Dietary, physical activity, and weight management interventions among active-duty military personnel: a systematic review

Background: Research has been conducted to assess the effectiveness of weight management, dietary and physical activity interventions in military settings. However, a recent and comprehensive overview is lacking. The aim of this systematic review is to examine the evidence and describe key components of effective interventions in terms of improving body composition, dietary behaviors, and physical activity among active-duty military personnel.Methods: Pub Med, Psyc Info, and CINAHL were searched on the 17 th of November 2017 to identify interventions that promoted diet and/or physical activity among active-duty military personnel. Studies were included if they assessed outcomes related to anthropometric measurements, dietary behaviors, or fitness/physical activity levels. There were no restrictions regarding publication date, follow-up duration, and sex. After screening, a total of 136 studies were eligible. Of these studies, 38 included an educational and/or behavioral change component, and 98 had only physical or fitness training as part of basic military training. Only studies that included an educational and/or behavioral change component were assessed for quality using the Effective Public Health Practice Project tool and included in the qualitative synthesis of the results.Results: Based on consistent evidence from studies that were rated as moderate or strong, there is good evidence that military weight management interventions are effective in improving body composition for durations of up to 12 months. Effective interventions are more likely to be high intensity(have a greater number of sessions), are more often delivered by specialists, and use theoretical base/behavioral change techniques and a standardized guideline. Dietary interventions can potentially reduce total fat and saturated fat intake. Dietary interventions that target the kitchen staff and/or increase the availability of healthy food are more likely to be effective in the short term. The results regarding military physical fitness interventions were inconclusive.Conclusions: Despite limitations such as the diversity and heterogeneity of the included interventions, outcome measurements, and follow-up duration, this systematic review found good evidence that weight management interventions are effective, especially in terms of weight loss. More studies are needed to acquire solid evidence for effectiveness for durations longer than 12 months and to identify key components of the effective dietary and physical activity educational and/or behavioral change interventions, especially in countries outside Europe and the US.

Nutritional Status and Physical Activities among Army Trainees in Public Institutions of Higher Education in Malaysia

This study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional status and physical activities of university students that enrolled in military training with the age range of 20 - 34 years. Nutritional status assessment was based on eating habit questionnaires, anthropometric measurements with body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), food intake records for three days and also food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Assessment of physical activities was carried out using physical activities records. Food intake and physical activities data were analyzed using the Nutri-Antro Web (NAW) software. Generally, the subjects were found to have good nutrition knowledge and food intake habits, except for having an irregular meal time (85.0%). Based on BMI studies, 80.0% of male subjects and 78.6% of female subjects were within normal range with the average of 22.94 ± 2.97 kg/m2 and 21.40 ± 3.06 kg/m2 respectively. None of the subjects had WHR above the cut-off point of 1.0 for men and 0.85 for women. The average energy intake for male and female was 2589 ± 687 kcal and 1959 ± 460 kcal respectively. Overall, nutrient intake of both genders fulfilled Malaysia Recommended Nutrient Intake 2005 (RNI) except for the average energy intake of the female subjects. The daily physiccal activities patterns revealed that 73.6% was used for light activities, 19.7% for moderate while 7.4% for heavy activities. The average daily energy expenditure for male subjects (3161 ± 444 kcal) was higher than the female subjects (2492 ± 388 kcal). Both male and female subjects have negative energy balance of -572 kcal and -533 kcal respecttively. Majority of the subjects were categorized as physically active (77.9%). Pearson correlation test showed that physical activities were positively correlated (p < 0.05) with BMI, WHR and nutrient intakes except for the intake of vitamin C. In conclusion, nutritional status and physical activity level of subjects were satisfactory.

Effects of Different Cultivation Media and Periods on the Content of Main Active Components of Cordyceps militaris Strain QC04

In this study,Cordyceps militaris strain QC04 was cultivated in oat,rice,and wheat media for different time periods.We studied the effects of different cultivation media and periods on the fruiting body biomass and active components of C.militaris,aiming to provide reference for the production and utilization of C.militaris QC04.The results showed that the dry weight of the fruiting body of C.militaris was the highest in the wheat medium,moderate in the oat medium,and the lowest in the rice medium.The content of cordycepin and adenosine in the fruiting body and residual medium was higher in the oat and rice media than in the rice medium.The content of cordycepin and adenosine in fruiting body and residual medium peaked on day 55.Furthermore,the content of cordycepin in the fruiting body was lower than that in the residual medium,while the content of adenosine showed an opposite trend.The content of cordycepic acid in the rice medium was generally higher than that in the oat and wheat media.As the cultivation period extended,the fruiting body biomass declined and the content of cordycepic acid in the fruiting body increased slightly.

