capacity and improves the computational efficiency compared with forward modeling methods based on the conventional grid.

ELASTIC WAVEFIELD CALCULATION FOR HETEROGENEOUS ANISOTROPIC POROUS MEDIA USING THE 3-D IRREGULAR-GRID FINITE-DIFFERENCE

Basedonthe first-order Biot-equation with simplified coefficients,astaggered irregu- lar-grid finite difference method(FDM)is developed to simulate elastic wave propagation in 3-D heterogeneous anisotropic porous media.The ‘slow’P wave in porous media wave simulation is highly dispersive.Finer grids are needed to get a precise wavefield calculation for models with curved interface and complex geometric structure.Fine grids in a global model greatly increase computation costs of regular grids scheme.Irregular fine or coarse grids in local fields not only cost less computing time than the conventional velocity-stress FDM,but also give a more accu- rate wavefield description.A dispersion analysis of the irregular-grid finite difference operator has confirmed the stability and high efficiency.The absorbing boundary condition is used to elimi- nate artificial reflections.Numerical examples show that this new irregular-grid finite difference method is of higher performance than conventional methods using regular rectangular grids in simulating elastic wave propagation in heterogeneous anisotropic porous media.

非常规油气藏不规则复杂裂缝表征方法

非常规油气资源储量大,开发难度高。储层压裂改造是非常规油气资源开发的关键技术手段。天然裂缝和压裂裂缝具有不规则性和复杂性。针对现有裂缝表征方法难以准确刻画裂缝真实形状和宽度变化等不规则特性这一问题,提出了基于非结构PEBI网格的不规则复杂裂缝表征方法。首先,建立基于PEBI网格的天然裂缝表征流程,实现对任意区域或限定区域天然裂缝的准确表征;其次,建立基于Delaunay三角形网格和PEBI网格的压裂裂缝表征及优化方法,分析网格尺寸及优化次数对裂缝表征精度的影响;第三,建立基于非结构网格的非平面裂缝表征方法,实现对弯曲裂缝的刻画和表征,裂缝形态和分布与实际情况更相符;第四,提出非均匀裂缝宽度表征方法,实现对变宽度即同一条裂缝宽度和导流能力不均匀分布裂缝的精细表征;第五,在全区域和限定区域内,实现耦合不规则压裂裂缝和不规则天然裂缝的复杂缝网表征。针对大规模天然裂缝与压裂裂缝相交、裂缝宽度非均匀分布、非平面裂缝等复杂条件下的裂缝网络表征,通过调整网格优化次数,能够提高缝网表征质量。利用PEBI网格能够灵活准确逼近裂缝复杂边界条件的优势,实现快速、准确地显示处理大量不规则天然裂缝和压裂裂缝。形成的不规则复杂裂缝表征方法,有助于提高非常规油气藏裂缝网络的表征精度和数值模拟计算准确性。

车载激光点云组合滤波算法

为了解决传统车载点云滤波算法无法有效剔除地形坡度较大区域非地面点的问题,本文结合布料模拟滤波(CSF)算法与传统不规则三角网(TIN)的特点,提出一种基于CSF算法的改进TIN滤波算法。首先,使用CSF算法对原始点云进行滤波处理,获取初始地面点;其次,使用改进TIN滤波算法对CSF算法滤波结果进行进一步滤波,通过邻域卷积和选取种子点与构造虚拟种子点,根据滤波次数改变格网大小进行迭代滤波。使用两组地形条件不同的城市道路点云进行试验,对比不同滤波算法的滤波结果。结果表明,本文提出的组合滤波算法能够有效弥补单一滤波算法的不足,能够较好地适应城区情况。

