A Study of EM Algorithm as an Imputation Method: A Model-Based Simulation Study with Application to a Synthetic Compositional Data

Compositional data, such as relative information, is a crucial aspect of machine learning and other related fields. It is typically recorded as closed data or sums to a constant, like 100%. The statistical linear model is the most used technique for identifying hidden relationships between underlying random variables of interest. However, data quality is a significant challenge in machine learning, especially when missing data is present. The linear regression model is a commonly used statistical modeling technique used in various applications to find relationships between variables of interest. When estimating linear regression parameters which are useful for things like future prediction and partial effects analysis of independent variables, maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) is the method of choice. However, many datasets contain missing observations, which can lead to costly and time-consuming data recovery. To address this issue, the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm has been suggested as a solution for situations including missing data. The EM algorithm repeatedly finds the best estimates of parameters in statistical models that depend on variables or data that have not been observed. This is called maximum likelihood or maximum a posteriori (MAP). Using the present estimate as input, the expectation (E) step constructs a log-likelihood function. Finding the parameters that maximize the anticipated log-likelihood, as determined in the E step, is the job of the maximization (M) phase. This study looked at how well the EM algorithm worked on a made-up compositional dataset with missing observations. It used both the robust least square version and ordinary least square regression techniques. The efficacy of the EM algorithm was compared with two alternative imputation techniques, k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) and mean imputation (), in terms of Aitchison distances and covariance.

Developing a highly scalable synthetic strategy for 5-amino-4-nitrobenzo[1,2-c:3,4-c']bis([1,2,5]oxadiazole)1,b-dioxide(CL-18)and investigating the influence of crystal engineering and positional isomerization on its safety and laser ignition performance

5-amino-4-nitrobenzo[1,2-c:3,4-c']bis([1,2,5]oxadiazole)1,6-dioxide(CL-18)exhibits significant potential as an initiating explosive.However,its current synthesis process remains non-scalable due to low yields and safety risks.In this study,we have developed a simple and safe synthetic route for CL-18.It was synthesized from 3,5-dihaloanisole in a four-step reaction with an overall yield exceeding 60%,surpassing all reported yields in the literature.Subsequently,recrystallization of CL-18 was successfully achieved by carefully selecting appropriate solvents and antisolvents to reduce its mechanical sensitivity.Ultimately,when DMF-ethanol was employed as the recrystallization solvent system,satisfactory product yield(>90%)and reduced mechanical sensitivity(IS=15 J;FS=216 N)were obtained.Additionally,CL-18 is derived from the rearrangement of oxygen atoms on i-CL-18 furoxan,and a comparative analysis of their physicochemical properties was conducted.The thermal stability of both compounds is similar,with onset decomposition temperatures recorded at 186 and 182℃respectively.Similarly,they exhibit 5 s breaking point temperatures of 236 and 237℃.Additionally,we present novel insights into the positional-isomerization-laser-ignition performance of CL-18 and its isomer i-CL-18 using laser irradiation for the first time.Remarkably,our findings demonstrate that i-CL-18 exhibits enhanced laser sensitivity,as it can be directly ignited by a 1064 nm wavelength laser,whereas CL-18 lacks this characteristic.

Exploration on Teaching Reform of Synthetic Biology Course Based on the New Engineering Concept

Synthetic biology is a new frontier of life science,which aims to design,transform and even synthesize organisms with engineering design concept.Doing a good job in the teaching of"synthetic biology"is of great significance to the cultivation and reserve of biotechnology professionals in China,and also has an important impact on students' employment competitiveness.Under the background of"new engineering",the course reform of"synthetic biology"was carried out in terms of the construction of teaching staff,teaching methods,students' participation and the innovation of course content,and specific reform suggestions were put forward,hoping to effectively promote the sustainable development of"synthetic biology"and effectively improve the quality of education.

A synthetic differencein-differences model for the influence of CR Express on Chongqing's economy

