Correlation of gut microorganisms and non-volatile flavor substances provides new insights for breeding Scylla paramamosain

The farming of Scylla paramamosain with specific flavors has a higher commercial value,and the flavors are related to the integrated farming environment and non-volatile flavor substances,while the survival environment is one of the important ways to source gut microorganisms in the organism.In this study,the levels of dominant taxa in the gut flora of S.paramamosain from Mong Cai,Vietnam(VN),Taishan City,Guangdong Province(TS)of China,and Ninghai County,Ningbo City(NB)Zhejiang Province of China converged with those of S.paramamosain from Sanmen County,Ningbo City(CK 1,CK 2,and CK 3)at 28 d of domestication.The top 15 genera with the highest abundance of VN,TS,and NB gut flora were the same as CK 1,CK 2,and CK 3,but with different percentages,and gradually converged to CK 1,CK 2,and CK 3,respectively,at 28 d of domestication.Correlation between intestinal flora and non-volatile flavor substances in the hepatopancreas at the percentage level of relative abundance of bacterial genera found that above 28 d of domestication,Muribaculaceae,Psychrilyobacter,Clostridia_vadinBB 60_group,Halarcobacter Carboxylicivirga,Sediminispirochaeta may be the most important genera affecting flavor amino acids of VN.Sediminispirochaeta,Carboxylicivirga,Halarcobacter,Photobacterium,ZOR 0006,Psychrilyobacter,and Pseudomonas may be the most important genera affecting flavor amino acids of NB.Sediminispirochaeta,Carboxylicivirga,Halarcobacter,Photobacterium,ZOR 0006,Vibrio,and Sphingomonas may be the most important genera affecting flavor amino acids of TS.These results show that the intestinal flora structure of crabs from different areas were domesticated in the same area for at least 28 d before they converged to that of the domesticated crab,and the most important genera affecting the flavor amino acids of TS,VN,and NB were also identified.The results of this study provide a reference and basis for the technique of directional cultivation of the flavor quality of the crab.

Microbiomics and metabolomics insights into the microbial regulation on the formation of flavor components in the traditional fermentation process of Chinese Hongqu aged vinegar

This study aimed to investigate microbial succession and metabolic dynamics during the traditional fermentation of Hongqu aged vinegar,and explore the core functional microbes closely related to the formation of flavor components.Microbiome analysis demonstrated that Lactobacillus,Acetobacter,Bacillus,Enterobacter,Lactococcus,Leuconostoc and Weissella were the predominant bacterial genera,while Aspergillus piperis,Aspergillus oryzae,Monascus purpureus,Candida athensensis,C.xylopsoci,Penicillium ochrosalmoneum and Simplicillium aogashimaense were the predominant fungal species.Correlation analysis revealed that Acetobacter was positively correlated with the production of tetramethylpyrazine,acetoin and acetic acid,Lactococcus showed positive correlation with the production of 2-nonanone,2-heptanone,ethyl caprylate,ethyl caprate,1-hexanol,1-octanol and 1-octen-3-ol,C.xylopsoci and C.rugosa were positively associated with the production of diethyl malonate,2,3-butanediyl diacetate,acetoin,benzaldehyde and tetramethylpyrazine.Correspondingly,non-volatile metabolites were also detected through ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.A variety of amino acids and functional dipeptides were identified during the traditional brewing of Hongqu aged vinegar.Correlation analysis revealed that Lactobacillus was significantly associated with DL-lactate,indolelactic acid,D-(+)-3-phenyllactic acid,pimelic acid,pregabalin and 3-aminobutanoic acid.This study is useful for understanding flavor formation mechanism and developing effective strategies for the suitable strains selection to improve the flavor quality of Hongqu aged vinegar.

