Geochronology,Eruption Sequence and Geochemistry of Mid-Late Jurassic Volcanics South of Manzhouli:Petrogenesis and Implications for Mesozoic Tectonic Regime Transformation

To the south of Manzhouli,Hulunbuir,Inner Mongolia,experienced a tectonic regime transformation from compression to extension in the mid-Mesozoic.Based on systematic research of the volcanics,petrology,volcanic facies,chronology and geochemistry of rocks in the Buridun area,two stages of volcanics are identified.The first stage named the trachyte series was formed in the late Middle Jurassic(167-163 Ma),its eruption rhythm is pyroxene trachyandesite-trachyandesite-trachyte,and its origin rock is basic volcanics from thickened lower crust,with a tectonic setting in the collision orogeny after the closure of the Mongolia Okhotsk Ocean(MOO).The second stage is a bimodal volcanic rock,formed in the early Late Jurassic(163-160 Ma).The eruption rhythm of basic volcanics in this stage is basaltic andesite-basalt-olivine basalt,which comes from the metasomatized lithospheric mantle,the acidic volcanics of which being characterized by the eruption rhythm of sedimentary-explosive-overflow facies,which came from the partial melting of newly formed lower crust,and this shows the characteristics of A-type granite;the tectonic setting is extension of the lithosphere after collision and closure of the MOO.The changes in the formation age and tectonic setting of the two stages of volcanics demonstrate that the transition time from the compressive system to the extensional system south of Manzhouli is about 163 Ma.

Pityriasis Rosea-Like Eruption by Covid-19 Infection: A New Case Report

Background: Coronavirus disease (Covid-19) becomes a pandemic worldwide in 2020. Different dermatological manifestations associated with Covid-19 infection like maculopapular, morbilliform, urticarial, vesicular, chilblain-like, petechiae, purpura, and livedoid rashes. Pityriasis rosea (PR) and PR-like eruptions were recently reported to increase in coronavirus cases. Aim: To evaluate and review the literature on PR and PR-like eruption associated with Covid-19 disease. Case Report: A 24-year-old female patient presented with a history of asymptomatic PR-like eruption that started during infection with the Covid-19 virus and resolved spontaneously over 14 weeks without therapy. Conclusion: PR and PR-like eruptions are not uncommon with Covid-19 disease and could be the early manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 virus infection.

Nepheloid layer generation by gas eruption:unexpected experimental results

Knowledge of nepheloid layers is important to improve the understanding of physical,geological,and sedimentary processes from continental shelf to abyssal environments.We had not tried to study the nepheloid layers in a hydrate-associated tank until unexpected results occurred.Tank experimental results show that gas eruptions triggered intermediate nepheloid layers.Thus,we proposed a new mechanism of intermediate nepheloid layer generation by eruptions.The intermediate nepheloid layers were generated in uniform-density fluid,which indicated that stratified fluid is not a necessary condition for intermediate nepheloid layers.Sufficient space for advection and an oblique slope for detachment are the key ingredients for intermediate nepheloid layer generation by eruptions.Our experiments also offer a new experimental evidence for bottom nepheloid layer generation by earthquakes.Given the scale effects of laboratory experiment,it is important to determine whether submarine volcanic eruption or hydrate-associated venting causes intermediate nepheloid layer in the nature.

Geophysical Reactions to Remote 2022 Tonga Eruption and to Türkiye Earthquakes in Georgia (Caucasus): Hydrogeology, Geomagnetics and Seismicity

The paper is devoted to analysis of hydrogeological, geomagnetic and seismic response to the two great remote geophysical events, 2022 Tonga volcano eruption and 2020-2023 Türkiye earthquakes in Georgia (Caucasus). The geophysical observation system in Georgia, namely, water level stations in the network of deep wells, atmospheric pressure and the geomagnetic sensors of the Dusheti Geophysical Observatory (DGO) as well as seismic data in Garni Observatory (Armenia) respond to the Tonga event by anomalies in the time series. These data show that there are two types of respond: infrasound disturbances in atmospheric pressure and seismic waves in the Earth generated by the eruption. After Tonga eruption January 15 at 04:21 UTC three groups of N-shaped waveforms were registered in the water level corresponding to the global propagation characteristics of the N-shaped waveform of infrasound signals on the barograms generated by eruption at the distance ~15,700 km: they were identified as the Lamb wave, a surface wave package running in the atmosphere with a velocity around ~314 m/s. The paper also presents the WL reactions to three strong EQs that occur in Türkiye 2020-2023, namely Elazığ, Van and Türkiye-Syria EQs. WL in Georgian well network reacts to these events by anomalies of different intensity, which points to the high sensitivity of hydrosphere to remote (several hundred km) strong EQs. The intensity and character of WL reactions depend strongly on the local hydrogeological properties of rocks, surrounding the well.