Purpose-The China-Europe Railway Express(CR Express)in Chongqing has operated regularly and undergone large-scale development.Its impact on Chongqing's economic growth has become increasingly evident,necessitating further research in this field.Design/methodology/approach-This study employs the opening of CR Express as a quasi-natural experiment,designating Chongqing,which inaugurated the CR Express in 2011,as the treatment group.13 provinces and cities that had not yet opened the CR Express until 2017 were selected as the control group.Utilizing panel data from 14 provinces across China spanning from 2006 to 2017,the synthetic control method(SCM)is employed to synthetically construct Chongqing.To quantify the difference in economic development levels between Chongqing with the operation of the CR express and Chongqing without its operation.Key metrics such as gross domestic product(GDP),per capita GDP,total retail sales of consumer goods,import and export value and the proportions of the secondary and tertiary industries are employed to measure urban economic development capabilities.Chongqing is designated as the experimental group,and a double-difference model is constructed to regress the operation of the CR Express against economic development capabilities.Robustness tests are conducted to validate the analytical results.Findings-The results indicate that,compared to provinces without the operation of the CR Express,the initiation of the CR Express in Chongqing significantly enhances the economic development level of the city.The opening of the CR Express exhibits a pronounced positive impact on Chongqing's economic development,and these findings remain robust and effective even after parallel trend tests and placebo tests.Originalitylvalue-The study represents an expansion of the theoretical framework.In contrast to previous studies that relied on a single indicator such as GDP,this study selects six indicators from the dimensions of economy,trade and industry to measure regional economic development capabilities.Furthermore,employing the grey relational analysis method,the study screens these indicators,thereby providing a theoretical basis for the selection of indicators for measuring regional economic development capabilities.

2D MXenes as Co-catalysts in Photocatalysis:Synthetic Methods

Since their seminal discovery in 2011,two-dimensional(2D)transition metal carbides/nitrides known as MXenes,that constitute a large family of 2D materials,have been targeted toward various applications due to their outstanding electronic properties.MXenes functioning as co-catalyst in combination with certain photocatalysts have been applied in photocatalytic systems to enhance photogenerated charge separation,suppress rapid charge recombination,and convert solar energy into chemical energy or use it in the degradation of organic compounds.The photocatalytic performance greatly depends on the composition and morphology of the photocatalyst,which,in turn,are determined by the method of preparation used.Here,we review the four different synthesis methods(mechanical mixing,self-assembly,in situ decoration,and oxidation)reported for MXenes in view of their application as co-catalyst in photocatalysis.In addition,the working mechanism for MXenes application in photocatalysis is discussed and an outlook for future research is also provided.

Theory and Method of Mineral Resource Prediction Based on Synthetic Information

Metallogenic prognosis of synthetic information uses the geological body and the mineral resource body as a statistical unit to interpret synthetically the information of geology, geophysics, geochemistry and remote sensing from the evolution of geology and puts all the information into one entire system by drawing up digitalized interpretation maps of the synthetic information. On such basis, different grades and types of mineral resource prospecting models and predictive models of synthetic information can be established. Hence, a new integrated prediction system will be formed of metallogenic prognosis (qualitative prediction), mineral resources statistic prediction (determining targets) and mineral resources prediction (determining resources amount).

Application of simple array method in one-way traffic synthetic asessment

One-Way Traffic synthetic assessing can not only determine the assessment method, but can also provide an opportunity for further study of road systems. Comparing three Road Traffic Planning methods, which are Value Analysis method, Simple Array method and Step Analysis method, this paper concludes that Simple Array method has one prominent merit, avoiding the complicated relationship of various factors and simplifying the complex problem. Therefore Simple Array method is firstly presented in this paper to be the assessing measure to assess the One-Way Traffic Planning project. Although this assessing method cannot wholly give way to man’s will, through consistently testing on qualitative factors and with the decision-making results of a multi-program, this method is still an effective method. Using an example of Harbin One-Way Traffic planning, with seven assessing indexes including economic benefit index, Simple Array method is applied to synthetically assessing the program. This fully reflects the general function of One-Way Traffic planning program and objectively evaluates the program. It also proves that, as the method of One-Way Traffic synthetic assessing, Simple Array method is rational and practical.

Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation Model for Smart Washing Machine

Generally fuzzy control system (FCS) is worked in washing machine. For the fuzzy set theory, membership functions are the building blocks. In a fuzzy set, fuzziness is determined by its membership functions. The shapes of membership functions are important, because it has an effect on fuzzy inference system. The shapes of membership functions can be triangular, trapezoidal and gaussian. The most widely used triangular membership function is used in this paper, because it can capture the short time period. In washing machine, open loop control system is found. This paper applies a fuzzy synthetic evaluation method (FSEM) for washing cloth in washing machine as FSEM can handle the multiple criteria with the help of evaluation matrix generated from membership function and weight matrix generated by Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The purpose of this research is to minimize the wash time. By applying FSEM, we get a wash time which is less than that wash time got from applying the Mamdani approach in FCS. An example is given for illustration. For more reduction of wash time, statistical averaging method is also used. To reduce the wash time, statistical averaging method can be used in Mamdani approach also.

