Effect of non-uniform temperature gradient and magnetic field on onset of Marangoni convection heated from below by a constant heat flux

This paper investigates the effect of non-uniform temperature gradient and magnetic field on Marangoni convection in a horizontal fluid layer heated from below and cooled from above with a constant heat flux. A linear stability analysis is performed. The influence of various parameters on the convection onset is analyzed. Six non-uniform basic temperature profiles are considered, and some general conclusions about their desta- bilizing effects are presented.

Skin Temperature and Body Surface Section in Non-Uniform and Asymmetric Outdoor Thermal Environment

In indoor environments and shady outdoor environments, there is little influence of short-wavelength solar radiation, so a strikingly non-uniform and asymmetric environment is not formed. In outdoor sunny environment, however, shaded areas occur even for the same site of the body, and a remarkable difference in skin temperature is considered to occur under the influence of the short-wavelength solar radiation. The purpose of this study is to clarify the influence of the non-uniform and asymmetric thermal radiation of short-wavelength solar radiation in outdoor environment on the division of the body surface section and the calculation of the mean skin temperature. The skin temperature of the front of the coronal surface, which was facing the sun and where the body received direct short-wavelength solar radiation, and the skin temperature of the rear of the coronal surface, which was in the shadow and did not receive direct short-wavelength solar radiation were respectively measured. The feet, upper arm, forearm, hand and lower leg, which are susceptible to short-wavelength solar radiation in a standing posture, had a noticeable difference in skin temperature between sites in the sun and in shade. The mean skin temperature of sites facing the sun was significantly higher than the mean skin temperature of those in the shade.

Effect of Non-Uniform Temperature Gradient on the Onset of Rayleigh-Bénard Electro Convection in a Micropolar Fluid

The effects of electric field and non-uniform basic temperature gradient on the onset of Rayleigh-Bénard convection in a micropolar fluid are studied using the Galerkin technique. The eigenvalues are obtained for free-free, rigid-free and rigid-rigid velocity boundary combinations and for isothermal and/or adiabatic temperature boundaries. The microrotation is assumed to vanish at the boundaries. A linear stability analysis is performed. The influence of various micropolar fluid parameters and electric Rayleigh number on the onset of convection has been analyzed. One linear and five non-uniform temperature profiles are considered and their comparative influence on onset is discussed.

Effect of Non-Uniform Basic Temperature Gradient on the Onset of Rayleigh-Bénard-Marangoni Electro-Convectionin a Micropolar Fluid

The effects of electric field and non-uniform basic temperature gradient on the onset of Rayleigh-Bénard-Marangoni convection in a micropolar fluid are studied using the Galerkin technique. The eigenvalues are obtained for an upper free/adiabatic and lower rigid/isothermal boundaries. The microrotation is assumed to vanish at the boundaries. A linear stability analysis is performed. The influence of various micropolar fluid parameters and electric Rayleigh number on the onset of convection has been analysed. Six different non-uniform temperature profiles are considered and their comparative influence on onset is discussed.

Influence of Non-uniform Elevated Temperature on the Structural Stability and Strength of Gypsum-Sheathed Cold-Formed Steel Beam Channel Members

The objective of this paper is to computationally explore the structural stability and strength of gypsum-protected CFS(cold-formed steel)beam channel sections under non-uniform elevated temperatures when exposed to standard fire on one side of the panel and subjected to pure bending.When a CFS member is subjected to fire(or thermal gradients)its material properties change-but this change happens around the cross-section and along the length creating a member which is potentially non-uniform and unsymmetrical in its response even if the apparent geometry is uniform and symmetric.Computational finite element models were analyzed in ABAQUS to establish steady-state thermal gradients of interest.Existing test data were utilized to develop the temperature dependence of the stress-strain response.The time-dependent temperature distribution on the cross-sections obtained from heat transfer analysis was later used in the stability and collapse analyses.The stability of the models was explored to characterize how local,distortional,and global buckling of the member evolves under both uniform and non-uniform temperature distributions.Finally,collapse simulations were performed to characterize the strength under pure bending and explore directly the evolution of strength under the influence of non-uniform temperature.

Simulation studies of multi-line line-of-sight tunable-diode-laser absorption spectroscopy performance in measuring temperature probability distribution function

Line-of-sight tunable-diode-laser absorption spectroscopy（LOS-TDLAS） with multiple absorption lines is introduced for non-uniform temperature measurement. Temperature binning method combined with Gauss–Seidel iteration method is used to measure temperature probability distribution function（PDF） along the line-of-sight（LOS）. Through 100 simulated measurements, the variation of measurement accuracy is investigated with the number of absorption lines, the number of temperature bins and the magnitude of temperature non-uniformity. A field model with 2-T temperature distribution and15 well-selected absorption lines are used for the simulation study. The Gauss–Seidel iteration method is discussed for its reliability. The investigation result about the variation of measurement accuracy with the number of temperature bins is different from the previous research results.

