Fundamental Theories of Spatial Similarity Relations in Multi-scale Map Spaces

Similarity relation is one of the spatial relations in the community of geographic information science and cartography.It is widely used in the retrieval of spatial databases, the recognition of spatial objects from images, and the description of spatial features on maps.However, little achievements have been made for it by far.In this paper, spatial similarity relation was put forward with the introduction of automated map generalization in the construction of multi-scale map databases;then the definition of spatial similarity relations was presented based on set theory, the concept of spatial similarity degree was given, and the characteristics of spatial similarity were discussed in detail, in-cluding reflexivity, symmetry, non-transitivity, self-similarity in multi-scale spaces, and scale-dependence.Finally a classification system for spatial similarity relations in multi-scale map spaces was addressed.This research may be useful to automated map generalization, spatial similarity retrieval and spatial reasoning.

BARN:Behavior-Aware Relation Network for multi-label behavior detection in socially housed macaques

Quantification of behaviors in macaques provides crucial support for various scientific disciplines,including pharmacology,neuroscience,and ethology.Despite recent advancements in the analysis of macaque behavior,research on multi-label behavior detection in socially housed macaques,including consideration of interactions among them,remains scarce.Given the lack of relevant approaches and datasets,we developed the Behavior-Aware Relation Network(BARN)for multi-label behavior detection of socially housed macaques.Our approach models the relationship of behavioral similarity between macaques,guided by a behavior-aware module and novel behavior classifier,which is suitable for multi-label classification.We also constructed a behavior dataset of rhesus macaques using ordinary RGB cameras mounted outside their cages.The dataset included 65?913 labels for19 behaviors and 60?367 proposals,including identities and locations of the macaques.Experimental results showed that BARN significantly improved the baseline SlowFast network and outperformed existing relation networks.In conclusion,we successfully achieved multilabel behavior detection of socially housed macaques with both economic efficiency and high accuracy.

TAR~*:an improved process similarity measure based on unfolding of Petri nets

Determining the similarity degree between process models was very important for their management,reuse,and analysis.Current approaches either focused on process model's structural aspect,or had inefficiency or imprecision in behavioral similarity.Aiming at these problems,a novel similarity measure which extended an existing method named Transition Adjacent Relation(TAR) with improved precision and efficiency named TAR * was proposed.The ability of measuring similarity was extended by eliminating the duplicate tasks without impacting the behaviors.For precision,TARs was classified into repeatable and unrepeatable ones to identify whether a TAR was involved in a loop.Two new kinds of TARs were added,one related to the invisible tasks after the source place and before sink place,and the other representing implicit dependencies.For efficiency,all TARs based on unfolding instead of its reach ability graph of a labeled Petri net were calculated to avoid state space explosion.Experiments on artificial and real-world process models showed the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method.

Formula for calculating spatial similarity degrees between point clouds on multi-scale maps taking map scale change as the only independent variable

The degree of spatial similarity plays an important role in map generalization, yet there has been no quantitative research into it. To fill this gap, this study first defines map scale change and spatial similarity degree/relation in multi-scale map spaces and then proposes a model for calculating the degree of spatial similarity between a point cloud at one scale and its gener- alized counterpart at another scale. After validation, the new model features 16 points with map scale change as the x coordinate and the degree of spatial similarity as the y coordinate. Finally, using an application for curve fitting, the model achieves an empirical formula that can calculate the degree of spatial similarity using map scale change as the sole independent variable, and vice versa. This formula can be used to automate algorithms for point feature generalization and to determine when to terminate them during the generalization.

Similarity measure on intuitionistic fuzzy sets

Study of fuzzy entropy and similarity measure on intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFSs) was proposed and analyzed. Unlike fuzzy set, IFSs contain uncertainty named hesitance, which is contained in fuzzy membership function itself. Hence, designing fuzzy entropy is not easy because of many entropy definitions. By considering different fuzzy entropy definitions, fuzzy entropy on IFSs is designed and discussed. Similarity measure was also presented and its usefulness was verified to evaluate degree of similarity.

