4DCT成像与重建方法综述

本文概述过去20多年四维CT(4DCT)相关成像技术的发展,对4DCT的概念、扫描模式以及重建算法做了比较详细的介绍。文章归纳总结4DCT的5大类重建算法,评估各类算法的优势、劣势和关键技术问题,并对主要文献中的重建方法进行统计分析,拟展示目前4DCT重建算法的研究方向和未来的发展趋势。

一种抗屏摄攻击的DCT域深度水印方法

数字水印技术在多媒体保护方面发挥着巨大的作用,实际应用需求的变更推动了数字水印技术的发展。目前,基于深度学习的水印技术在鲁棒性上有了较大的提升,但水印的嵌入基本在空域进行,载体图像的失真仍然比较明显。此外,现有方法在面对摄屏攻击时效果不佳。为解决上述问题,提出了一种抗屏摄攻击的DCT域深度水印方法。该模型由DCT层、编码器、解码器和屏摄模拟层组成。DCT层将图像的Y分量转换为DCT域,然后编码器通过端到端训练修改DCT系数,将秘密消息嵌入到图像中。这种频域嵌入方法使得水印信息能够分布到图像的整个空间,从而减少了失真效应。此外,还提出了一个噪声层,用于模拟屏摄过程中特殊的摩尔纹和反光效果。训练过程分为两个阶段:在第一阶段,编码器和解码器进行端到端的训练;而在第二阶段,屏摄模拟层和传统的失真攻击被用来增强水印图像,然后使用失真水印图像来进一步优化解码器。大量的实验结果表明,该模型具有较高的透明度和鲁棒性,并且在屏摄鲁棒性方面优于其他方法。

基于DCT和维纳滤波的图像PRNU匿名算法

随着智能手机和社交媒体的普及,图像隐私引起的公共安全问题受到了广泛关注。犯罪分子可利用图像信息来侵犯他人隐私,从而进行恶意跟踪和诈骗勒索等活动。针对该问题,本研究从抑制图像源相机识别能力的角度提出了一种新的光响应非均匀性(photo response non uniformity,PRNU)匿名算法,以降低图像被恶意使用的风险。算法首先对图像进行分块,并将离散余弦变换(discrete cosine transform,DCT)和维纳滤波相结合,对图像高频分量进行滤波处理。通过实验发现,迭代维纳滤波可以显著提高匿名算法的效率。将算法在MICHE-I数据集和UBIPR虹膜数据集中进行测试,结果表明,算法能够保证图像质量不受显著影响,并且视觉质量因子平均提高3 dB,有效地抑制了图像溯源能力,保留图像生物特征,并达到了较好的匿名效果,保证了大众隐私安全。

自适应聚类的图像块分级DCT混合数模无线传输方法

提出了一种新颖的混合数模无线传输方法来实现高质量的图像传输。首先,从原始图像中减去先下采样后上采样的图像来得到残差层图像。其次,提出了一种自适应聚类的块分级离散余弦变换算法来有效去除残差层图像像素之间的相关性。最后,提出了一种基于图像块等级的不等功率分配策略来进一步提升接收端的图像质量。大量的实验结果表明,所提方法在定性评估和定量度量两方面都明显优于现有较成功的混合数模图像无线传输方法。

基于STB对DCT 4阶降挡的性能优化研究

DCT的换挡是由拨叉的预挂挡控制和离合器的换挡控制两部分组成。在动力降挡过程中,预挂挡的挂挡时间较长,且对应的离合器转矩必须降为零才能开始执行挂挡过程,在某些工况下会因为等待预挂挡造成整个换挡过程的延时,进而影响整车的加速响应,这种现象在同轴动力降挡过程中表现尤其明显。为了优化某DCT车型的4阶降挡性能,提出基于STB来优化换挡时间和提升动力响应。STB是应用于DCT的一种半动力中断的换挡方式,本文对STB的整个换挡过程与正常换挡过程做了具体的对比说明,详述其优缺点。为了弥补STB换挡会有短暂动力中断的缺陷,设计了一整套控制策略。一方面开发了针对性的Kick Down逻辑,并采用与之对应的换挡规律,因此控制多阶降挡出现的时机,让4阶降挡仅在Kick Down时触发;另一方面采用开环算法将换挡过程中的发动机转速控制转化为时间控制,当预挂挡挂上并充油完毕时,发动机转速正好达到同步。经过实车上进行对比验证,STB换挡大幅缩短了4阶降挡的换挡时间,整车动力响应得到了明显优化。

Failure mechanisms and destruction characteristics of cemented coal gangue backfill under compression effect of non-uniform load