An empirical method for joint inversion of wave and wind parameters based on SAR and wave spectrometer data

Synthetic aperture radar(SAR)and wave spectrometers,crucial in microwave remote sensing,play an essential role in monitoring sea surface wind and wave conditions.However,they face inherent limitations in observing sea surface phenomena.SAR systems,for instance,are hindered by an azimuth cut-off phenomenon in sea surface wind field observation.Wave spectrometers,while unaffected by the azimuth cutoff phenomenon,struggle with low azimuth resolution,impacting the capture of detailed wave and wind field data.This study utilizes SAR and surface wave investigation and monitoring(SWIM)data to initially extract key feature parameters,which are then prioritized using the extreme gradient boosting(XGBoost)algorithm.The research further addresses feature collinearity through a combined analysis of feature importance and correlation,leading to the development of an inversion model for wave and wind parameters based on XGBoost.A comparative analysis of this model with ERA5 reanalysis and buoy data for of significant wave height,mean wave period,wind direction,and wind speed reveals root mean square errors of 0.212 m,0.525 s,27.446°,and 1.092 m/s,compared to 0.314 m,0.888 s,27.698°,and 1.315 m/s from buoy data,respectively.These results demonstrate the model’s effective retrieval of wave and wind parameters.Finally,the model,incorporating altimeter and scatterometer data,is evaluated against SAR/SWIM single and dual payload inversion methods across different wind speeds.This comparison highlights the model’s superior inversion accuracy over other methods.

Analysis and Application of the Synthetic Relative Measuring Method in On-Line Monitoring for Capacitive Equipment in Power Systems

On-line measurement for dielectric loss angle can effectively monitor the insulation condition of capacitive equipment in power systems. Synthetic relative measuring methods not only markedly overcome the shortcomings of traditional absolute measuring methods but also greatly improve the accuracy of dielectric loss angle measurement. However, synthetic relative measuring methods based on two or three pieces of capacitive equipment do not have the characteristic of generality. In this paper, a principle of synthetic relative measuring method is presented. The example of application for synthetic relative methods based on three and four pieces of capacitive equipment running in the same phase is taken to present the failure judgment matrices for N pieces of equipment. According to these matrices, the fault condition of N pieces of capacitive equipment can be watched, which is more general. Then some problems needing to be concerned along with two diagnostic methods used in diagnostic system are introduced. Finally, two programmable flow charts for the two methods are given and corresponding examples demonstrate their feasibility in practice.

Assessment of Effects of Green Construction by Analytic Hierarchy Process and Fuzzy Synthetic Judgment Method

The index system, code system, and weights of indexes are established to assess the effects of green construction. The index system consists of index level, factor level and sub-factor level. The analytic hierarchy process is used to determine the weights of indexes, and the consistency test indicate that the weight assignment is reasonable. Using fuzzy synthetic judgment method, the assessment model is built, which includes factor set, weight set and conclusion set. An example is given to demonstrate the assessment procedures.

Method of Monitoring Three-dimensional Mining Surface Deformation Based on InSAR

In order to solve the problems of small monitoring range,long time and high cost of existing sedimentation observation methods,based on two-view sentinel No.1 radar images of Guqiao mining area in Huainan City from November 4,2017 to November 28,2017,surface change information was obtained in combination with D-InSAR,and the three-dimensional surface deformation was monitored by two-pass method and single line of sight D-InSAR method.The results show that during the research period of 24 d,the maximum deformation of the mining area reached 71 mm,and the southern subsidence was the most obvious,which was in line with the mining subsidence law.The maximum displacement from the north to the south was about 250 mm,while the maximum displacement from the east to the west was about 80 mm,and the maximum subsidence in the center was 110 mm.It is concluded that D-InSAR technique has a good effect on the inversion of the mining subsidence,and this method is suitable for three-dimensional surface monitoring in areas with similar geological conditions.The monitoring results have certain reference value.

NEW SYNTHETIC METHOD OF 4,4'-OXYBIS(BENZOIC ACID)AND ITS APPLICATION IN POLYESTER

4,4'-Oxybis(benzoic acid)(Ⅰ)is an important monomer for making synthetic resin,heat resistant film and liquid crystal fiber,etc.It has been synthesized either by the oxidation of 4,4'-dimethyl diphenyl ether,or by the electrophilic substitution of diphenyl ether,these substituents introduced into the benzene ring can be further transformed into carboxylic groups.Diphenyl ethers are usually prepared from phenols and halobenzenes through Ullmann resction.Due to the high reaction temerature(usually above 200℃),long time heating and the formation of isomers,it is difficult to obtain pure products in high yields.