Design of similarity measure for discrete data and application to multi-dimension

Similarity measure design for discrete data group was proposed. Similarity measure design for continuous membership function was also carried out. Proposed similarity measures were designed based on fuzzy number and distance measure, and were proved. To calculate the degree of similarity of discrete data, relative degree between data and total distribution was obtained. Discrete data similarity measure was completed with combination of mentioned relative degrees. Power interconnected system with multi characteristics was considered to apply discrete similarity measure. Naturally, similarity measure was extended to multi-dimensional similarity measure case, and applied to bus clustering problem.

Einstein’s Dark Energy via Similarity Equivalence, ‘tHooft Dimensional Regularization and Lie Symmetry Groups

Realizing the physical reality of ‘tHooft’s self similar and dimensionaly regularized fractal-like spacetime as well as being inspired by a note worthy anecdote involving the great mathematician of Alexandria, Pythagoras and the larger than life man of theoretical physics Einstein, we utilize some deep mathematical connections between equivalence classes of equivalence relations and E-infinity theory quotient space. We started from the basic principles of self similarity which came to prominence in science with the advent of the modern theory of nonlinear dynamical systems, deterministic chaos and fractals. This fundamental logico-mathematical thread related to partially ordered sets is then applied to show how the classical Newton’s kinetic energy E = 1/2mv2 leads to Einstein’s celebrated maximal energy equation E = mc2 and how in turn this can be dissected into the ordinary energy density E(O) = mc2/22 and the dark energy density E(D) = mc2(21/22) of the cosmos where m is the mass;v is the velocity and c is the speed of light. The important role of the exceptional Lie symmetry groups and ‘tHooft-Veltman-Wilson dimensional regularization in fractal spacetime played in the above is also highlighted. The author hopes that the unusual character of the analysis and presentation of the present work may be taken in a positive vein as seriously attempting to propose a different and new way of doing theoretical physics by treating number theory, set theory, group theory, experimental physics as well as conventional theoretical physics on the same footing and letting all these diverse tools lead us to the answer of fundamental questions without fear of being labelled in one way or another.

On Similarities and Differences between Relative Pronouns in Relative Clauses

This paper,in two installments,attempts to clarify the finer points in the similarities and differences in the usage of relative pronouns,who,that and which,while they are in relative clauses.They are illustrated and justified with examples.The paper,through the comparison of the usages of who,that and which,has shown their similarities and differences from one another.It will enable us to master their usages and help us in studying relative clauses.

A Similarity Based Fuzzy System as a Function Approximator

In this paper, an attempt is made to prove that some similarity based fuzzy systems can be found to behave as function approximators. A typical similarity based fuzzy system is proposed and its behaviour is shown to have the said property. It elucidates the connection between similarity relation and similarity measure of fuzzy sets to fuzzy inference methodology. The concept of similarity relation is used in fuzzification of crisp input values. Similarity index is used in measuring approximate equality of fuzzy sets over a given universe of discourse of a linguistic variable. The similarity between the observation(s) and the antecedent of a rule is used in selecting rule(s) for possible firing and also in modifying the relation between the antecedent and consequent of the rule based on the specific observation. Inference is drawn through the usual composition and subsequently by projecting the modified fuzzy restriction acting on the variables of interest on the universe of the linguistic variable in the consequent of the rule. A specificity based defuzzification scheme is proposed for multiple-rule firing. It has been proved systematically that such a similarity based fuzzy system can uniformly approximate continuous functions to any desired degree of accuracy on a closed and bounded interval. Simulation results are presented for the well-known dc-motor problem. A comparative study is made to establish the validity and efficiency of the proposed similarity based fuzzy system.

