野外Lysimeter试验^(14)C同位素示踪研究土壤-小麦系统多环芳烃萘的环境归趋

采用14C同位素示踪技术和野外Lysimeter试验,进行了小麦种植条件下多环芳烃萘(naphthalene)的环境归趋的定量化研究。结果表明,气态损耗是土壤中外源萘含量减少的主要途径,其中矿化损失约占气态损耗的84.41%,作物的存在可显著促进萘的气态损耗,矿化速率和挥发速率可分别提高43.51%和190.32%,其原因可能与植物的根系分泌活动有关。经过一个小麦生长周期,土壤表层残留14C占施入量的1.73%;对土壤柱样的分层分析和土壤渗滤放射性强度测定发现,萘存在明显的纵向迁移现象并可能影响地下水水质,渗滤损失约占施入总量的0.043%;收获期萘在小麦体内含量仅占外源施入量的0.003%,但小麦籽粒已明显检测到14C的存在,浓度约为0.16mg·kg-1,因此农田环境中多环芳烃残留对食品安全的影响也应引起重视。

用Micro-Lysimeters和大型蒸渗仪测定夏玉米蒸散的研究

利用大型称重式蒸渗仪和自制的Micro-Lysimeters对夏玉米生育期的蒸散量进行了研究。研究发现夏玉米整个生育期的棵间蒸发占总蒸散量的36.01%,其中大部分集中在生育前期;不同深度层次的土壤水分和棵间蒸发与蒸散量的比例(E/ETwd)随着深度的增加相关性越来越弱,10cm土壤含水量与E/ETwd的相关系数R2=81.23%,30cm土壤含水量与E/ETwd的相关系数R2=46.47%,50cm土壤含水量与E/ETwd的相关系数R2=34.09%;叶面积指数与E/ETwd也有密切的关系,相关系数R2=87.47%。

不同长度micro-lysimeters对测定土壤蒸发的影响

研究了 5 ,10 ,15 ,2 0 ,2 5 cm共 5种不同长度处理和内壁有孔、内外壁均有孔 2种处理由 PVC管制成的 micro- lysimeters对土壤蒸发的影响。结果表明 :降雨后 5 ,10 cm处理的土壤水分蒸发较快 ,15 ,2 0 ,2 5 cm处理的变化不明显 ,可以利用 15 cm长的 m icro- lysimeters测定土壤蒸发 ;壁上有孔处理的蒸发要高于同样长度的无孔处理。

用大型Lysimeter和TDR测算赣东北红壤农田的渗漏量

红壤农田的渗漏量及透水性能对评价红壤水土流失状况具有很重要的意义。利用大型称重式蒸渗仪、时域反射仪和张力计 ,研究了赣东北红壤农田的渗漏量。结果表明 ,红壤农田土体渗漏性能良好 ,4 0 0 cm处最高日渗漏量可达 6 0 mm / d;3年结果表明年渗漏量为 10 36 .37～ 16 2 0 .4 6 mm,占到年降水量的 5 5 .1%～ 6 7.0 % ;在有花生生长和等高种植的情况下 ,即使在雨季 ,缓坡农田的径流量也很小而渗漏量较大。红壤表层以下的透水状况不是造成土壤侵蚀的主要因素。红壤坡荒地开垦为农田后 。

Nitrate leaching of winter wheat grown in lysimeters as affected by fertilizers and irrigation on the North China Plain