Eruptive xanthomas in a patient with severe hypertriglyceridemia:A case report

BACKGROUND Xanthomatosis,a metabolic disorder causing yellow growths(xanthomas),poses challenges in lipid metabolism.This case study introduces the first documented instance within China's Yi population,emphasizing the need to explore dietary habits and treatment strategies tailored to this specific community.CASE SUMMARY Xanthomatosis is a metabolic disorder where lipid metabolism goes awry,resulting in the development of yellowish growths called xanthomas.A male patient,47 years of age,from China's Yi population,who is obese,visited our dermatology clinic complaining of widespread,non-painful rashes that have been present for two weeks.The patient works as a chef and has a diet that frequently includes oily and greasy foods.This case represents the initial documentation of xanthomatosis within the Yi population in China,offering a theoretical foundation for understanding dietary patterns and treatment options specific to the Yi community.CONCLUSION The first report of xanthomatosis in the Yi population in China lays a theoretical foundation for understanding Yi dietary patterns and treatment.

Potential Hazards of Eruptions around the Tianchi Caldera Lake, China

Since the eruption of the Tianchi volcano about 1000 years ago, there have been at least 3 to 5 eruptions of small to moderate size. In addition, hazardous avalanches, rock falls and debris flows have occurred during periods between eruptions. A future eruption of the Tianchi volcano is likely to involve explosive interaction between magma and the caldera lake. The volume of erupted magma is almost in a range of 0.1-0.5 km3. Tephra fallout may damage agriculture in a large area near the volcano. If only 1% of the lake water were ejected during an eruption and then precipitated over an area of 200 km2, the average rainfall would be 100 mm. Moreover, lahars are likely to occur as both tephra and water ejected from the caldera lake fall onto flanks of the volcano. Rocks avalanching into the caldera lake also would bring about grave hazards because seiches would be triggered and lake water with the volume equal to that of the landslide would spill out of the existing breach in the caldera and cause flooding downstream.

The Effect of Super Volcanic Eruptions on Ozone Depletion in a Chemistry–Climate Model

With the gradual yet unequivocal phasing out of ozone depleting substances(ODSs), the environmental crisis caused by the discovery of an ozone hole over the Antarctic has lessened in severity and a promising recovery of the ozone layer is predicted in this century. However, strong volcanic activity can also cause ozone depletion that might be severe enough to threaten the existence of life on Earth. In this study, a transport model and a coupled chemistry–climate model were used to simulate the impacts of super volcanoes on ozone depletion. The volcanic eruptions in the experiments were the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption and a 100 × Pinatubo size eruption. The results show that the percentage of global mean total column ozone depletion in the 2050 RCP8.5 100 × Pinatubo scenario is approximately 6% compared to two years before the eruption and 6.4% in tropics. An identical simulation, 100 × Pinatubo eruption only with natural source ODSs, produces an ozone depletion of 2.5% compared to two years before the eruption, and with 4.4% loss in the tropics. Based on the model results,the reduced ODSs and stratospheric cooling lighten the ozone depletion after super volcanic eruption.

Relationship between earthquake and volcanic eruption inferred from historical records

史料记载表明，五大连池火山1720～1721年喷发期间有大量地震活动．本文从描述这些地震活动的文字记录人手，并结合国际火山地震研究的新成果，探讨了地震类型及地震与火山喷发关系，指出震群是火山喷发的重要前兆指标，强调火山地震的监测对火山喷发预报的意义．

The Response of the East Asian Summer Monsoon to Strong Tropical Volcanic Eruptions

A 600-year integration performed with the Bergen Climate Model and National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research （NCEP/NCAR） reanalysis data were used to investigate the impact of strong tropical volcanic eruptions on the East Asian summer monsoon （EASM） and EASM rainfall.Both the simulation and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data show a weakening of the EASM in strong eruption years.The model simulation suggests that North and South China experience droughts and the Yangtze-Huaihe River Valley experiences floods during eruption years.In response to strong tropical volcanic eruptions,the meridional air temperature gradient in the upper troposphere is enhanced,which leads to a southward shift and an increase of the East Asian subtropical westerly jet stream （EASWJ）.At the same time,the land-sea thermal contrast between the Asian land mass and Northwest Pacific Ocean is weakened.The southward shift and increase of the EASWJ and reduction of the land-sea thermal contrast all contribute to a weakening of the EASM and EASM rainfall anomaly.