Study on temperature field of the drilling machine during the course of drilling in coal mine

The working conditions of the MK-3 type full hydraulic tunnel drilling machine during the course of drilling were analyzed. Based on the energy balance governing equations for the drill rod, the temperature field of drill rod at the normal and non-normal working conditions was numerically obtained. The numerical results show that the maximum temperature at the head of drill rod under the normal working circumstance is insufficient to ignite the gas. But under the non-normal working condition, the local high temperature can ignite the gas easily and cause the fire. In order to prevent the gas fire, the occurrence of the non-normal operating condition must be prevented as far as possible during the drilling.

DYNAMICAL FORMATION OF CAVITY FOR COMPOSED THERMAL HYPERELASTIC SPHERES IN NONUNIFORM TEMPERATURE FIELDS

Dynamical formation and growth of compressible thermal-hyperelastic Gent-Thomas cavity in a sphere composed of two inmaterials were discussed under the case of a non-uniform temperature field and the surface dead loading. The mathematical model was first presented based on the dynamical theory of finite deformations. An exact differential relation between the void radius and surface load was obtained by using the variable transformation method. By numerical computation, critical loads and cavitation growth curves were obtained for different temperatures. The influence of the temperature and material parameters of the composed sphere on the void formation and growth was considered and compared with those for static analysis. The results show that the cavity occurs stiddenly with a finite radius and its evolvement with time displays a non-linear periodic vibration and that the critical load decreases with the increase of temperature and also the dynamical critical load is lower than the static critical load under the same conditions.

Research on Temperature Field of the Support Structure for the Independent LNG Tank

The independent LNG(Liquified Nature Gas)containment is widely used for small or medium-sized LNG carrier and ship using LNG as fuels.The common tank pattern includes single-spherical-cylindrical tank and double-spherical-cylindrical tank,which is the key to design the hull structure and its support.The support is designed to connect the hull structure and LNG tank.Its main functions are heat transferring and force loading.This paper focus on the temperature field distribution of hull and its support structure.The thermal boundary conditions are simulated according to the heat transfer action,such as thermal convection,heat conduction and thermal radiation.The method on how to carry out thermal analysis is presented for an independent LNG containment.The case study is carried out with two typical independent LNG tanks.One is a tank with double spherical cylindrical in the LNG carrier,and the other is a tank with single spherical cylindrical on the deck of the ship using LNG as fuels.The result shows the method presented in this paper is a good reference for the structural design with independent LNG containment.

径-轴向磁轴承冷却设计及温度场分析

由于磁轴承与转子无直接物理接触、支承特性可控,在小功率等级电机环境下其损耗较低,可采用自然冷却。而对于大功率等级电机,磁轴承损耗增大,必须考虑冷却设计以降低其温升。该文以某型兆瓦级高速永磁发电机磁轴承为研究对象,在考虑径-轴向磁轴承集成状态及发电机实际内部环境条件下,基于径-轴向磁轴承三维流场、温度场分析,首先研究了自然冷却条件下磁轴承温度场特征,结果表明磁轴承温度过高,径向磁轴承定转子会产生较大热变形,增大磁轴承安全运行风险。为了解决该问题,该文结合电机空冷结构和磁轴承结构特征,提出一种集成化主动冷却结构,并仿真分析了冷却效果,结果表明进行主动冷却后径-轴向磁轴承温度明显下降,径向磁轴承定转子气隙变化量大幅减小。最后,进行样机温升试验,试验结果与仿真结果一致。

绝热边界作用下人工冻结温度场解析解

隧道地下工程采用冻结法施工时经常遇到地连墙等构筑物影响冻土帷幕发展的问题,给冻结方案设计和封水效果评估带来困难,危及后续开挖作业安全。为探明地连墙等绝热边界作用下冻结温度场的分布状态,掌握冻结壁局部受限时的发展规律,建立了半无限平面内包含直线绝热边界的温度场数学模型。通过热势函数叠加结合镜像法求解了单根、2根以及3根冻结管的温度场解析解,并采用数值模拟验证了其准确性和适用性。结果表明:解析解与稳态数值解吻合较好,与瞬态数值解的误差随冻结时间延长而减小,冻结第50天3种模型的误差分别为0.39℃、0.17℃和0.06℃,均能控制在0.5℃以内;等温线在绝热边界处与边界垂直,只存在平行于边界的热流而没有法向热流,绝热边界对于其与冻结管之间区域的温度降低更加有利;随着绝热边界与冻结管距离d的增加,对冷量传递的阻断作用降低,冻结模型逐渐向无限大平面模型转化,实际工程应根据冻结壁设计厚度,合理匹配管间距l和边界距离d的取值。