Proper application of nitrogen（N） fertilizers and irrigation management are important production practices that can reduce nitrate leaching into groundwater and improve the N use efficiency（NUE）. A lysimeter/rain shelter facility was used to study effects of the rate of N fertilization, type of N fertilizer, and irrigation level on key aspects of winter wheat production over three growing seasons（response variables were nitrate transport, N leaching, and NUE）. Results indicated that nitrate concentration in the soil profile and N leaching increased with the rate of N fertilization. At the end of the third season, nitrate concentration in the top 0–75 cm layer of soil was higher with manure treatment while urea treatments resulted in higher concentrations in the 100–200 cm layer. With normal irrigation, 3.4 to 15.3% of N from applied fertilizer was leached from the soil, yet no leaching occurred under a stress irrigation treatment. The manure treatment experienced less N leaching than the urea treatment in all cases except for the 180 kg N ha^-1 rate in 2011–2012（season 3）. In terms of grain yield（GY）, dry matter（DM） or NUE parameters, values for the manure treatment were lower than for the urea treatment in 2009–2010（season 1）, yet were otherwise higher for urea treatment in season 3. GY and crop nitrogen uptake（NU） were elevated when the rate of N fertilizer increased, while the NUE decreased; GY, DM, and NU increased with the amount of irrigation. Data indicated that reduced rates of N fertilization combined with increased manure application and proper irrigation management can lower nitrate levels in the subsoil and reduce potential N leaching into groundwater.

PELIMINARY ANALYSES FOR CROP WATER CONSUMPTION BY USING LYSIMETER

This paper deliberates on the issue of water consumption (evapotranspiration, ET) of three main crops in North China: wheat, corn and bean, which is mainly related to three factors as indicated by the definition of SPAC system. Water consumption was measured on daily and sometimes hourly basis by Lysimeter, which can be adjusted to have the same groundwater level as that in the field, thus the measurement could serve as representative of crop water consumption for adjacent area. The consumption period for three crops has been analyzed and cumulative deviation from the mean of daily evapotranspiration been used to divide the whole growing period into several parts, which are related to but different from the growing periods. The serial correlation coefficients for varied lag time have been calculated to verify that the process of daily ET is not random, and therefore the cumulative daily consumption has been simulated by polynomial method, which gives relative good results. Finally, the effort has been made to investigate the relation of crop yield and water consumption and water use efficiency based on a time series of seven years.

Study on Leaching Loss of Nitrogen in Ricefields by Using Large Undisturbed Monolith Lysimeters

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Estimation of evapotranspiration with drainage lysimeters in the Taihang Mountain area,China

In this research, the evapotranspiration （ET） of three native vegetation communities were measured using drainage lysime- ters in the Taihang Mountain area, China. They are a local grass, Themedajaponica, a local shrub, Vitex negundo var. heterophylla Rebd. and a mixture of both communities. The ET was measured using level lysimeters （with a slope of 0°） and slope lysimeters （with a slope of 25°）. In general, the measured ET was higher in the level lysimeters than in the slope lysimeters because of the water loss of surface runoff from the slope lysimeter. The total ETs over the growing season for the grass, shrub, and the mixture were 730.4, 742.0 and 790.7 mm, respectively in the level lysimeters, and 535.5, 504.1 and 540.1 mm, respectively in the slope lysimeters. In addition, the monthly ET peaked in August and had close linear relationship with leaf area index. The drainage lysimeter is an effective tool to estimate plant ET in mountain areas. The results from this research would provide scientific information for the vegetation recovery and sustainable development of forestry in the TM areas.

Conversion of organic carbon in the decomposable organic wastes in anaerobic lysimeters under different temperatures

The quantitative fractions of conversion of organic carbon in the decomposable organic wastes with initial moisture of 70% sorted from municipal solid wastes(MSW) in lysimeters into biogas, leachate and solid residue were characterized, under temperatures of 25, 30 and 41℃, respectively, and circulation of leachate generated within the lysimeters. It is found that 27% of organic carbon in the wastes are conversed into gases, 0.8% into leachate, and the other 72% remained in the decomposable solid residues, after 180 days' degradation at 41℃. Higher temperature will lead to more rapid degradation and result to higher conversion of the organic carbon to biogas and lower to both solid residues and leachate, while the pollutant concentrations in leachate will be lower at a higher temperature and the values of COD are quite consistent with TOC.