Loss of epithelial FAM20A in mice causes amelogenesis imperfecta, tooth eruption delay and gingival overgrowth

FAM20A has been studied to a very limited extent. Mutations in human FAM20A cause amelogenesis imperfecta, gingival fibromatosis and kidney problems. It would be desirable to systemically analyse the expression of FAM20A in dental tissues and to assess the pathological changes when this molecule is specifically nullified in individual tissues. Recently, we generated mice with a Fam2OA-floxed allele containing the beta-galactosidase reporter gene. We analysed FAM20A expression in dental tissues using X-Gal staining, immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, which showed that the ameloblasts in the mouse mandibular first molar began to express FAM20A at 1 day after birth, and the reduced enamel epithelium in erupting molars expressed a significant level of FAM2OA. By breeding K14-Cre mice with Fam20An^x/fl^x mice, we created K14-Cre;Fam20Af/flox/flox （conditional knock out, cKO） mice, in which Fam20A was inactivated in the epithelium. We analysed the dental tissues of cKO mice using X-ray radiography： histology and immunohistochemistry. The molar enamel matrix in cKO mice was much thinner than normal and was often separated from the dentinoenamel junction. The Fam2OA-deficient ameloblasts were non-polarized and disorganized and were detached from the enamel matrix. The enamel abnormality in cKO mice was consistent with the diagnosis of amelogenesis imperfecta. The levels of enamelin and matrix metalloproteinase 20 were lower in the ameloblasts and enamel of cKO mice than the normal mice, The cKO mice had remarkable delays in the eruption of molars and hyperplasia of the gingival epithelium. The findings emphasize the essential roles of FAM20A in the development of dental and oral tissues.

Filling Pattern of Volcanostratigraphy of Cenozoic Volcanic Rocks in the Changbaishan Area and Possible Future Eruptions

The Cenozoic volcanostratigraphy in the Changbaishan area had complex building processes.Twenty-two eruption periods have been determined from the Wangtian＇e, Touxi, and Changbaishan volcanoes. The complex volcanostratigraphy of the Changbaishan area can be divided into four types of filling patterns from bottom to top. They are lava flows filling in valleys（LFFV）, lava flows filling in platform（LFFP）, lava flows formed the cone（LFFC）, and pyroclastic Flow filling in crater or valleys（PFFC/V）. LFFV has been divided into four layers and terminates as a lateral overlap. The topography of LFFV, which is controlled by the landform, is lens shaped with a wide flat top and narrow bottom.LFFP has been divided into three layers and terminates as a lateral downlap. The topography of LFFP is sheet and tabular shaped with a narrow top and wide bottom. It has large width to thickness ratio. It was built by multiple eruptive centers distributed along the fissure. The topography of LFFC, which is located above the LFFP, has a hummocky shape with a narrow sloping top and a wide flat bottom. It terminates as a later downlap or backstepping. It has large width to thickness ratio. It was built by a single eruptive center. The topography of PFFC/V, which located above the LFFC, LFFP, or valley, has the shape of fan and terminates as a lateral downlap or overlap. It has a small width to thickness ratio and was built by a single eruptive center. The filling pattern is controlled by temperature, SiO_2 content,volatile content, magma volume, and the paleolandform. In the short term, the eruptive production of the Changbaishan area is comenditic ash or pumice of a Plinian type eruption. The eruptive volume in future should be smaller than that of the Baguamiao period, and the filling pattern should be PFFC/V,which may cause huge damage to adjacent areas.

Advances in diagnosis and non-surgical treatment of Bell's palsy

Bell’s palsy is a commonly seen cranial nerve disease and can result in compromised facial appearance and functions. Its etiology, prognosis and treatment are still being debated. This paper is a review of recent development in the understanding of etiology, diagnosis and non-surgical treatment of Bell’s palsy.