Similarity comprehensive evaluation of humanoid robot arm motion

A suitable comprehensive evaluation method for similarity comprehensive evaluation of humanoid motion(mainly to robotic arm) is proposed.For different robotic arms, a static comprehensive evaluation model is established by projection pursuit evaluation based on indexes of humanoid robot arm motion in robotics and ergonomics field. Based on projection pursuit evaluation with timing information entropy and time degrees, a dynamic comprehensive evaluation method is proposed by linear weighting to each time's static model's indexes weight according to timing weighted vectors. Through comparing similarity comprehensive evaluation result based on static and dynamic comprehensive evaluation model, the results show that similarity based on dynamic comprehensive evaluation model is high. By comparing reliability, similarity and dispersion of static and dynamic comprehensive evaluation models, the results show that dynamic comprehensive evaluation result has better accuracy, stability and lower dispersion, and the result is more reasonable and real. Therefore, the dynamic comprehensive evaluation method proposed in this paper is more suitable for similarity comprehensive evaluation of humanoid robot arm motion.

Text duplication of papers in four medical related fields

Purpose:To reveal the typical features of text duplication in papers from four medical fields:basic medicine,health management,pharmacology and pharmacy,and public health and preventive medicine.To analyze the reasons for duplication and provide suggestions for the management of medical academic misconduct.Design/methodology/approach:In total,2,469 representative Chinese journal papers were included in our research,which were submitted by researchers in 2020 and 2021.A plagiarism check was carried out using the Academic Misconduct Literature Check System(AMLC).We generated a corrected similarity index based on the AMLC general similarity index for further analysis.We compared the similarity indices of papers in four medical fields and revealed their trends over time;differences in similarity index between review and research articles were also analyzed according to the different fields.Further analysis of 143 papers suspected of plagiarism was also performed from the perspective of sections containing duplication and according to the field of research.Findings:Papers in the field of pharmacology and pharmacy had the highest similarity index(8.67±5.92%),which was significantly higher than that in other fields,except health management.The similarity index of review articles(9.77±10.28%)was significantly higher than that of research articles(7.41±6.26%).In total,143 papers were suspected of plagiarism(5.80%)with similarity indices≥15%;most were papers on health management(78,54.55%),followed by public health and preventive medicine(38,26.58%);90.21%of the 143 papers had duplication in multiple sections,while only 9.79%had duplication in a single section.The distribution of sections with duplication varied among different fields;papers in pharmacology and pharmacy were more likely to have duplication in the data/methods and introduction/background sections,however,papers in health management were more likely to contain duplication in the introduction/background or results/discussion sections.Different structures for papers in different fields may have caused these differences.Research limitations:There were three limitations to our research.Firstly,we observed that a small number of papers have been checked early.It is unknown who conducted the plagiarism check as this can be included in other evaluations,such as applications for Science and technology projects or awards.If the authors carried out the check,text with high similarity indices may have been excluded before submission,meaning the similarity index in our research may have been lower than the original value.Secondly,there were only four medical fields included in our research.Additional analysis on a wider scale is required in the future.Thirdly,only a general similarity index was calculated in our study;other similarity indices were not tested.Practical implications:A comprehensive analysis of similarity indices in four medical fields was performed.We made several recommendations for the supervision of medical academic misconduct and the formation of criteria for defining suspected plagiarism for medical papers,as well as for the improved accuracy of text duplication checks.Originality/value:We quantified the differences between the AMLC general similarity index and the corrected index,described the situation around text duplication and plagiarism in papers from four medical fields,and revealed differences in similarity indices between different article types.We also revealed differences in the sections containing duplication for papers with suspected plagiarism among different fields.