Impact of Low-temperature Storage on Volatile Flavor Compounds in Prepared Pork Products

[Objectives]This study was conducted to explore the dynamic changes of volatile flavor compounds in prepared pork during storage at different low-temperature conditions.[Methods]Prepared pork was stored at 4,-4 and-18℃.The volatile flavor compounds of prepared pork were determined by solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(SPME-GC-MS)at days 0,7,14,21 and 28,and relative odor activity value(OAV),principal component analysis(PCA)and cluster analysis(CA)were combined to analyze changes in volatile flavor compounds of prepared pork during storage.[Results]The total number of volatile flavor compounds gradually decreased with the prolongation of the storage period,and OAV analysis identified 22 key flavor compounds(OAV≥1).The results of PCA and CA showed that 2-methyl-1-butanol,1-octen-3-ol,linalool,cineole,hexanal and nonanal were the main key flavor components,and the degree of flavor degradation was low under both superchilling and freezing conditions.After 28 days of storage,the alcohol content in the chilling group was significantly higher than other two groups,and the overall content of volatile flavor compounds was also significantly higher than other two groups,indicating that the-4℃chilling storage was more favorable for maintaining the overall flavor of prepared pork.[Conclusions]This study provides a theoretical basis for finding a better storage method for prepared meat products.

The Research Status of the Aroma Components in Sesame-flavor Liquor

Maillard reaction is evident in the fermentation process.Basic aroma components contain alcohols,acids,esters.The characteristic aroma components contain pyrazine compounds,in sesame aroma plays an important role,and furan,phenols,thiazolidinediones,sulfur compounds.They constitute a unique aroma of roasted sesame seeds by an appropriate proportion.

Volatile Flavor Components and the Body Weights of Rats in the Green Tea Added Miner Ingredients

In order to change for the good flavor in green tea of middle or low grade,roast naked barley(miner ingredient) was added to it.To make tea having functional property,mixed roast naked barley-green tea with one medicinal herb(MH,miner ingredient).This study was performed to investigate the effect of drinking extracts of naked barley- MH- green tea(A group) and adlay- Angelica gigas Nakai- green tea(B group) on the body weights of rats,and volatile flavor components of best effective extract on weight reduction.Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats divided into six groups were fed five different green tea extracts for 8 weeks.The result obtained in the experiment indicated that the change of body weights of rats was affected by A group,B group and others.A group showed highest reduction rate of body weights(36.40%).Reduction rate of body weights on the B group(10.10%) was much lower than A group(36.40%).Aroma compounds were extracted by the SDE method.The concentrated aroma extracts were analyzed and identified by GC and GC-MS.The main aroma components of the green tea blended with naked barley and MH were 12 pyrazines having roasty note,methyl butanals having sweet note,hexanal having briskness greenish note,and nerolidol and β-ionone having floral note.

Effect of inoculating mixed starter cultures of Lactobacillus and Staphylococcus on bacterial communities and volatile flavor in fermented sausages

The objective of this study was to explore the effects of the inoculation of mixed starter cultures of Lactobacillus and Staphylococcus(labeled L-S)on microbial community and flavor in fermented sausages during the ripening process.Culture-dependent(colony count)and culture-independent(high-throughput sequencing)methods were employed to evaluate bacterial communities.Volatile compounds were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,and the results were analyzed by principal component analysis(PCA).The identified bacteria with high relative abundance included Lactobacillus and Pediococcus,and the relative abundances of Leuconostoc and Weissella in fermented sausages were remarkably decreased at the end of the ripening process.At the end of ripening,2-nonenal,tetradecanal,ethylstearate and terpinyl acetate played substantial roles in the flavor development of the L-S fermented sausages.Sensory evaluation showed a high score in the L-S fermented sausages.Sausages can be inoculated with L-S starter culture to improve the safety and flavor of meat products.

Advances in Research on Anti-tumor Active Components of Labiatae Plants

In recent years, the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects of the Labiatae plants have been widely recognized, and have been used in clinical practice, and their anti-tumor effects are also very significant, and receiving more and more attention. At present, malignant tumors are still the first killer threatening human health. Because of the long-term use of chemical anti-tumor drugs with certain drug resistance and obvious side effects, finding high-efficiency anti-tumor active ingredients from natural plants and Chinese herbal medicines has become a hot spot in the field of pharmacy. Literature survey indicates that the active ingredients in Labiatae plants have anti-tumor effects. Therefore, this paper summarized and discussed the anti-tumor types, mechanisms and active components of the Labiatae plants, so as to provide a basis and reference for the development of new anti-tumor drugs or preparations.