Delayed hypersensitivity reaction resulting in maculopapular-type eruption due to entecavir in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B

Several clinical trials have demonstrated the potent antiviral efficacy of entecavir (ETV), and this relatively new nucleoside analogue drug has rapidly become a frequently prescribed therapy for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) worldwide. While the studies have also shown a good overall safety profile for ETV, adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in patients with advanced cirrhosis have been reported and represent a broad spectrum of drug-induced injuries, including lactic acidosis, myalgia, neuropathy, azotemia, hypophosphatemia, muscular weakness, and pancreatitis, as well as immune-mediated responses (i.e., allergic reactions). Cutaneous ADRs associated with ETV are very rare, with only two case reports in the publicly available literature; both of these cases were classified as unspecified hypersensitivity allergic (type I) ADR, but neither were reported as pathologically proven or as evaluated by cytokine release analysis. Here, we report the case of a 45-year-old woman who presented with a generalized maculopapular rash after one week of ETV treatment for lamivudine-resistant CHB. The patient reported having experienced a similar skin eruption during a previous three-month regimen of ETV, for which she had self-discontinued the medication. Histopathological analysis of a skin biopsy showed acanthotic epidermis with focal parakeratosis and a perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate admixed with interstitial eosinophils in the papillary and reticular dermis, consistent with a diagnosis of drug sensitivity. A lymphocyte stimulation test showed significantly enhanced IL-4, indicating a classification of type IVb delayed hypersensitivity. The patient was switched to an adefovir-lamivudine combination regimen and the skin eruption resolved two weeks after the ETV withdrawal. This case represents the first pathologically and immunologically evidenced ETV-induced delayed type hypersensitivity skin reaction reported to date. Physicians should be aware of the potential, although rare, for cutaneous ADRs associated with ETV treatment.

Volcanoes and Climate:Sizing up the Impact of the Recent Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai Volcanic Eruption from a Historical Perspective

An undersea volcano at Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai(HTHH)near the South Pacific island nation of Tonga,erupted violently on 15 January 2022.Potential climate impact of the HTHH volcanic eruption is of great concern to the public;here,we intend to size up the impact of the HTHH eruption from a historical perspective.The influence of historical volcanic eruptions on the global climate are firstly reviewed,which are thought to have contributed to decreased surface temperature,increased stratospheric temperature,suppressed global water cycle,weakened monsoon circulation and El Niño-like sea surface temperature.Our understanding of the impacts of past volcanic eruptions on global-scale climate provides potential implication to evaluate the impact of the HTHH eruption.Based on historical simulations,we estimate that the current HTHH eruption with an intensity of 0.4 Tg SO_(2)injection will decrease the global mean surface temperature by only 0.004℃in the first year after eruption,which is within the amplitude of internal variability at the interannual time scale and thus not strong enough to have significant impacts on the global climate.

Relationship between earthquake and volcanic eruption inferred from historical records

A large number of seismic records are discovered for the first time in the historical materials about Wudalianchi volcanic group eruption in 1720~1721, which provides us with abundant volcanic earthquake information. Based on the written records, the relationship between earthquake and volcanic eruption is discussed in the paper. Fur-thermore it is pointed that earthquake swarm is an important indication of volcanic eruption. Therefore, monitoring volcanic earthquakes is of great significance for forecasting volcanic eruption.

Erratum:"Magnetic flux ropes in the solar corona:structure and evolution toward eruption"(2020,RAA,20,165)

The citation"Chen et al.(2014)"on page 165-9(right column,bottom paragraph)is linked to a wrong source,"Chen,B.,Bastian,T.S.,&Gary,D.E.2014,ApJ,794,149".The correct bibliographic reference should be:Chen,P.F.,Harra,L.K.,&Fang,C.2014,ApJ,784,50.