蛹虫草-浙贝母-黑豆菌质固体双向发酵工艺及其抗肿瘤活性研究

为实现浙贝母、黑豆高值化利用,开发一种具有抗肿瘤功效的蛹虫草菌质,将浙贝母-黑豆(浙贝母黑豆=21,质量比)作为蛹虫草(Cordyceps militaris)菌株发酵基质,以多酚含量为评价指标,采用单因素及响应面试验方法优化蛹虫草-浙贝母-黑豆菌质固体双向发酵工艺,采用MTT法测定发酵菌质体外抗肿瘤活性。结果表明,最佳发酵条件为料液比11.2(g/mL),接种量20 mL/100 g,培养温度21℃,培养时间29 d。优化条件下,菌质中多酚含量(6.24 mg/g)与模型预测值(6.35 mg/g)偏差为1.78%,且显著高于基质中多酚含量(1.19 mg/g);发酵菌质具有一定的体外抗肿瘤活性,其水提物对S180肿瘤细胞体外增殖抑制率表现出良好的量效及时效关系,以质量浓度相当于生药量200 mg/mL的水提液作用48 h条件下的细胞增殖抑制率最强,达到了73.08%,且在相同质量浓度及作用条件下,发酵菌质对S180肿瘤细胞的体外增殖抑制率是基质的1.10~1.88倍。

蛹虫草菌株胞外发酵液抗氧化能力评价及优良菌株筛选

为建立高抗氧化能力的蛹虫草优良菌株评价筛选方法,以蛹虫草(Cordyceps militaris)胞外发酵液为研究对象,采用相关性分析对10株蛹虫草菌株进行抗氧化能力评价及优良菌株筛选。以菌株生长活性、胞外酶活力、抗氧化能力为指标,在相关性分析、隶属函数赋值计算的基础上建立线性回归方程,得到蛹虫草菌株抗氧化综合能力与发酵生物量、菌丝平均生长速度、β-葡萄糖苷酶活力、蛋白酶活力的蛹虫草菌株定向筛选模型,采用模型筛选得到优势菌株CH-1及CA-1。通过结实性实验进一步验证,蛹虫草菌株CH-1与CA-1生物学转化率可达90%以上,其虫草素含量较野生菌株高60%左右,菌株生长周期短10 d以上,试验结果说明此模型可用来快速筛选出具有高抗氧化能力的蛹虫草优良菌株。

基于HFACS模型的军事演训活动风险评估指标体系构建

基于人因分析与分类系统(HFACS)分析军事演训活动的全面风险,考虑联合军事演训和新域新质作战力量的特点,并突出演训活动的战斗力标准。在改进HFACS模型分析框架的基础上,逐层次细化拆解,建立初步的风险评估指标库,并结合专家知识运用风险矩阵对指标库进行优化。构建人为因素视角下涵盖战斗力的风险、组织管理的风险、不安全行为的前提条件的风险和不安全行为的风险等4个方面以及包含战斗精神、新型主战武器、智能装备等在内的15项极高风险指标、20项高风险指标和8项中风险指标的风险评估指标体系。

基于任务优先权的军民航飞行活动协同排序模型

随着空域资源需求的不断增大,军民航间飞行矛盾日益突显。为解决此问题,本文以国务院、中央军事委员会空中交通管制委员会提出的“军民航空管联合运行”为背景,引入军民航共享空域的概念,重点研究了在此类空域中军民航飞行活动协同排序(CMFCS,civil-military aviation flight activity collaborative sequencing)问题。首先,基于军民航各自飞行任务特点与差异,对军民航飞行任务的种类进行划分,并使用层次分析法确定各类飞行任务的优先权原则;其次,以军民航飞行活动总延误时间成本最小为目标,建立CMFCS模型;最后,使用遗传算法对模型进行求解,确定军民航飞行活动批准进入共享空域的时间序列。研究结果表明,与经典的先到先服务(FCFS,first come first service)策略相比,协同排序策略得到的总延误时间成本降低了72.17%,优化效果显著且更符合实际,能够实现军民航共同使用国家空域资源,保障飞行活动安全、有序、高效地运行。