Study on Extraction of Effective Aroma Components from Formula Tobacco by the Supercritical CO2 Extraction Method and Its Aroma Composition

[Objectives]This study was conducted to improve the sensory quality and industrial availability of tobacco extracts.[Methods]The L9(34)design was adopted to carried out an extraction experiment,in which formula tobacco was extracted using supercritical CO2,and the extract was concentrated by vacuum distillation.Through sensory evaluation and chemical analysis,the function determination and chemical composition analysis of the tobacco extracts were carried out,and the optimal supercritical fluid extraction process was finally determined.[Results]The obtained optimal supercritical fluid extraction conditions were as follows:extraction temperature 55℃,extraction pressure 25 MPa,CO2 flow rate of 20 L/h,and entrainer of 95%ethanol.The tobacco extract obtained under the optimal conditions endowed the cigarettes with full and delicate aroma,less irritation and clean aftertaste and made the flavor of the cigarettes overall coordinated and softer,so the sensory quality was significantly improved.[Conclusions]The tobacco extract obtained by the supercritical CO2 extraction method from formula tobacco can effectively improve the quality of cigarettes.

不同前处理工艺红桔果汁与红桔果酒挥发性风味物质分析

以万州红桔为研究对象,采用带皮和去皮方式榨汁,对浊汁进行酶解澄清处理,分别利用带皮浊汁、带皮清汁、去皮浊汁及去皮清汁酿造红桔果酒。对果酒进行感官评价,同时利用液相色相仪与顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)-气相色谱质谱(GC-MS)联用技术测定果酒和果汁样品中有机酸及挥发性风味物质,并基于挥发性风味物质进行主成分分析(PCA)和聚类分析(CA)。结果表明,红桔果汁主要有机酸为苹果酸和柠檬酸,红桔果酒增加了乳酸和乙酸;红桔果汁和红桔果酒中共检测出100种挥发性风味物质,主要化合物包括酯类28种、醇类19种、酚类3种、醚类2种、醛类8种、酮类10种、酸类4种、烷烃类3种及烯烃类23种;总体上,清汁发酵红桔果酒的挥发性风味物质种类较浊汁发酵多,带皮发酵果酒中的醇类和烯烃种类较去皮发酵多。PCA结果表明,不同红桔果汁和红桔果酒样品中主要挥发性风味物质为辛酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯、正己酸乙酯、月桂酸乙酯、棕榈酸乙酯、α-松油醇、苯乙醇、辛醇、香叶醇、麝香草酚、L-紫苏醛、癸醛等;聚类分析结果表明,可将样品聚集为三大类,与PCA分类结果一致。

白酒中风味成分的检测分析技术研究进展

白酒历史悠久,是中国的国酒。白酒中的风味成分虽然含量较低,但其类别、组成及比例对产品口感、风味及香气极为重要。近年来,对风味成分的研究已成为白酒领域的热点,本文综述了白酒风味成分检测分析方面的研究进展,介绍了风味成分检测前处理技术与分析方法,总结了各大香型白酒中的风味挖掘及分析的最新成果,探讨了研究中存在的局限与不足,并展望了未来技术发展的方向和趋势。

工厂化循环水养殖模式对大口黑鲈肌肉营养成分和挥发性风味物质的影响

为探究工厂化循环水养殖模式对池塘养殖的大口黑鲈肌肉营养成分和挥发性风味物质的影响,将池塘养殖的大口黑鲈成鱼移入到工厂化循环水养殖系统中进行暂养,分别于暂养第1天、第10天、第20天和第30天进行取样,测定分析大口黑鲈的肌肉营养成分和挥发性风味物质。结果显示:在工厂化循环水系统中暂养不同时间对大口黑鲈肌肉中粗蛋白质和粗脂肪含量无显著影响(P>0.05),但对肌肉中氨基酸总量以及二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)的含量有显著影响(P<0.05),均在暂养第30天时含量最高,且显著高于暂养第1天、第10天和第20天时(P<0.05);采用氨基酸评分(AAS)和化学评分(CS)对大口黑鲈肌肉必需氨基酸进行营养评价,AAS模式下不同暂养时间的大口黑鲈第一限制性氨基酸均为缬氨酸,CS模式下第一限制性氨基酸均为甲硫氨酸+胱氨酸。通过构建工厂化循环水系统暂养不同时间的大口黑鲈肌肉中挥发性风味物质的指纹图谱,发现肌肉中2-庚酮、2-戊酮、2-丁酮、环戊酮、1-辛烯-3-醇、1-己醇等愉悦气味物质含量随着工厂化循环水暂养时间的延长而增加。综上可知,将池塘养殖的大口黑鲈成鱼移入到工厂化循环水系统中暂养可提高大口黑鲈肌肉营养品质及风味,是一种有效提高大口黑鲈成鱼品质的技术措施,建议在池塘养殖大口黑鲈成鱼的品质提升上推广应用。

