Does non-transitivity in information theory have an analog in thermodynamics? A non-transitive game, “Swap”, is used as a toy thermodynamic model to explore concepts such as temperature, heat flow, equilibrium and e...Does non-transitivity in information theory have an analog in thermodynamics? A non-transitive game, “Swap”, is used as a toy thermodynamic model to explore concepts such as temperature, heat flow, equilibrium and entropy. These concepts, found to be inadequate for non-transitive thermodynamic, need to be generalized. Two kinds of temperatures, statistical and kinetic, are distinguished. Statistical temperature is a parameter in statistical distributions. Kinetic temperature is proportional to the expected kinetic energy based on its distribution. Identical for Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics, these temperatures differ in non-Maxwellian statistics when a force is present. Fourier’s law of conduction and entropy should be expressed using statistical temperature, not kinetic temperature. Kinetic temperature is always scalar but statistical temperature and statistical entropy in non-transitive systems have circulation, thereby allowing continuous and circular heat flow. Entropy is relative to underlying statistics, in analogy to the Kullback-Leibler divergence in information theory. The H-theorem, limited by assumptions of homogeneity and indistinguishability, only covers statistically homogeneous systems. The theorem does not cover non-transitive, statistically heterogeneous systems combining different distributions such as Maxwell-Boltzmann, biased half-Maxwell-Boltzmann, Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein. The second law can be preserved if generalized by expressing it in terms of statistical temperature and statistical entropy.展开更多
A new Shear Stress Transport(SST)k-ω model is devised to integrate salient features of both the non-transitional SST k-ω model and correlation-based γ-Re_(θ) transition model.An exceptionally simplified approach i...A new Shear Stress Transport(SST)k-ω model is devised to integrate salient features of both the non-transitional SST k-ω model and correlation-based γ-Re_(θ) transition model.An exceptionally simplified approach is applied to extend the New SST(NSST)model capabilities toward transition/non-transition predictions.Bradshaw’s stress-intensity factor R_(b)=|-uv|/k can be parameterized with the wall-distance dependent Reynolds number Re_(y)=√ky/v;however,as the Re_(y)is replaced by a“flow-structure-adaptive”parameter R_(μ)=v_(T)/v,the resulting R_(b)is capable of capturing various transition phenomena naturally.The prospective stress-intensity parameter R_(b)=R_(b)(Re_(y),R_(μ))is incorporated in the constitutive relations for eddy-viscosity v_(T) and production term P_(k).The proposed formulation is intrinsically plausible,having a dramatic impact on the prediction of bypass,separation-induced and natural transitions together with non-transitional flows.An extra viscous-production term P_(k)^(lim) is added with the k-equation to ensure proper generation of k at the viscous sublayer when computing separation-induced transition over a Low-Reynolds Number(LRN)airfoil.Results demonstrate that the NSST k-ω model maintains an excellent consistency with both SST k-ω and γ-Re_(θ) models.展开更多
Using a four-parameter model based on extended Miedema’ s cellular model of alloy phases and pattern recognition methods, the regularities of formation of ternary intermetallic compounds between non-transition metals...Using a four-parameter model based on extended Miedema’ s cellular model of alloy phases and pattern recognition methods, the regularities of formation of ternary intermetallic compounds between non-transition metals have been investigated. The criterion of formation can be expressed as some empirical functions of Φ (electronegativity), nws1/3( valence electron density in Wagn-er-Seitz cell), R (Pauling’s metallic radius) and Z (number of valence electrons in atom).展开更多
A four-parameter model based on the extended Miedema’s cellular model of alloy phases and pattern recognition methods has been used to study the regularities of the formation of binary intermetallic compounds between...A four-parameter model based on the extended Miedema’s cellular model of alloy phases and pattern recognition methods has been used to study the regularities of the formation of binary intermetallic compounds between tran-sition element and non-transition element. The formation criterion can be expressed as some inequities of electronega-tivity , the valence electron density in Wagner-Seitz cell nws1/3, Pauling’s metallic radius R and the number of valence electrons in atom Z or their functions. According to these empirical criterions, the 'unknown' binary alloy system can be predicted, the predicted result is better than that of Miedema’s two-parameter model.展开更多