柞蚕蛹虫草不同培养时间中的活性物质代谢组分析

为解析柞蚕蛹虫草不同培养时间中活性代谢物的种类及积累规律,运用广泛靶向代谢组学技术对培养0、10、20、30、40 d的柞蚕蛹虫草中的代谢物进行鉴定。结果表明,柞蚕蛹虫草不同培养时间中的主要活性物质种类大体相同,在各试验培养期中分别鉴定出419、419、420、417和417个代谢物,主要包括氨基酸及其衍生物、核苷酸及其衍生物、酚酸、有机酸、糖及醇类、脂类、生物碱等多种化合物。其中,首次检测到3-吲哚丙酸、吡哆素。柞蚕蛹虫草培养过程中差异代谢物的相对含量差异显著,所有的差异代谢物聚为9个簇,大致分为5种类型,其中,有61个代谢物在试验期内呈现持续上调趋势,包括虫草素、2-脱氧腺苷等。对比主要活性物质中6种核苷类成分及鲜味氨基酸含量,培养40 d的柞蚕蛹虫草品质更佳。

军校学员科技创新活动组织模式探索

军校开展学员科技创新活动是培塑学员科技创新实践能力的重要途径.以空军预警学院“空天·创新杯”学员科技创新活动为例,分析了现有组织模式的现状;提出了一种引入“揭榜挂帅-赛马-深化迭代”机制的活动组织模式,并给出了在该模式下的应用实践.应用实践表明,该组织模式在科学引导学员选题、提升项目挑战度和作品质量、提升学员综合创新能力培育等方面均取得了较好效果.

蚕虫草(Cordyceps militaris)的干燥条件及其对活性成分的影响

研究了蚕虫草的烘干和微波干燥条件及其对主要活性成分的影响。结果表明,采用烘干干燥,随着干燥温度的升高,干燥速率增加,且在各试验温度下均达到极显著差异,75%以上的水分是在前2 h失去的;采用微波干燥,随着微波干燥功率的增加,干燥速率也增加,且在各试验微波干燥功率下均达到极显著差异,75%以上的水分是在前6 min失去的。对于活性成分含量来说,微波干燥方法中,900 W是最好的,极显著高于其他功率;采用烘干方法时,虫草素是在60℃时含量最高,而腺苷则是在70℃时含量最高。在生产中可以根据需要选择不同的干燥条件。

不同光质对蛹虫草生长发育及代谢产物影响

目的:研究不同光质对蛹虫草子实体生物量和品质的影响。方法:将转色后的蛹虫草罐头瓶分别置于黑光(BK)、白光(W)、青色光(CY)、红光(R)、蓝光(BE)、洋红色光(CA)、太阳色光(SU)、黄光(Y)和绿光(G)9种光质条件下培养,分析不同光质条件下蛹虫草子实体色泽、生物量、活性成分和营养成分的差异。结果:光质Y处理的蛹虫草子实体颜色最优;光质Y处理的蛹虫草子实体生物量和腺苷含量最高,分别为29.97 g和2.45 mg/g;光质W处理的蛹虫草子实体多糖含量最高,为8.95 mg/g;光质BE处理的蛹虫草子实体虫草素含量最高,为0.30 mg/g;蛹虫草子实体被检测出的氨基酸种类有17种,其中光质BE处理的子实体总氨基酸含量最高,为25.32 g/100 g。结论:光质Y有助于提高子实体色泽、生物量和腺苷含量,光质W有助于提高子实体多糖含量,光质BE有助提高虫草素和总氨基酸含量。