不同提取工艺对鸡油理化性质与挥发性风味物质的影响

为了探究不同提取工艺对鸡油理化性质与挥发性风味物质的影响。本研究分别采用干法、湿法和微波熬制三种工艺提取鸡油,并对不同工艺提取鸡油的理化性质进行综合比较,同时采用顶空-气相色谱-质谱联用仪测定其挥发性风味物质构成,结合相对气味活度值、主成分分析和聚类分析明确不同提取工艺鸡油中的关键挥发性风味成分组成差异。结果表明,干法熬制的鸡油亮度最低,颜色更红、更黄,丙二醛含量较低;湿法熬制的鸡油亮度最高,颜色偏绿、偏黄,酸价较低;微波熬制的鸡油亮度稍暗,黄色和红色较浅,提取率较高,氧化稳定性较好且熬制时间短。不同提取工艺鸡油样品中共鉴定出49种挥发性风味物质,其中干法、湿法和微波法三种不同工艺所提取的鸡油中挥发性风味物质分别有39种、41种和44种,共有挥发性风味物质30种。结合ROAV和PCA,确定了(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、己醛、(E)-2-癸烯醛、1-戊醇、辛醛、(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛、3-甲基丁醛为鸡油的主要特征风味物质。微波法提取鸡油的特征性风味物质含量较高且种类较多。本研究表明微波工艺相对而言具有耗时短、得率高、氧化稳定好以及鸡油特征性风味物质含量较高且种类多等优点,是一种值得深入研究与探索的鸡油提取工艺。

4个家系斑点叉尾鮰肌肉质构特性及风味成分评价

为探究4个不同家系斑点叉尾的鱼肉品质,及为斑点叉尾鮰品种选育提供科学依据,通过理化分析等方法测定不同家系斑点叉尾鮰鱼肉的质构特性、风味物质等指标,比较品质差异。结果显示:不同家系斑点叉尾鱼肉中水分和必需氨基酸含量无显著性差异(P>0.05);DZ29-1家系鱼肉肌肉硬度、回复性、弹性和内聚性显著高于其他家系(P<0.05);鱼肉中的游离氨基酸、腺苷三磷酸、腺苷二磷酸、腺苷一磷酸与肌苷酸在不同家系间存在差异,其中DZ29-1家系鱼肉中腺苷三磷酸、腺苷一磷酸和肌苷酸含量最高;4个家系鱼肉中的挥发性气味物质种类相似。试验结果表明,不同家系斑点叉尾鮰鱼肉的质构特性和滋味及风味物质存在差异,试验结果可为筛选斑点叉尾优质品种提供参考,促进我国斑点叉尾产业高质量发展。