A Mo LC+Mo M-based G^0 distribution parameter estimation method with application to synthetic aperture radar target detection

The accuracy of background clutter model is a key factor which determines the performance of a constant false alarm rate(CFAR) target detection method. G0 distribution is one of the optimal statistic models in the synthetic aperture radar(SAR) image background clutter modeling and can accurately model various complex background clutters in the SAR images. But the application of the distribution is greatly limited by its disadvantages that the parameter estimation is complex and the local detection threshold is difficult to be obtained. In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, an synthetic aperture radar CFAR target detection method using the logarithmic cumulant(Mo LC) + method of moment(Mo M)-based G0 distribution clutter model is proposed. In the method, G0 distribution is used for modeling the background clutters, a new Mo LC+Mo M-based parameter estimation method coupled with a fast iterative algorithm is used for estimating the parameters of G0 distribution and an exquisite dichotomy method is used for obtaining the local detection threshold of CFAR detection, which greatly improves the computational efficiency, detection performance and environmental adaptability of CFAR detection. Experimental results show that the proposed SAR CFAR target detection method has good target detection performance in various complex background clutter environments.

The Application of Synthetic Fuzzy Assessing Method in Measurement and Control System of Plating Solution Evaporator

The synthetic fuzzy assessing method is usually applied to sensory evaluation. The method has simple and reliable virtue, and it is consistent with objective evaluation results. Using this method, system status of plating solution evaporator is evaluated, and the result is applied to compensate a fuzzy controller. Experimental results have shown the correctness and the validity of the proposed approach.

A NOVEL SYNTHETIC METHOD AND STRUCTURE OF TETRAKIS(BENZOATE)BIS(TRIPHENYLPHOSPHINE OXIDE)DICOPPER(II).OXIDATIVE ADDITION OF DIBENZOYL ON METALLIC COPPER

Dibenzoyl peroxide undergoes oxidative addition on metallic copper with triphenylphosphine in a mixed solvent(acetone,dichloromethane and trichloromethane),and affords the binuclear copper complex (Cu(C_6H_5COO)_2(OPPh_3))_2.Crystals are monoclinic,space group A_2/a,with cell parameters,a=24.337(3),b=10.566(1),c=21.579(2),β= 93.18(1)°, V=5540(1)~3,Z=4,R=0.042,and Rw=0.044 for 5872 observed reflections. Each copper ion is coordinated by four bridging benzoato ligands and one triphenylphosphine oxide group to form binuclear complexes.

Study on the Method of Short-Term Synthetic Earthquake Prediction in the North China Region

Based on the extraction and calculation of the short-term seismic precursory information magnitude from the 114 major precursory observations in the North China region, and together with consideration of factors such as geological structure, seismicity, crustal thickness, and in particular, the current geodynamics of the region, the authors studied the time-space evolution characteristics of the short-term earthquake precursory information magnitude and its relationship with earthquakes and proposed the index and method for the short-term synthetic prediction of earthquakes with M S≥5.0 in the North China region. The inspection through R-value shows that the method is effective to a certain extent for earthquake prediction.

An Advanced Simple Method for Generating Synthetic Average Instant Hourly Solar Energy

The main objective of this study is to generate accurate synthetic hourly solar radiation data by using an easily accessible open source data.In this regard,a new approach is proposed for estimation of synthetic hourly global solar radiation during the day by utilizing only annual solar energy data.First time in literature,a model has been developed for prediction hourly and daily solar radiation based on annual solar energy parameter in this study.Parameters of the model were generated and tested for Turkey and one of them was presented as a case study within this paper.Long term measured hourly horizontal solar irradiance data from a network of Turkish meteorological stations was used to calibrate the model function.The predictions are compared with the solar data available in literature for Turkey.The advanced simple new model is utilized in open source computer program and has the potential to be adapted to other countries.

PHASE AUTOFOCUSING ALGORITHM FOR COMPRESSED INVERSE SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR IMAGING

As same as the conventional inverse synthetic aperture radar（ISAR）, the compressed ISAR also requires the echo signal based motion compensation, which consists of the range alignment and the phase autofoeusing. A phase autofocusing algorithm for compressed ISAR imaging is presented. In the algorithm, phase autofocusing for the sparse ISAR echoes is accomplished using the eigenvector method. Experimental results validate the effectiveness of the algorithm.

Research on 3D marine electromagnetic interferometry with synthetic sources for suppressing the airwave interference

In order to suppress the airwave noise in marine controlled-source electromagnetic （CSEM） data, we propose a 3D deconvolution （3DD） interferometry method with a synthetic aperture source and obtain the relative anomaly coefficient （RAC） of the EM field reflection responses to show the degree for suppressing the airwave. We analyze the potential of the proposed method for suppressing the airwave, and compare the proposed method with traditional methods in their effectiveness. A method to select synthetic source length is derived and the effect of the water depth on RAC is examined via numerical simulations. The results suggest that 3DD interferometry method with a synthetic source can effectively suppress the airwave and enhance the potential of marine CSEM to hydrocarbon exploration.