响应面法优化柞蚕蛹虫草活性肽提取工艺研究

为优化柞蚕蛹虫草多肽提取工艺,本试验分别研究了pH、酶解时间、反应温度和加酶量对多肽得率的影响,并采用响应面法对提取条件进行了优化。结果表明:四种因素对柞蚕蛹虫草多肽得率的影响顺序为pH>酶解时间>反应温度>加酶量,最佳酶解条件为:酶解时间2.8 h、加酶量2%、pH 9.7、反应温度56℃。在此酶解条件下进行验证试验,测得柞蚕蛹虫草多肽得率平均值为86.1%,与预测值87.52%接近,表明该模型能较好地预测辅助提取柞蚕蛹虫草活性肽,可为柞蚕蛹虫草的产业性开发应用提供依据。

7—13世纪海(宁)州的海上交通与对外交往

唐宋元三代是我国“海上丝绸之路”的繁荣期,政府和民间都热衷于航海活动。唐宋海州与元代海宁州位于东部沿海脐部,与日本列岛和朝鲜半岛隔海相望。唐政府为征伐高丽,从海州征集粮草和水手,通过海路运往前线。新罗移民通过北路航线来到宿城世代居住,日本使节入唐和回国会选择直通日本和海州的航线。北宋海州修建“高丽馆”,接待高丽使节和商旅。南宋海州处于战争前线,海上军事活动较多,港口军事地位突出,港口规模持续扩大。元代,海宁州成为皇粮海运的停靠点。

超声辅助低共熔溶剂法提取蛹虫草多糖工艺优化及其抗氧化活性研究

采用超声辅助低共熔溶剂法制备蛹虫草多糖。以多糖得率为指标,先从4种常用的低共熔溶剂体系中确定最佳溶剂,然后通过单因素试验和响应面试验获得最佳提取工艺,并对其抗氧化活性进行评估。结果表明:最佳低共熔溶剂为氯化胆碱-尿素、摩尔比为1∶2、含量为30%;最佳提取工艺为液料比53∶1(mL/g)、超声温度51℃、超声时间37 min。在此条件下,多糖得率为21.56%±0.45%。抗氧化试验结果表明,蛹虫草多糖对DPPH自由基、羟基自由基和ABTS自由基的EC_(50)分别为0.80、1.38、0.36 mg/mL,表明其具有较好的抗氧化活性。

蛹虫草人参发酵饮料研制及其抗氧化活性研究

本研究以蛹虫草和人参作为原料,益生菌作为发酵剂,蔗糖、柠檬酸、黄原胶作为辅料,研制出一款蛹虫草人参发酵饮料。在单因素试验基础上,采用响应面试验对蛹虫草人参发酵饮料的配方进行优化,分析了饮料的抗氧化活性。结果表明,该饮料的最佳配方是蛹虫草人参发酵液13.04%,蔗糖最优添加量1.48%,柠檬酸最佳添加量0.20%,黄原胶添加量0.09%,在此配方条件下预测感官评分为89.68分。饮料呈现淡黄色、酸甜可口、具有蛹虫草和人参特有的香味、浓稠度适中、感官风味较佳。微生物检测指标符合相关标准,该饮料对DPPH自由基、羟基自由基和超氧阴离子的最大清除率分别达到89.97%、64.89%和52.17%,对Fe^(3+)的还原能力最大可达42.8%,表明蛹虫草人参饮料具有较好的抗氧化能力。

两种方法制备的蛹虫草小分子肽分子量分布及体外抗氧化能力对比研究

目的探究复合酶解法与酶-高压蒸煮耦合水解法制备蛹虫草小分子肽的分子量分布情况与体外抗氧化活性差异。方法采用凝胶色谱法检测两组肽分子量分布情况,并分别测定总抗氧化能力(T-AOC),羟基自由基和超氧阴离子自由基清除能力,综合评价两组多肽体外抗氧化能力。结果两种方法制备的肽样品分子量分布情况相近,分子量<10×10^(3) Da的组分占比近60%,分子量<5×10^(3) Da的组分占比约31%。两种方法制得的分子量<10×10^(3) Da、分子量<5×10^(3) Da的蛹虫草活性肽的清除羟基自由基和超氧阴离子自由基能力均优于还原性谷胱甘肽(GSH)。其中复合酶解法所得分子量<5×10^(3)活性多肽的T-AOC活性明显高于GSH。结论两种方法制备的多肽分子量分布无明显差异,且均具有良好的体外抗氧化活性。