Backfill mining is one of the most important technical means for controlling strata movement and reducing surface subsidence and environmental damage during exploitation of underground coal resources. Ensuring the stability of the backfill bodies is the primary prerequisite for maintaining the safety of the backfilling working face, and the loading characteristics of backfill are closely related to the deformation and subsidence of the roof. Elastic thin plate model was used to explore the non-uniform subsidence law of the roof, and then the non-uniform distribution characteristics of backfill bodies’ load were revealed. Through a self-developed non-uniform loading device combined with acoustic emission (AE) and digital image correlation (DIC) monitoring technology, the synergistic dynamic evolution law of the bearing capacity, apparent crack, and internal fracture of cemented coal gangue backfills (CCGBs) under loads with different degrees of non-uniformity was deeply explored. The results showed that: 1) The uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of CCGB increased and then decreased with an increase in the degree of non-uniformity of load (DNL). About 40% of DNL was the inflection point of DNL-UCS curve and when DNL exceeded 40%, the strength decreased in a cliff-like manner;2) A positive correlation was observed between the AE ringing count and UCS during the loading process of the specimen, which was manifested by a higher AE ringing count of the high-strength specimen. 3) Shear cracks gradually increased and failure mode of specimens gradually changed from “X” type dominated by tension cracks to inverted “Y” type dominated by shear cracks with an increase in DNL, and the crack opening displacement at the peak stress decreased and then increased. The crack opening displacement at 40% of the DNL was the smallest. This was consistent with the judgment of crack size based on the AE b-value, i. e., it showed the typical characteristics of “small b-value-large crack and large b-value-small crack”. The research results are of significance for preventing the instability and failure of backfill.

Study of the pressure transient behavior of directional wells considering the effect of non-uniform flux distribution

During the production,the fluid in the vicinity of the directional well enters the wellbore with different rates,leading to non-uniform flux distribution along the directional well.However,in all existing studies,it is oversimplified to a uniform flux distribution,which can result in inaccurate results for field applications.Therefore,this paper proposes a semi-analytical model of a directional well based on the assumption of non-uniform flux distribution.Specifically,the direction well is discretized into a carefully chosen series of linear sources,such that the complex well trajectory can be captured and the nonuniform flux distribution along the wellbore can be considered to model the three-dimensional flow behavior.By using the finite difference method,we can obtain the numerical solutions of the transient flow within the wellbore.With the aid of Green's function method,we can obtain the analytical solutions of the transient flow from the matrix to the wellbore.The complete flow behavior of a directional well is perfectly represented by coupling the above two types of transient flow.Subsequently,on the basis of the proposed model,we conduct a comprehensive analysis of the pressure transient behavior of a directional well.The computation results show that the flux variation along the direction well has a significant effect on pressure responses.In addition,the directional well in an infinite reservoir may exhibit the following flow regimes:wellbore afterflow,transition flow,inclined radial flow,elliptical flow,horizontal linear flow,and horizontal radial flow.The horizontal linear flow can be observed only if the formation thickness is much smaller than the well length.Furthermore,a dip region that appears on the pressure derivative curve indicates the three-dimensional flow behavior near the wellbore.

Effect of non-uniform swelling on coal multiphysics during gas injection: The triangle approach

In current dual porosity/permeability models,there exists a fundamental assumption that the adsorption-induced swelling is distributed uniformly within the representative elementary volume (REV),irrespective of its internal structures and transient processes.However,both internal structures and transient processes can lead to the non-uniform swelling.In this study,we hypothesize that the non-uniform swelling is responsible for why coal permeability in experimental measurements is not only controlled by the effective stress but also is affected by the adsorption-induced swelling.We propose a concept of the swelling triangle composed of swelling paths to characterize the evolution of the non-uniform swelling and serve as a core link in coupled multiphysics.A swelling path is determined by a dimensionless volumetric ratio and a dimensionless swelling ratio.Different swelling paths have the same start and end point,and each swelling path represents a unique swelling case.The swelling path as the diagonal of the triangle represents the case of the uniform swelling while that as the two perpendicular boundaries represents the case of the localized swelling.The paths of all intermediate cases populate inside the triangle.The corresponding relations between the swelling path and the response of coal multiphysics are established by a non-uniform swelling coefficient.We define this method as the triangle approach and corresponding models as swelling path-based ones.The proposed concept and models are verified against a long-term experimental measurement of permeability and strains under constant effective stress.Our results demonstrate that during gas injection,coal multiphysics responses have a close dependence on the swelling path,and that in both future experiments and field predictions,this dependence must be considered.