Under the surface:Pressure-induced planetary-scale waves,volcanic lightning,and gaseous clouds caused by the submarine eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcano

We present a narrative of the eruptive events culminating in the cataclysmic January 15, 2022 eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai Volcano by synthesizing diverse preliminary seismic, volcanological, sound wave, and lightning data available within the first few weeks after the eruption occurred. The first hour of eruptive activity produced fast-propagating tsunami waves, long-period seismic waves, loud audible sound waves, infrasonic waves, exceptionally intense volcanic lightning and an unsteady volcanic plume that transiently reached-at 58km-the Earth’s mesosphere. Energetic seismic signals were recorded worldwide and the globally stacked seismogram showed episodic seismic events within the most intense periods of phreatoplinian activity, and they correlated well with the infrasound pressure waveform recorded in Fiji. Gravity wave signals were strong enough to be observed over the entire planet in just the first few hours, with some circling the Earth multiple times subsequently. These large-amplitude, long-wavelength atmospheric disturbances come from the Earth’s atmosphere being forced by the magmatic mixture of tephra, melt and gasses emitted by the unsteady but quasicontinuous eruption from 0402±1–1800 UTC on January 15, 2022. Atmospheric forcing lasted much longer than rupturing from large earthquakes recorded on modern instruments, producing a type of shock wave that originated from the interaction between compressed air and ambient(wavy) sea surface. This scenario differs from conventional ideas of earthquake slip, landslides, or caldera collapse-generated tsunami waves because of the enormous(~1000x) volumetric change due to the supercritical nature of volatiles associated with the hot,volatile-rich phreatoplinian plume. The time series of plume altitude can be translated to volumetric discharge and mass flow rate. For an eruption duration of ~12 h, the eruptive volume and mass are estimated at 1.9 km^(3) and~2 900 Tg, respectively, corresponding to a VEI of 5–6 for this event. The high frequency and intensity of lightning was enhanced by the production of fine ash due to magma-seawater interaction with concomitant high charge per unit mass and the high pre-eruptive concentration of dissolved volatiles. Analysis of lightning flash frequencies provides a rapid metric for plume activity and eruption magnitude. Many aspects of this eruption await further investigation by multidisciplinary teams. It represents a unique opportunity for fundamental research regarding the complex, non-linear behavior of high energetic volcanic eruptions and attendant phenomena, with critical implications for hazard mitigation, volcano forecasting, and first-response efforts in future disasters.

Multidisciplinary non-surgical treatment of advanced periodontitis:A case report

BACKGROUND Patients with severe periodontitis often require multidisciplinary treatment to achieve healthy periodontal tissue,normal occlusion,and optimal aesthetics.In the present study,we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of multidisciplinary non-surgical treatment in a patient with stage IV/grade C periodontitis,malocclusion,and dentition defects.CASE SUMMARY A 47-year-old woman visited our periodontology department due to teeth mobility problems and difficulties chewing food.The patient had no history of drug allergies or systemic disease.Initial therapy involved scaling and root planning with a Gracey scaler and periodontal ultrasonic therapeutic apparatus using a periodontal endoscope(Perioscopy,Zest Dental Solutions,United States)to control the periodontal inflammation prior to treatment.Five months later,orthodontic treatment was then performed to treat occlusion and overall aesthetics.After completion,a Maryland bridge was used to restore Nos.22,31,and 41 teeth.Florida probing(Florida probe,United States)was performed every 2-3 mo to evaluate the periodontal condition throughout treatment.Overall,multidisciplinary non-surgical treatment resulted in satisfactory aesthetic results with healthy periodontal tissue and stable occlusion.CONCLUSION In some patients with stage IV/grade C periodontitis,systematic and sequential non-surgical treatment can provide excellent therapeutic results.

Eruption Sequence of the Lower Permanent Dentition of Lufengpithecus lufengensis

The paper aims to reconstruct the eruption sequence of the permanent teeth of Lufengpithecus lufengensis. Eruption sequence here means the order of appearance of the tooth crowns out of the alveolar crypt. The permanent dental developments of five juvenile mandibles are observed and analyzed via radiograph. Using such records as the stages of crown and root formation, location of the crown occlusion relative to the alveolar margin, and wear degrees of the erupted teeth, the eruption sequence of the mandibular permanent teeth of Lufengpithecus lufengensis is reasonably derived as M1 I1 I2 M2 P3 P4 C M3. This order is seen to differ very markedly from that in modern humans, and to be similar to that in apes.

Study on relationship between historical volcanic eruptions and historical strong earthquakes in China and its adjacent regions

This thesis lists and describes 6 pairs of tectonic events, i.e ., historical volcanic eruptions associated with historical strong earthquakes, based on the analysis for the records of historical volcanic eruptions and historical strong earthquakes in China and its adjacent region since the first record. And discusses the relationship between historical eruptions and strong earthquakes by means of analyzing the characteristics of tectonic events themselves, plate movement, regional seismicity, and regional stress environment in China and its adjacent region.