机载主动防御系统毁伤技术发展现状及趋势

发展机载末端主动防御系统已成为当前战场环境下提高军机生存力的现实途径,毁伤单元作为打击链路的最终作用环节,其有效与否直接关系到整个主动防御系统的作战效能。本文从机载主动防御系统的对抗原理出发,梳理了机载主动防御系统的发展现状,提出构建“软硬协同”对抗式综合主动防御系统的总体设计理念,并从软杀伤和硬杀伤两个方面给出发展主动防御系统毁伤技术的思路与建议。

The Effect of the Hot Water Extracts of the <i>Paecilomyces hepiali </i>and <i>Cordyceps militaris</i>Mycelia on the Growth of Gastrointestinal Bacteria

The gastrointestinal health is very important aspect concerning human health. It refers to nutrient and vitamin absorption, food digestion and various infectious diseases. The Paecilomyces hepiali and Cordyceps militaris are highly enriched with cordycepin and ergosterol which are considered as anti bacterial substances. Present study finds out comparative effect of hot water extract of particular fungal material on growth of six species of gastrointestinal bacteria that belong to both aerobic and anaerobic and, consist with harmful and commensal categories. The appropriate concentration level of hot water extract of both strains was identified. The individual specific bacterial growing media were prepared and calculated;amounts of bacteria cultures were inoculated by using micro pipettes. The optical density and number of bacterial colonies were measured after 24 hours. The pure mycelial extract of P. hepiali with 2 × 10-3 g/ml of concentration has significant effect on depleting the growth of E. coli, E. faecalis, S. aureus, L. gasseri and B. ovatus bacteria. B. longum has no significant effect by particular extract. Same type of extract of C. militaris has significantly reduced the growth of every bacteria used in this study. Hot water extract of C. militaris cultivated on soy bean has significant growth retardation toward E. coli, E. faecalis, S. aureus and L. gasseri. It has stimulated the growth of B. ovatus and B. longum which are considered as beneficial bacteria for human gut. This study shows that extracts of both mycelia include antimicrobial substances like cordycepin and ergosterol which can be used as food supplements to enhance human gut health.

Procoagulant constituents from Cordyceps militaris

Cordyceps militaris,belongs to Clavicipitaceae family,was investigated for its chemical compounds,and six compounds were isolated and purified by silica gel column chromatography,Sephadex LH-20 and recrystallization,and their structures were elucidated by spectral techniques and physicochemical properties as ergosterol(1),adenosine(2),cordycepin(3),ergosterol peroxide(4),tetracosanoic acid 2,3-dihydroxypropylester(5),mannitol(6).Procoagulant activity was screened by assaying the activated partial thromboplastin time(APTT),prothrombin time(PT),thrombin time(TT)and fibrinogen(FIB)in vitro.The results indicated that ergosterol,adenosine,cordycepin,ergosterol peroxide and mannitol showed strong procoagulant activity.

蛹虫草多酚提取工艺优化及其抗氧化活性

以蛹虫草子实体为原料,采用响应面设计优化蛹虫草多酚提取工艺,分析蛹虫草多酚的抗氧化活性。以多酚的得率为指标,在单因素试验基础上,利用Box-Behnken设计进行响应面试验,确定蛹虫草多酚最佳提取工艺,并对多酚体外总抗氧化能力及DPPH自由基、羟自由基清除能力进行分析。结果显示:蛹虫草多酚最佳提取工艺为提取温度51℃、提取时间1.6 h、液料比49∶1(mL/g),优化条件下多酚得率为6.03 mg/g。抗氧化活性分析结果表明:浓度为0~0.4 mg/mL时,蛹虫草多酚总抗氧化能力随着质量浓度的增加而增强,且始终高于同等浓度的维生素C溶液;多酚溶液对DPPH自由基的半抑制质量浓度为19.52μg/mL,为维生素C溶液的75.25%;对羟自由基半抑制质量浓度为86.47μg/mL,是维生素C溶液的8.31%。蛹虫草多酚的提取工艺可行,蛹虫草多酚具有较强的抗氧化活性。