基于视觉密码和DCT-SVD彩色图像水印技术

本文提出了一种基于视觉密码和DCT-SVD的彩色图像水印算法,通过视觉密码方案将彩色秘密水印图像拆分成3份与彩色秘密水印图像等大小的分享份图像,并利用待标记图像、水印图像和密钥生成验证信息和测试图像。由版权所有者提供水印图像和验证信息,密钥交由图像所有者保存。当要验证图像所有者的所有权时,会要求图像所有者提供密钥,结合密钥、测试图像和验证信息便可生成水印,若密钥正确,生成的水印可识别为原始水印。将其中一份分享份图像利用DCT-SVD水印算法嵌入到载体图像中并进行攻击测试,利用数字水印的提取算法将分享份图像从遭受常见攻击的载体图像中提取出来,与剩余分享份进行叠加恢复秘密水印图像。实验结果表明,水印具有良好的不可感知性和鲁棒性。

Pressure transient characteristics of non-uniform conductivity fractured wells in viscoelasticity polymer flooding based on oil-water two-phase flow

Polymer flooding in fractured wells has been extensively applied in oilfields to enhance oil recovery.In contrast to water,polymer solution exhibits non-Newtonian and nonlinear behavior such as effects of shear thinning and shear thickening,polymer convection,diffusion,adsorption retention,inaccessible pore volume and reduced effective permeability.Meanwhile,the flux density and fracture conductivity along the hydraulic fracture are generally non-uniform due to the effects of pressure distribution,formation damage,and proppant breakage.In this paper,we present an oil-water two-phase flow model that captures these complex non-Newtonian and nonlinear behavior,and non-uniform fracture characteristics in fractured polymer flooding.The hydraulic fracture is firstly divided into two parts:high-conductivity fracture near the wellbore and low-conductivity fracture in the far-wellbore section.A hybrid grid system,including perpendicular bisection(PEBI)and Cartesian grid,is applied to discrete the partial differential flow equations,and the local grid refinement method is applied in the near-wellbore region to accurately calculate the pressure distribution and shear rate of polymer solution.The combination of polymer behavior characterizations and numerical flow simulations are applied,resulting in the calculation for the distribution of water saturation,polymer concentration and reservoir pressure.Compared with the polymer flooding well with uniform fracture conductivity,this non-uniform fracture conductivity model exhibits the larger pressure difference,and the shorter bilinear flow period due to the decrease of fracture flow ability in the far-wellbore section.The field case of the fall-off test demonstrates that the proposed method characterizes fracture characteristics more accurately,and yields fracture half-lengths that better match engineering reality,enabling a quantitative segmented characterization of the near-wellbore section with high fracture conductivity and the far-wellbore section with low fracture conductivity.The novelty of this paper is the analysis of pressure performances caused by the fracture dynamics and polymer rheology,as well as an analysis method that derives formation and fracture parameters based on the pressure and its derivative curves.

An improved non-uniform fast Fourier transform method for radio imaging of coronal mass ejections

Radioheliographs can obtain solar images at high temporal and spatial resolution,with a high dynamic range.These are among the most important instruments for studying solar radio bursts,understanding solar eruption events,and conducting space weather forecasting.This study aims to explore the effective use of radioheliographs for solar observations,specifically for imaging coronal mass ejections(CME),to track their evolution and provide space weather warnings.We have developed an imaging simulation program based on the principle of aperture synthesis imaging,covering the entire data processing flow from antenna configuration to dirty map generation.For grid processing,we propose an improved non-uniform fast Fourier transform(NUFFT)method to provide superior image quality.Using simulated imaging of radio coronal mass ejections,we provide practical recommendations for the performance of radioheliographs.This study provides important support for the validation and calibration of radioheliograph data processing,and is expected to profoundly enhance our understanding of solar activities.

DCT同步器设计方法研究

从锁环式惯性同步器工作原理及换挡过程出发,详细介绍了DCT同步器总成产品设计计算过程,并以DCT450产品为例详细完成了结构设计、性能计算、强度校核及试验验证等工作。

基于DCT变换的图像多通道隐写算法

现有图像隐写算法多是基于单通道图像,基于多通道的图像隐写算法研究较少。文章提出一种多通道隐写算法,在图像红色通道和绿色通道上DCT域进行运算,并使用图像两个通道的AC系数来写入消息;实验结果表明,在512×512像素的图像上,对原始图像隐写“HelloWorld!”后得到隐写图像,隐写质量评价MSE=1.14,PSNR=23.50,SSIM=0.98。隐写图像与原始图像相似;在隐写分析检测中,相比传统单通道隐写算法,能更有效抵抗隐写分析检测,因此该多通道隐写算法可应用在实际通信中。

某DCT双离合变速器电子油泵建压失效分析

DCT双离合自动变速器与传统汽车变速器相比,传动效率更高,油耗更低,换挡更平顺。DCT变速器在控制上增加了电动机驱动体系和液压控制系统,电子油泵是DCT变速器液压系统动力源,主要作用是为变速器提供冷却油,为执行机构提供液压动力,是保证系统在各种工况下充分发挥性能的前提。其中油泵的性能、品质对变速器影响极其重要,因此解决油泵电动机运行过程中出现的问题,对提高DCT自动变速器控制系统的可靠性有着重要意义。