广东离子吸附型稀土矿床特征及找矿预测

稀土是我国的优势矿种,尤以华南地区离子吸附型稀土矿产资源最为突出,广东省内的风化壳离子吸附型稀土矿床主要分布在韶关、河源、梅州、清远、潮州、揭阳、肇庆和茂名等地。水系沉积物地球化学异常是圈定矿床找矿远景区最有效且快速的一种手段,本次研究以广东省1∶20万水系沉积物地球化学数据为基础,将镧(La)和钇(Y)分别作为轻稀土(LREE)和重稀土(HREE)的特征元素,选取了34处稀土异常调查区(其中LREE异常区15处,HREE异常区19处),通过对人工剥土和人工冲击钻采样分析,初步评估了相应的稀土成矿潜力。139件样品分析结果显示,114个样品达到边界品位(≥0.02%),占送样总数的82.0%;71个样品达到工业品位(≥0.04%,最高可达0.27%),占送样总数的51.1%,新发现韶关乳源、潮州钱东、汕尾碣石、河源东源和河源龙川5个找矿远景区。为了更有效地圈定离子吸附型稀土矿床,结合稀土矿床找矿预测的标志,建议在1∶20万水系沉积物稀土元素地球化学异常区的基础上,开展低密度不规则网土壤地球化学测量,进一步浓缩异常范围并圈定离子吸附型稀土矿床找矿远景区,系统建立稀土资源潜力评价体系。

“苏州中心”项目建造与关键技术应用

文章重点阐述了“苏州中心”项目在工程规划、工程设计与施工方面一系列关键技术与应用,从功能业态、交通动态、建筑形态和绿化生态“四态”层面,打造了一个集“包容性”与“生命力”于一体的“城市共生体”。项目代表了我国在城市多功能综合有机体建造的最高水平,开启了商业模式变革和区域经济发展引擎,推动了行业绿色低碳可持续发展。“苏州中心”项目获第二十届第二批中国土木工程詹天佑奖。

Ray tracing of turning wave in elliptically anisotropic media with an irregular surface

Seismic ray tracing in anisotropic media with irregular surface is crucial for the exploration of the fine crustal structure. Elliptically anisotropic medium is the type of anisotropic media with only four independent elastic parameters. Usually, this medium can be described by only the vertical phase velocity and the horizontal phase velocity for seismic wave propagation. Model parameteri- zation in this study is described by flexible triangular grids, which is beneficial for the description of irregular surface with high degree of approximation. Both the vertical and horizontal phase velocities are defined in the triangular grids, respectively, which are used for the description of phase velocity distribution everywhere in the model by linear interpolation. We develop a shooting ray tracing method of turning wave in the elliptically anisotropic media with irregular surface. Runge-Kutta method is applied to solve the partial differential equation of seismic ray in elliptically anisotropic media. Linearly modified method is used for adjusting emergent phase angles in the shooting scheme. Numerical tests demonstrate that ray paths coincide well with analytical trajectories in trans- versely homogeneous elliptically anisotropic media. Seis- mic ray tracing results in transversely inhomogeneous elliptically anisotropic media demonstrate that our method is effective for further first-arrival tomography in ellipti- cally anisotropic media with an irregular surface.

Joint tomographic inversion of first-arrival and reflection traveltimes for recovering 2-D seismic velocity structure with an irregular free surface

Irregular surface flattening,which is based on a boundary conforming grid and the transformation between curvilinear and Cartesian coordinate systems,is a mathematical method that can elegantly handle irregular surfaces,but has been limited to obtaining first arrivals only.By combining a multistage scheme with the fast-sweeping method(FSM,the method to obtain first-arrival traveltime in curvilinear coordinates),the reflected waves from a crustal interface can be traced in a topographic model,in which the reflected wavefront is obtained by reinitializing traveltimes in the interface for upwind branches.A local triangulation is applied to make a connection between velocity and interface nodes.Then a joint inversion of first-arrival and reflection traveltimes for imaging seismic velocity structures in complex terrains is presented.Numerical examples all perform well with different seismic velocity models.The increasing topographic complexity and even use of a high curvature reflector in these models demonstrate the reliability,accuracy and robustness of the new working scheme;checkerboard testing illustrates the method's high resolution.Noise tolerance testing indicates the method's ability to yield practical traveltime tomography.Further development of the multistage scheme will allow other later arrivals to be traced and used in the traveltime inversion.