基于TOPSIS和GRA的信息安全风险评估

信息安全风险评估是一项非常重要的信息安全保障活动.依据信息安全相关标准,可从资产、威胁和脆弱性3方面识别出重要的风险因素,并确定相应的信息安全风险评估指标.参考等保2.0确定风险评估指标是一种可行的方法.在进行信息安全风险评估时,采用熵权法进行客观的指标赋权,并结合优劣解距离法(technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution,TOPSIS)和灰色关联分析(grey relational analysis,GRA)进行综合评估.实例分析表明,依据信息熵进行客观赋权相对减少了主观因素的影响;基于TOPSIS和GRA进行信息安全风险评估,综合被评价对象整体因素和内部因素,较有效地将多项信息安全风险评估指标综合成单一评分,便于对多个被评对象进行信息安全风险的择优与排序.

一测多评法测定法制半夏曲中11种成分含量及其GRA、EW-TOPSIS质量评价

目的采用一测多评(QAMS)法同时测定法制半夏曲中肌苷、鸟苷、腺苷等11种成分含量,并建立其灰色关联度分析(GRA)联合熵权逼近理想解排序分析法(EW-TOPSIS)综合质量评价方法。方法采用Shimadzu C 18色谱柱;乙腈-0.5%醋酸为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL·min-1;检测波长254和290 nm。以对甲氧基肉桂酸乙酯为内参比物质,计算其他10个成分的相对校正因子(RCF),测定各成分含量。采用GRA联合EW-TOPSIS模型对法制半夏曲进行综合质量评价。结果法制半夏曲中11种成分在一定浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均>0.999;平均加样回收率96.94%~100.12%(RSD<2.0%,n=9);QAMS与外标法(ESM)实测值无明显差异。GRA模型相对关联度0.2903~0.6187,EW-TOPSIS模型相对接近度0.2114~0.6343;GRA和EW-TOPSIS模型综合评价结果基本一致。结论QAMS法便捷、准确,可用于法制半夏曲多指标成分定量控制,GRA联合EW-TOPSIS模型可用于法制半夏曲综合质量评价。

基于直觉模糊相似关系的三支决策模型

针对一些直觉模糊相似关系使直觉模糊集中对象间的相似度过于集中或者相异度过高,导致不合理的分类结果的问题,以及在构造直觉模糊相似关系时,对象间的相似度和相异度容易受到不重要属性条件信息影响的问题,本文在直觉模糊集和可能性理论基础上,提出一种基于直觉模糊相似关系的三支决策模型。首先,给出可能性测度和必要性测度的定义,结合Hausdorff度量,构造一种距离公式,并证明其性质,定义了直觉模糊集中对象间的相似度和相异度,构造了新的直觉模糊相似关系;然后定义了直觉模糊相似关系下的(λ_(1),λ_(2))-截集及其直觉模糊(λ_(1),λ_(2))-截集下的相似类,并进一步求出目标集的正域、负域和边界域;最后通过UCI数据集和实例验证了该模型的合理性和有效性。

多层次权重优化的远程监督关系抽取模型

针对目前基于远程监督的关系抽取方法存在句袋权重分配不合理和关系抽取模型对句子关键特征提取不充分的问题,该文提出了一种多层次权重优化的远程监督关系抽取模型。在句袋层面,通过构建编解码网络获取句子的表征向量并对句袋进行重构,使得句袋划分更加均衡;在句子层面,采用依赖路径注意力机制,增加模型对关键词的权重,提高关键特征的提取能力。模型在公共数据集NYT上的平均准确率达到79%,与有竞争力的主流方法相比有大约3%的提升,表明模型能够通过不同层次的权重优化降低噪声数据对模型的影响,从而提高关系抽取任务的准确率。