Non-uniform operative temperature distribution characteristics and heat-source-controlled core-area range of local heating radiators

Heating the whole space,which is currently used in northern China,leads to high energy consumption and substantial pollution.A transition to local heating has the potential to help address this problem.In this paper,the effects of radiator-related parameters(position,power,and size)and room-related parameters(aspect ratio and height)on local heating were studied.Two evaluation indices,the effective coefficient of operative temperature(OTEC)and the effective coefficient of local heating(LHEC),were proposed.In addition,the heat source-control core-area(HSCCA)was proposed,and the effect range of heat sources in the space was evaluated by the attenuation of operative temperature.The findings demonstrated that the radiator position has a greater influence on local heating than size.When the position of the radiator was changed from"close to the inner wall"to"close to the outer wall",the LHEC(the interior one-quarter of room is a local heating zone)was found to decrease by 73%.The size of the radiator,which is close to the inner wall,doubled or quadrupled,and the LHEC increased by 9%and 18%.Moreover,rooms with a larger aspect ratio or small room height were found to be the most optimal for local heating applications.The area of the HSCCA decreased as the position of the radiator approached the outer wall.The findings of this study can be used as a design reference for the radiator when the heating mode changes from"full-space heating"to"local heating".

B_(4)C陶瓷电火花工艺温度场仿真及试验研究

B_(4)C陶瓷具有硬度高、密度低等特性,在军工装甲等领域应用前景广阔,但由于硬度高、脆性大,传统加工方法难以胜任孔、槽等加工。考虑半导电特性,拟采用电火花方法对其进行孔加工技术研究。利用ANSYS软件对电火花放电过程中的单脉冲温度场进行仿真建模,输出凹坑半径、深度及温度场数值,并引入锥角物理量进行仿真和试验比对。结果表明:凹坑半径、深度随峰值电流、脉冲宽度增加而增加,温度场特点满足高斯热源正态分布;随着峰值电流、脉冲宽度的增加,仿真锥角和试验锥角数值更贴合。

B型独立LNG燃料舱结构设计中的一些问题

综合考虑B型LNG独立舱围护系统、结构特性、支撑特点、制造安装以及船级社的具体要求,针对LNG燃料舱结构设计过程中遇到的有关温度场、各工况下低温变形、低周疲劳、振动及生产制造等技术问题展开讨论,以期更好地解决此类问题,设计建造出更安全可靠的B型燃料舱。

Experimental Study on Occupant's Thermal Responses under the Non-uniform Conditions in Vehicle Cabin during the Heating Period

The existing investigations on thermal comfort mostly focus on the thermal environment conditions, especially of the air-flow field and the temperature distributions in vehicle cabin. Less attention appears to direct to the thermal comfort or thermal sensation of occupants, even to the relationship between thermal conditions and thermal sensation. In this paper, a series of experiments were designed and conducted for understanding the non-uniform conditions and the occupant＇s thermal responses in vehicle cabin during the heating period. To accurately assess the transient temperature distribution in cabin in common daily condition, the air temperature at a number of positions is measured in a full size vehicle cabin under natural winter environment in South China by using a discrete thermocouples network. The occupant body is divided into nine segments, the skin temperature at each segment and the occupant＇s local thermal sensation at the head, body, upper limb and lower limb are monitored continuously. The skin temperature is observed by using a discrete thermocouples network, and the local thermal sensation is evaluated by using a seven-point thermal comfort survey questionnaire proposed by American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc（ASHRAE） Standard. The relationship between the skin temperature and the thermal sensation is discussed and regressed by statistics method. The results show that the interior air temperature is highly non-uniform over the vehicle cabin. The locations where the occupants sit have a significant effect on the occupant＇s thermal responses, including the skin temperature and the thermal sensation. The skin temperaWa-e and thermal sensation are quite different between body segments due to the effect of non-uniform conditions, clothing resistance, and the human thermal regulating system. A quantitative relationship between the thermal sensation and the skin temperature at each body segment of occupant in real life traffic is presented. The investigation result indicates that the skin temperature is a robust index to evaluate the thermal sensation. Applying the skin temperature to designing and controlling parameters of the heating, ventilation and air conditioning（HVAC） system may benefit the thermal comfort and reducing energy consumption.