目的识别本科护生问题性网络使用(problematic internet use,PIU)转变模式,分析不同转变模式与非自杀性自伤(non-suicidal self-injury,NSSI)关联。方法便利抽样选取901名本科护生为研究对象,分别于2022年9月(T1)、2023年9月(T2),采用...目的识别本科护生问题性网络使用(problematic internet use,PIU)转变模式,分析不同转变模式与非自杀性自伤(non-suicidal self-injury,NSSI)关联。方法便利抽样选取901名本科护生为研究对象,分别于2022年9月(T1)、2023年9月(T2),采用一般资料调查表、戴维斯在线认知量表和青少年NSSI评定问卷对其进行调查。潜在类别分析识别PIU类别,潜在转变分析探讨PIU转变模式,Logistic回归探索不同转变模式与NSSI关联。结果T1和T2时点护生PIU均有3个类别:低PIU组(26.97%/36.07%)、中PIU组(41.95%/39.96%)、高PIU组(31.08%/23.97%)。本科护生PIU整体呈缓解趋势,但13.54%护生仍维持高PIU,命名为高PIU持续组;4.44%、1.89%护生由低PIU转变为中PIU、高PIU,8.55%护生由中PIU转变为高PIU,命名为PIU进展组。进展组(OR=2.73,95%CI:1.62~4.26)及高PIU持续组(OR=3.80,95%CI:2.25~6.12)与NSSI增加有关(均P<0.01)。结论本科护生PIU有3个潜在类别,各类别随时间推移发生转变且对NSSI有不同影响,护理教育者应重点关注保持高PIU组和转变为更高水平PIU组护生,提供相关干预以降低NSSI。展开更多
文摘Does non-transitivity in information theory have an analog in thermodynamics? A non-transitive game, “Swap”, is used as a toy thermodynamic model to explore concepts such as temperature, heat flow, equilibrium and entropy. These concepts, found to be inadequate for non-transitive thermodynamic, need to be generalized. Two kinds of temperatures, statistical and kinetic, are distinguished. Statistical temperature is a parameter in statistical distributions. Kinetic temperature is proportional to the expected kinetic energy based on its distribution. Identical for Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics, these temperatures differ in non-Maxwellian statistics when a force is present. Fourier’s law of conduction and entropy should be expressed using statistical temperature, not kinetic temperature. Kinetic temperature is always scalar but statistical temperature and statistical entropy in non-transitive systems have circulation, thereby allowing continuous and circular heat flow. Entropy is relative to underlying statistics, in analogy to the Kullback-Leibler divergence in information theory. The H-theorem, limited by assumptions of homogeneity and indistinguishability, only covers statistically homogeneous systems. The theorem does not cover non-transitive, statistically heterogeneous systems combining different distributions such as Maxwell-Boltzmann, biased half-Maxwell-Boltzmann, Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein. The second law can be preserved if generalized by expressing it in terms of statistical temperature and statistical entropy.
基金supported by Hangzhou Dianzi University Research Supporting Fund of Zhejiang Province,China(No.GK218803299037)。
文摘A new Shear Stress Transport(SST)k-ω model is devised to integrate salient features of both the non-transitional SST k-ω model and correlation-based γ-Re_(θ) transition model.An exceptionally simplified approach is applied to extend the New SST(NSST)model capabilities toward transition/non-transition predictions.Bradshaw’s stress-intensity factor R_(b)=|-uv|/k can be parameterized with the wall-distance dependent Reynolds number Re_(y)=√ky/v;however,as the Re_(y)is replaced by a“flow-structure-adaptive”parameter R_(μ)=v_(T)/v,the resulting R_(b)is capable of capturing various transition phenomena naturally.The prospective stress-intensity parameter R_(b)=R_(b)(Re_(y),R_(μ))is incorporated in the constitutive relations for eddy-viscosity v_(T) and production term P_(k).The proposed formulation is intrinsically plausible,having a dramatic impact on the prediction of bypass,separation-induced and natural transitions together with non-transitional flows.An extra viscous-production term P_(k)^(lim) is added with the k-equation to ensure proper generation of k at the viscous sublayer when computing separation-induced transition over a Low-Reynolds Number(LRN)airfoil.Results demonstrate that the NSST k-ω model maintains an excellent consistency with both SST k-ω and γ-Re_(θ) models.
文摘Using a four-parameter model based on extended Miedema’ s cellular model of alloy phases and pattern recognition methods, the regularities of formation of ternary intermetallic compounds between non-transition metals have been investigated. The criterion of formation can be expressed as some empirical functions of Φ (electronegativity), nws1/3( valence electron density in Wagn-er-Seitz cell), R (Pauling’s metallic radius) and Z (number of valence electrons in atom).
文摘A four-parameter model based on the extended Miedema’s cellular model of alloy phases and pattern recognition methods has been used to study the regularities of the formation of binary intermetallic compounds between tran-sition element and non-transition element. The formation criterion can be expressed as some inequities of electronega-tivity , the valence electron density in Wagner-Seitz cell nws1/3, Pauling’s metallic radius R and the number of valence electrons in atom Z or their functions. According to these empirical criterions, the 'unknown' binary alloy system can be predicted, the predicted result is better than that of Miedema’s two-parameter model.
文摘目的识别本科护生问题性网络使用(problematic internet use,PIU)转变模式,分析不同转变模式与非自杀性自伤(non-suicidal self-injury,NSSI)关联。方法便利抽样选取901名本科护生为研究对象,分别于2022年9月(T1)、2023年9月(T2),采用一般资料调查表、戴维斯在线认知量表和青少年NSSI评定问卷对其进行调查。潜在类别分析识别PIU类别,潜在转变分析探讨PIU转变模式,Logistic回归探索不同转变模式与NSSI关联。结果T1和T2时点护生PIU均有3个类别:低PIU组(26.97%/36.07%)、中PIU组(41.95%/39.96%)、高PIU组(31.08%/23.97%)。本科护生PIU整体呈缓解趋势,但13.54%护生仍维持高PIU,命名为高PIU持续组;4.44%、1.89%护生由低PIU转变为中PIU、高PIU,8.55%护生由中PIU转变为高PIU,命名为PIU进展组。进展组(OR=2.73,95%CI:1.62~4.26)及高PIU持续组(OR=3.80,95%CI:2.25~6.12)与NSSI增加有关(均P<0.01)。结论本科护生PIU有3个潜在类别,各类别随时间推移发生转变且对NSSI有不同影响,护理教育者应重点关注保持高PIU组和转变为更高水平PIU组护生,提供相关干预以降低NSSI。