面向紧邻关系重发现的事件日志采样方法及其应用

事件日志采样作为近年来流程挖掘领域一个新的研究热点,旨在提高流程挖掘任务的效率,如模型发现、合规性检查、流程预测等。然而目前已有的采样方法不能很好地保证挖掘模型的质量,且针对大规模事件日志的采样效率低。任务紧邻关系作为事件日志中行为描述的基本单元,在各类流程挖掘任务中起到了关键作用。鉴于此,提出了一个通用的面向紧邻关系重发现的事件日志采样方法,该方法可保证紧邻关系的重发现性。为了验证该采样方法的有效性,将其应用于提高已有模型挖掘算法的效率,为了对挖掘模型质量定量评估,提出了基于流程树的模型相似度方法。所提出的采样方法已在开源流程挖掘工具平台ProM6和PM4PY实现,基于12个公开事件日志数据集,将所提出的面向紧邻关系重发现的采样方法与已有方法从模型挖掘质量方面进行了定量比较,实验结果表明所提方法可以在保证模型质量的前提下,大幅提高模型发现效率。

投标文件相似性检测模型研究

近年来,随着工程交易规模扩大,招投标机制得到了广泛的发展和应用。但同时也带来了一系列问题,围标、串标等行为日渐突出,这不仅扰乱了公平竞争的招投标秩序,也损害了社会公众的利益。加强对这些腐败行为的检测和监管,构建公平透明的招投标市场环境,是社会发展和行业进步的必然趋势。在已有研究的基础上,通过对投标文件特征的分析,结合定性和定量的方法开展相似性研究,构建了投标文件相似性检测指标和算法模型。该模型能够全面地评估投标文件之间的相似程度,以此识别围标串标行为,同时本文基于该模型对相关投标数据进行分析,并针对投标过程中的围串标等行为提出一些监管和检测建议。

表面相似性与呈现方式对关系类比推理的影响:匹配物效应

关系类比推理是将一种情境中的某种关系推导至另一种情境中的过程,被试由“源问题”中隐含的某种结构关系映射到“靶问题”中也存在这种关系,即进行了关系类比推理。本研究采用图片匹配范式,通过两个实验考察了表面相似性与呈现方式对关系类比推理的影响,其中实验1探讨“源问题”和“靶问题”存在相同匹配物的情景,实验2探讨无相同匹配物的情景。实验1结果发现,同时呈现方式更有利于关系推理,低表面相似性更有利于关系推理;实验2发现,虽然同时呈现方式仍利于关系推理,但高表面相似性反而更利于关系推理。两个实验的对比分析揭示了一种“匹配物效应”:有相同匹配物情景下,低表面相似性比高表面相似性做出了更多的关系推理,而无相同匹配物情景下则出现了相反的结果。根据这些结果,讨论了“积极脑”的理论解释。

改进高斯云模型及其在装备保障体系能力评估中的应用

针对云模型在评估方法使用过程容易出现雾化特性差、评估结果不能直接使用的问题,提出一种改进的高斯云模型。该模型针对相同指标的专家评估结果,利用相似关系矩阵对专家进行聚类并赋权,求解每类专家的评估高斯云模型,并将其与权重结合形成该评估指标的评估云模型;综合所有指标的评估云模型形成综合评估云;将综合评估云与云标尺进行比对得出评估结果。运用该方法对装备保障体系能力进行评估,并与传统云模型所得评估结果进行对比,证明了改进高斯云模型的可行性和有效性,为其在评估方法中的运用提供参考。

混合信息系统中基于邻域粗糙集的双评价三支聚类算法

三支聚类将不确定性高的样本置于边界域,可有效解决由数据的不确定性带来的误决策问题,因此具有良好的聚类性能.为了在混合信息系统中更合理地刻画样本间的相似性和存在的不确定性,本文提出了一种基于邻域粗糙集的双评价三支聚类算法.首先,在混合信息系统中建立广义邻域关系,并分别从样本间相似属性个数和样本间距离两个角度来建立样本间相似性的两个评价函数.然后,通过引入基于双评价函数的三支决策规则,处理了广义邻域关系下样本间的相似性和存在的不确定性.最终在混合信息系统中建立了基于广义邻域关系的双评价三支聚类模型.在UCI数据集上的实验结果证明,与已有三支聚类算法相比,本文的算法在F1-score和兰德系数上都具有较好的聚类表现.