基于DCT和SVD的QR码数字水印算法

以离散余弦变换(DCT)和矩阵奇异值分解(SVD)为基础,结合Quick Response(QR)码的高容量、高纠错特性,提出了一种适合QR码的强鲁棒性数字水印算法。首先,提取QR码图像中的寻像和分隔符图形,并进行高斯加噪模糊化处理,把得到的QR码灰度图像作为载体图像,同时对水印图像进行Arnold置乱处理。然后,对载体图像进行8×8的分块DCT变换,取每块的直流系数得到矩阵A(64×64),对A进行SVD分解,并在A的奇异值处嵌入水印信息。实验结果表明:该算法在不影响QR码正确识别的基础上,不仅具有较好的不可见性,而且对如叠加高斯噪声、椒盐噪声、泊松噪声和中值滤波等攻击均具有很好的鲁棒性。

一种基于DWT和DCT的盲灰度级水印算法

提出一种新的盲灰度级水印算法。它充分利用离散小波变换的多分辨率特性和离散余弦变换的能量压缩能力,将预处理后的灰度水印图像隐藏在原始图像DCT系数量化值的奇偶性中,在水印的提取过程中不需要原始图像的参与。实验结果表明,该算法对图像剪切、JPEG有损压缩、中值滤波等攻击有很强的鲁棒性,对旋转、噪声等攻击也具备了一定的抵抗能力。

一种基于音频内容的NDCT域脆弱音频水印算法

针对音频信号内容完整性鉴定的需要,提出基于音频内容的非均匀离散余弦变换的脆弱音频水印算法。算法中水印通过量化音频三级小波近似分量的平均值而产生,并对三级小波近似系数做非均匀离散余弦变换NDCT,将生成的水印通过量化的方法嵌入到NDCT域第2个系数(即首个交流系数)上。非均匀离散余弦变换的频率采样点由密钥控制的混沌产生,提高了水印系统的安全。仿真实验表明:提出的算法对MP3有损压缩、滤波、重采样、量化等信号处理操作十分敏感,对恶意的替换操作等非同步攻击能够报警并能做出篡改定位。

两种基于DCT变换的数字水印算法分析

本文介绍了多媒体数字水印的概念，对当前的技术现状进行了简单的综述，重点研究了两种ＤＣＴ 域上的数字水印算法的检测过程，在此基础上对两者的性能和特点进行了分析，并且进行了实验仿真验证。

基于融合DCT和LBP特征提取的面部表情识别

针对离散余弦变换(DCT)只能提取面部表情图像的全局特征,而忽略了临近像素之间的关系、不能提取纹理特征信息、不能准确区分相似表情等问题,提出一种融合离散余弦变换方法和局部二值模式(LBP)特征的表情特征提取方法。该方法首先将人脸图像经过DCT获得的低频系数作为表情的全局特征;然后用LBP对贡献率较大的嘴部、眼睛区域进行局部纹理特征提取,通过将LBP提取到的局部纹理特征与DCT提取到的全局特征进行融合,从而得到更有效的表情特征;最后利用支持向量机(SVM)进行识别。实验结果表明:该方法比单独使用DCT方法提取的表情特征更有利于识别,提高了表情识别的准确性,并将这个表情识别方法用于智能轮椅的控制上,收到了良好的效果。

山羊DCT基因启动子活性区及其转录因子调控探究

旨在探究山羊DCT基因启动子活性区及相关转录因子对该基因的调控作用,为山羊DCT基因的表达调控提供理论依据。通过对山羊DCT基因5′侧翼区序列及第一外显子区序列进行生物信息学分析,并与人和小鼠DCT基因启动子序列进行比对,同时结合在线启动子预测结果,采用快速克隆的方法构建5个5′系列缺失序列的启动子报告基因载体,以此为基础构建3′缺失序列的6个报告基因载体,并构建SOX10、MITF和OTX2转录因子结合位点点突变的6个报告基因载体,以瞬时转染的方法转染A375细胞,双荧光素酶检测试剂盒检测缺失片段和点突变片段的启动子活性。结果表明,成功构建了山羊DCT基因11个不同长度的启动子报告基因载体,-990^+232bp的P3片段荧光素酶活性极显著高于其他片段(P<0.01),基于P3构建的3′系列缺失片段中-881^-154bp的P8片段荧光素酶活性极显著高于其他片段(P<0.01)。转录因子SOX10结合位点突变的载体荧光素酶活性极显著降低(P<0.01),MITF和OTX2结合位点突变的载体荧光素酶活性极显著增强(P<0.01)。山羊DCT基因启动子核心调控区位于-881^-154bp区域,转录因子SOX10对山羊DCT基因发挥正调控作用,而转录因子MITF和OTX2对山羊DCT基因的调控作用尚需深入研究。