四川黑茶品质分析及风味轮的构建

分析四川黑茶品质现状,为四川黑茶品质提升提供数据支撑。选取四川省具有代表性的48个黑茶样品为研究对象,通过感官审评方法、主要生化成分测定和儿茶素组分及咖啡碱含量测定,对其感官品质和理化成分(茶多酚、氨基酸、水浸出物、咖啡碱、儿茶素类、茶色素类)进行比较分析,并绘制滋味、香气风味轮。分析结果表明,四川黑茶品质特征以“浓”“醇”为主,其品质成分水浸出物含量为20.73%~44.93%,茶多酚含量为2.99%~15.94%,游离氨基酸含量为0.21%~1.83%,咖啡碱含量为1.13%~4.34%,茶多糖含量为0.80%~3.19%,茶黄素含量为0.05%~0.29%,茶红素含量为0.14%~4.98%,茶褐素含量为3.39%~14.35%,儿茶素总量为0.23%~9.85%;主成分提取出茶多酚、EGC、EC、儿茶素总量、咖啡碱、茶多糖、茶褐素、咖啡碱、茶多糖和茶褐素为四川黑茶主要品质成分;当遗传距离临界值为10时,通过聚类分析将48个样品分为三大类。风味轮表明,四川黑茶香气类型包括甜香、陈香、糯香等;滋味类型包括浓、醇、甜、厚、滑等,但一定比例的产品品质存在涩、青、焦、酸、苦、粗等缺陷。研究发现,四川黑茶总体品质较好,但香气类型比较少,以陈香为主,缺乏特色滋味、特色香型等感官品质,建议加强自主选育和适度引进具有木香、药香等茶树品种,并结合四川的主栽品种有针对性地开展适应四川不同地区特色的渥堆工艺研究。本研究为后续黑茶新品种选育及品质特征研究提供了参考依据,也为实际生产中四川黑茶加工工艺的优化提供理论支撑。

价键原子指数用于酱香型习酒香气成分保留性质研究

酱香型习酒是一种风味极其独特的酱香型白酒,具有风味醇厚、幽雅细腻和回味悠长的香气,香气成分繁多而复杂.为探究酱香型白酒的主要挥发性物质的组成及香气风味成分的差异,研究建构酱香型习酒香气成分保留指数的定量结构-保留相关性模型,根据酱香型习酒香气成分分子中原子的空间与电性结构,基于拓扑理论,提出了一种新的结构参数-价键原子指数~mA.另计算了酱香型习酒香气成分的电拓扑状态指数(Em),优化筛选了指数中的~0A、E_(1)、E_(2)、E_(14),将4种结构参数作为神经网络三层结构的输入节点数,色谱保留指数作为三层结构的输出节点数,网络结构采用4-12-1方式.建立的预测香气成分保留指数模型的相关系数达到0.9965,计算得到的酱香型习酒香气成分保留指数RI预测值的平均相对误差为1.41%.结果表明,酱香型习酒挥发性香气成分的保留指数,与价键原子指数和电拓扑状态指数之间具有很好的非线性关系,非氢原子结构及—CH_(3)、>CH_(2)、—O—等基团,是影响酱香型习酒香气成分保留指数的主要因素.

银杏果对花露烧酒风味的影响研究

目的通过风味分析确定花露烧酒新品中银杏果的最佳添加量。方法采用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法(solid phase microexteaction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,SPME-GC-MS)和感官评价技术测定比较了不同银杏果添加量的花露烧酒的挥发性风味成分。结果共鉴定出52种挥发性风味成分,各样品中香气成分的种类和含量有明显差异;经与糯米混合发酵后,银杏果中青草风味成分如壬醛、正己醛等显著下降或未检出;采用主成分分析法得出银杏花露烧酒香气与苯乙醇、正己酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯、庚酸乙酯、戊酸乙酯等风味成分有关。由感官分析可知银杏果添加量为25%的花露烧酒样品C整体感官品质最佳,尤其是香气方面,产生了令人愉悦的正己酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯等风味成分。结论添加25%银杏果的花露烧酒的风味较好,为传统特色产品花露烧酒的创新提供了新思路,对银杏花露烧酒的风味控制提供了理论依据。

不同发酵期浓香型青稞酒糟醅理化指标及基酒香气组分差异

基于前期优化的浓香型青稞酒发酵工艺,探究不同发酵期(40 d,50 d和60 d)对浓香型青稞酒糟醅理化指标和基酒挥发性香气组分的影响。结果表明,不同发酵期浓香型青稞酒出窖糟醅的水分、酸度、还原糖和淀粉差异显著(p<0.05)。随着发酵期的增加,出窖糟醅的水分增加,还原糖、酸度和淀粉呈现下降趋势。延长发酵期有利于延长微生物分解代谢,提高淀粉的利用率,提升出酒率。不同发酵期青稞酒的挥发性香气组分含量差异较大。随着发酵期增加,挥发性香气组分的种类及总含量呈现增加趋势。酸类、醇类和酯类为主要的挥发性香气组分,酸类和醇类组分的含量呈现先增加后下降的趋势,可能与醇酸酯化合成酯类有关,与酯类组分的含量增加趋势相一致。长发酵期有利于提高青稞酒中酯类组分的含量,进而增加青稞酒的香气浓郁度和丰富度。