Elastic simulation method in an irregular polar coordinate system

When simulating the propagation of seismic waves in some special structures,such as tunnels and boreholes,finite difference forward modeling in the polar system has higher accuracy than the traditional Cartesian system.In actual situations,the polar space is the most irregular.To solve this problem,a forward modeling method for an irregular polar coordinate system is proposed to improve the simulation accuracy.First,an irregular surface of the polar space was meshed into an irregular polar system.After the transformation,the undulating surface was mapped into a plane one,and the wavefield was then computed in an irregular polar system.The Lebedev staggered grid was used to solve the wave equations in the irregular polar system.In addition,the artificial absorption boundary,cylindrical free boundary,and circumferential boundary conditions were used to absorb the boundary reflection.We selected three polar space models to demonstrate the new method in this study.The results show that the proposed elastic simulation method in an irregular polar coordinate system can produce more accurate and stable simulation results when modeling seismic wave propagation in an irregular polar space.Elastic full waveform inversion further shows that the irregular polar system elastic simulation method can accurately simulate the wavefield in an undulating polar space.

基于正交贴体网格的黏弹介质地震波模拟

常规的有限差分地震波数值模拟采用笛卡尔坐标系的规则网格对计算区域进行网格剖分,在模拟起伏地表下的地震波场时,不仅不利于实现自由边界条件,而且由于阶梯状网格近似,在网格角点处容易产生虚假散射波,从而影响模拟精度。为此,将计算流体力学中的正交贴体网格生成技术引入起伏地表下黏弹介质的网格剖分中,采用优化的同位网格有限差分法计算曲线坐标系的一阶速度—应力方程,并通过选择性滤波法消除同位网格差分产生的格点振荡。正交贴体网格能够精确地描述起伏地表,网格的正交性也使得实施自由边界条件时无需做复杂的坐标转换和插值运算。数值算例表明:该方法得到的数值解与解析解完全吻合;与规则网格有限差分法模拟结果相比,在相同网格间距条件下,该方法能够有效消除阶梯状网格引起的虚假散射波,从而提高数值模拟精度。此外,起伏地表两层和三层黏弹介质模型模拟结果表明,该方法对复杂模型同样有较强的适用性。

基于正交贴体网格的VTI介质地震波数值模拟

为了解决规则网格有限差分法在处理起伏地表自由边界条件时需进行复杂坐标转换和插值运算的问题,以及对起伏地表进行阶梯状离散近似所产生的虚假散射波问题,将计算流体力学中的正交贴体网格生成技术引入到起伏地表下VTI介质的网格剖分中,采用基于同位网格的DRP/opt MacCormack有限差分法模拟起伏地表下VTI介质中的地震波场。网格的正交性使实施自由边界条件时无需做复杂的坐标转换和插值运算。数值算例表明,本文提出的网格剖分法能够有效消除阶梯状网格产生的虚假散射波,从而提高起伏地表下VTI介质地震波数值模拟精度。

基于无人机激光点云数据改进的棱柱法土方量计算方法

传统的土方量计算方法存在精度不高、效率低等问题,而利用无人机激光点云数据可以有效地解决这些问题。新近开发的基于无人机激光点云数据,快速、准确地计算土方量的软件———Digital Map,以宜春至井冈山高速公路宜春三阳至新田段新建工程为例,使用无人机获取试验区的三维点云数据,使用Digital Map软件计算土方量。结果表明,采用改进的棱柱法计算得到的结果既高效又与已知的总体土方量信息更接近,即更精确;同时在数字地面模型(digital terrain model,DTM)的基础上,更准确地描述了自然地形信息。该方法使用设计面的DTM,因此不受场地高差限制,适用于大部分复杂、真实的施工现场;且快速、准确,对于会产生海量数据的无人机激光点云效果尤其明显。

不规则井眼环空流体流动压降计算方法

对于窄密度窗口地层,精确计算与固井环空压力对于保障施工安全和固井质量十分重要。在实际钻井过程中,井径扩大率不均匀容易形成“大肚子”不规则凹面井眼,针对不规则凹面井眼段的流体流动压降计算方法进行研究有助于精准控制环空压力剖面。结合实钻井眼情况建立了不规则凹面井眼条件下的流体流动连续性方程和动量守恒方程,并研究确定了求解方法与求解流程,开发了不规则凹面井眼流动计算分析软件,计算了不规则凹面井眼条件下的流体流动压降,分析了井径扩大率和流体排量对流动压降的影响规律,为固井环空压力剖面的精细计算提供了技术参考。