Improved Non-uniformity Correction Method for Uncooled Microbolometer

The uncooled microbolometer has a severe temperature requirement for non-uniformity correction. An improved two-point non-uniformity correction method is proposed, which can operate in wider uniform substrate temperatures. This method can control the bias voltage of MOS transistors by memory and DAC to meet two restrictions about responsivity and offset before traditional two-point calibration is implemented. The simulation results seem that this non-uniformity correction can work at uniform substrate temperature with fluctuant range of 4K.

TNT爆炸温度场热作用规律实验研究

为研究TNT装药空中爆炸温度场的热效应,开展了1、5和10 kg三种质量的TNT药柱在空气中的爆炸实验。采用WRe5/26热电偶获取了不同爆心距处的温度—时间曲线,分析了TNT装药温度峰值随距离和装药质量变化的规律。实验结果表明:TNT在自由场中爆炸时,热电偶响应温度—时间曲线呈单峰状。随着爆心距的增加,升温速率和降温速率逐渐下降,曲线的下降部分因未反应产物的二次燃烧会产生波动,延长温度持续时间;爆心距变化会对温度持续时间造成较大影响,但是质量的改变对温度持续时间影响较小,在自由场爆心近距离内时间变化率最大不超过10%;温度峰值与装药质量成正比,与爆心距成反比,在相同传播距离下,峰值下降的幅度随装药质量增大而减小。

声学法炉内温度场与速度场协同测量方法研究

实时监测炉内燃烧温度场和烟气速度场是保证锅炉安全、经济运行的重要手段,声学法测物理场被认为是一种非侵入性和有效的测量方法。本文提出了一种基于声波法的炉内温度场和烟气速度场的协同测量新方法,建立了基于径向基函数的多物理场重建模型,采用Tikhonov正则化算法求解不适定问题,同时考虑了声波的折射效应对物理场的重建影响。采用典型的炉内物理场模型进行了数值模拟,模拟结果表明,本文方法能够很好的协同重建温度场和速度场。当考虑声线弯曲时能够显著提高各物理场的重建质量。算法具有较好的适应性和良好的抗噪性能,重建精度较高,标准均方根误差在10%以下。模拟实验平均计算时间为31.4 s,可保证炉内声学测量的实时性。声学法协同测量多物理场可为优化炉膛燃烧过程提供依据。

基于长期监测的开口截面组合梁斜拉桥温度场分析

通过灌河大桥长期监测数据对组合梁斜拉桥的温度场分布进行研究.首先,分析了温度变化规律、相关系数以及统计特征;之后,采用高斯混合模型描述温度概率分布,并通过赤池信息量准则(AIC)和贝叶斯信息准则(BIC)判别最优的高斯分布数量;接着,借助广义极值分布获取正、负温差的极值分布;在此基础上,通过外推方法计算了不同设计基准期、超越概率下的温差标准值,并得到灌河大桥的温度分布模型.结果表明,当高斯分布数量为3时,通过高斯混合模型能够准确描述温度的概率分布;竖向与横向温差的极值服从广义极值分布;基于监测数据的竖向正温差标准值为16.0℃,与现行公路桥梁规范的标准值相当,而负温差标准值仅为-5.3℃,其数值小于现行规范;实测的横向正温差标准值可达14.6℃,而负温差标准值为-12.3℃.

Non-uniform thermal behavior of single-layer spherical reticulated shell structures considering time-variant environmental factors: analysis and design

Contrary to conventional design methods that assume uniform and slow temperature changes tied to atmospheric conditions,single-layer spherical reticulated shells undergo significant non-uniform and time-variant temperature variations due to dynamic environmental coupling.These differences can affect structural performance and pose safety risks.Here,a systematic numerical method was developed and applied to simulate long-term temperature variations in such a structure under real environmental conditions,revealing its non-uniform distribution characteristics and time-variant regularity.A simplified design method for non-uniform thermal loads,accounting for time-variant environmental factors,was theoretically derived and validated through experiments and simulations.The maximum deviation and mean error rate between calculated and tested results were 6.1℃ and 3.7%,respectively.Calculated temperature fields aligned with simulated ones,with deviations under 6.0℃.Using the design method,non-uniform thermal effects of the structure are analyzed.Maximum member stress and nodal displacement under non-uniform thermal loads reached 119.3 MPa and 19.7 mm,representing increases of 167.5%and 169.9%,respectively,compared to uniform thermal loads.The impacts of healing construction time on non-uniform thermal effects were evaluated,resulting in construction recommendations.The methodologies and conclusions presented here can serve as valuable references for the thermal design,construction,and control of single-layer spherical reticulated shells or similar structures.