不同酵母对圣女果果酒品质及挥发性风味物质的影响

该研究以圣女果为原料,以菌株L2323、BO213、F15、RV002和果酒专用酵母为发酵菌种制备圣女果果酒,测定其发酵过程中糖度、总酸、酒精度,进行感官评价,并采用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)结合气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术分析挥发性风味物质,确定圣女果果酒的最佳发酵菌株。结果表明,酵母L2323发酵的圣女果果酒在发酵过程中发酵速度最快,产酒精能力较强,发酵结束时,其糖度为2.4°Bx,总酸为16.5g/L,酒精度为16%vol;感官评分最高(86分),酒体色泽通透,具有圣女果独有香气,口味爽口,典型性突出。挥发性风味物质种类最丰富(77种),相对含量最高(90.22%),其中,酯类物质种类最多(28种),主要为辛酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯等,赋予果酒水果香气。

基于HS-GC-IMS分析陇南主栽品种初榨橄榄油的风味特征成分

旨在为我国甘肃陇南产区初榨橄榄油(VOO)的快速鉴别以及工业生产过程中的风味品质评价提供数据支撑和理论依据,采用HS-GC-IMS技术对甘肃陇南主栽品种莱星(LX)、佛奥(FO)、科拉蒂(KLD)、皮削利(PXL)、鄂植8号(EZ8)以及LX与KLD的混合品种(HH)6种VOO中的风味特征成分进行定性和差异分析。结果表明:6种VOO中共检测出39种风味特征物质,定性出22种,其中醛类(9种)、酮类(5种)化合物为主要的风味特征成分,此外还包括酯类(3种)、醇类(3种)、萜烯类(1种)和呋喃类(1种)等物质;6种VOO中含有的风味特征物质均存在不同程度的差异,其中,LX、KLD和HH中的风味特征物质较为相似,其2-甲基丁醛、3-甲基丁醛、(E)-2-戊烯醛、辛醛和2-正戊基呋喃含量较高,FO中的正戊醇、正己醛和3-戊酮含量较高,PXL中的(Z)-3-己烯乙酸酯、α-松油烯、2-己酮的含量较高,EZ8中的乙酸乙酯含量最高,HH中的2-丁酮、丙酮、(E)-2-庚烯醛的含量较高。综上,采用HS-GC-IMS可以有效检测VOO中的风味特征物质,定性出的风味特征物质可作为区分6种VOO的依据之一。

甜瓜酸奶发酵工艺优化及其品质分析

该研究以纯牛奶和甜瓜汁为原料制备甜瓜酸奶,以酸度、持水力和感官评分为考察指标,在单因素试验的基础上采用响应面法对甜瓜酸奶的发酵工艺进行优化,并对其贮藏特性、抗氧化活性、流变特性、微观结构以及挥发性风味成分进行分析。结果表明,甜瓜酸奶的最佳发酵工艺条件为:甜瓜汁添加量7%,赤藓糖醇添加量7%,发酵时间8 h,接种量0.3%。在此优化条件下,甜瓜酸奶酸度为82.62°T,持水力为81.13%,感官评分为90.70分。在贮藏21 d后,甜瓜酸奶的感官评分、酸度、持水力分别为73.0分、88.4°T、68.2%;甜瓜酸奶具有均一、连续、紧密蛋白质网络结构和更好的流变性能;共检出33种挥发性风味成分,包括7种醇类、9种酯类、7种醛类、4种酮类、2种酸类和4种其他类化合物,相对含量分别为19.64%、28.43%、27.70%、11.69%、9.18%、3.36%。甜瓜汁的添加能改善酸奶的品质,赋予酸奶甜瓜香气。