复杂环境下的大跨度异形网架结构安装方法

根据长江岸线整治总体要求及整治原则,长江沿线散、杂货码头泊位后方敞开式堆场开始推进提质改造,以满足环保及港区生产要求。文章结合具体案例,介绍了异形网架结构的特点、安装方案,并从整体顶升工艺和高空散拼工艺两方面出发,探讨了复杂环境下异形网架结构的安装方法,旨在为类似项目提供参考。

复杂地表地质条件下地震波数值模拟综述

通过对复杂地质地表条件的分析研究,总结了近年来在这方面地震波场数值模拟的新方法。复杂地表的类型很多,对地震资料的影响程度不同,要想完全描述近地表的影响因素是不可能的。文中所介绍的模拟方法在处理这些问题上都是各有侧重、各有优势,目的是寻找合适的方法解决适合的问题。

VTI介质起伏地表地震波场模拟

起伏地表下地震波场模拟有助于解释主动源和被动源地震探测中穿过山脉和盆地的测线所获得的资料.然而传统的有限差分法处理起伏的自由边界比较困难,为了克服这一困难,我们将笛卡尔坐标系的各向异性介质弹性波方程和自由边界条件变换到曲线坐标系中,采用一种稳定的、显式的二阶精度有限差分方法离散(曲线坐标系)VTI介质中的弹性波方程;对地表自由边界条件处理时采用了一种修饰的差分算子来计算弹性波方程中的混合导数项在自由边界上的法向导数.兰姆问题的解析解与本文的数值解对比结果表明该方法可以有效地处理自由地表边界条件.模拟实例表明:起伏地表对地震波场有重要影响,各向异性导致弹性波波前形状复杂且具有明显的方向性.

非规则网带断层地震数据的网格化

非规则网地震勘探中，由解释人员解释出来的层位信息包括大量不规则分布的高程数据和断层构造的断点数据，因而其构造图成图前的网格化是一件相当复杂而又难度较大的工作．本文较全面地研究了非规则网带断层地震数据的网格化过程（本文针对的是正断层情况），提出了一种快速实用的正方形网格化方法．经对实际资料处理证明，它能够适用于非常复杂的情况，并且处理效果理想．

变量施肥机在不规则田块的定位方法

在规则田块网格识别算法的基础上,阐述了不规则田块的自动网格识别算法。控制器读取传感器的脉冲信号,计算作业机具的行走距离,由不规则田块自动网格识别算法实现机具的自动网格识别。试验结果表明,随着机具的行走,应用该算法可以实现机具在不规则田块不同网格的自动识别,验证了该算法的可行性。

基于GIS的巴东县新城区滑坡灾害危险性区划

巴东县新城区是三峡库区滑坡灾害最为发育的地段之一。通过还原滑坡形成前的物质组成和历史环境,选取了影响滑坡发育的地层岩性、水位影响带等9项评价指标。完善了基于地形条件的不规则单元划分方法,对研究区进行了斜坡评价单元的划分,使得评价单元具有更明确的地质意义和更完善的地质结构。此外,将各影响因素图与斜坡评价单元分布图叠加得到计算单元,在计算单元信息量求解的基础上提出了斜坡评价单元信息量的计算方法,进行了基于斜坡评价单元的危险性区划,得到了巴东县新城区滑坡灾害危险性区划图。分析结果表明,水位影响带、居民区、公路分布区及顺向坡坡型与滑坡灾害发生的相关性最大。高危险区占城区面积的16.4%,主要分布在长江两岸临江地段。

城市空间信息规则网格与不规则网格的数据转换

对从不规则网格向规则网格进行社会经济信息转换的方法进行了比较和研究,并采用蒙特卡罗和GIS相结合的方法,以人口数据为例,利用土地利用分类信息将以行政区为基础采集的人口数据转换到规则网格中。实验证明,转换后的人口分布数据较好地体现了人口在空间的分布情况,并可根据不同的需要,聚合成不同大小的网格,能较好地满足城市微观建模和宏观社会经济信息统计分析的需要。