基于Lysimeter的人工固沙林地生态需水量计算方法与应用

人工固沙林是绿洲生态系统的重要组成部分,是保护绿洲农田、村落和城镇的重要屏障。近年来,随着绿洲区水资源危机的不断加剧和地下水位的大幅度下降,绿洲外围防风固沙林出现大面积的衰退和死亡。因此,研究人工固沙林地生态需水量和水分平衡对于恢复和重建绿洲防风固沙林具有重要的意义。在甘肃省治沙研究所研制的Lysimeter场的工作基础上,应用其研究结果,探讨了人工固沙林地生态需水量的计算方法、步骤及Lysimeter场的研究结果在固沙造林树种的选择和造林密度的确定方面的应用。

Combined Effect of Infiltration, Capillary Barrier and Sloping Layered Soil on Flow and Solute Transfer in a Heterogeneous Lysimeter

This aim of this paper is to describe a study of the combined effect of infiltration, capillary barrier and sloping layered soil on both flow and solute transport processes in a large, physical model (1 × 1 × 1.6 m3) called LUGH (Lysimeter for Urban Groundwater Hydrology) and a 3D numerical flow model. Sand and a soil composed of a bimodal sand-gravel mixture were placed in the lysimeter to simulate one of the basic structural and textural elements of the heterogeneity observed in the vadose zone under an infiltration basin of Lyon (France). Water and an inert tracer (KBr) were injected from the top of the lysimeter using a specific water sprinkler system and collected at 15 different outlets at the bottom. The outlet flows and the 15 breakthrough curves obtained presented high heterogeneity, emphasising the establishment of preferential flows resulting from both capillary barrier and soil layer dip effects. Numerical modelling led to better understanding of the mechanisms responsible for these heterogeneous transfers and it was also used to perform a sensitivity analysis of the effects of water velocity (water and solute flux fed by the sprinkler) and the slope interface. The results show that decreasing velocity and increasing the slope of the interface can lead to the development of preferential flows. In addition, the offset of the centre of gravity of the flow distribution at the output increases linearly as a function of the slope angle of the layered soil. This paper provides relevant information on the coupling between hydrodynamic processes and pollutant transfer in unsaturated heterogeneous soil and emphasizes the role of the geometry of the interfaces between materials and boundary conditions as key factors for preferential flow.

Influence of Stand-Alone Vertical Gas Vents on Aeration and Denitrification of Organic Municipal Waste Assessed by Two-Dimensional (2D) Lysimeters

Landfilled organic waste, in the presence of oxygen, can undergo aerobic decomposition facilitated by heterotrophic microorganisms. Aerobic degradation of solid waste can quickly consume available oxygen thus curtailing further degradation. The aim of this study was the investigation of a low-cost method of replenishing oxygen consumed in landfilled waste. Three 2D lysimeters were established to investigate the effectiveness of stand-alone, vertical ventilation pipes inserted into waste masses. Two different configurations of ventilation were tested with the third lysimeter acting as an unventilated control. Lysimeters were left uninsulated and observed over the course of 6 months with regular collection of gas and leachate samples. Lysimeters were then simulated for Oxygen (O2) and Nitrous oxide (N2O) to analyze the denitrification contributions of each. The experiment revealed that a single ventilation pipe can increase the mean oxygen level of a 1.7 m × 1.0 m area by up to 13.5%. It also identified that while increasing the density of ventilation pipes led to increased O2 levels, this increase was not significant at the 0.05 probability level. A single vent averaged 13.67% O2 while inclusion of an additional vent in the same area only increased the average to 14.59%, a 6.7% increase. Simulation helped to verify that lower ventilation pipe placement density may be more efficient as in addition to the effect on oxygenation, denitrification efficiency may increase. Simulations of N2O production estimated between 8% - 20% more N2O being generated with lower venting density configurations.

Effect of Leachate Recirculation on Settlement and Leachate Generation of Municipal Solid Waste from Landfill Lysimeter

The objectives of this study are to determine the settlement and leachate generation from landfill lysimeters of municipal solid waste. Two identical lysimeters with a diameter and height of 0.70 m and 2.40 m were prepared, respectively. The lysimeters were operated with and without leachate recirculation treatment. The settlement and leachate generation were quantified daily. The analysis of settlement was conducted by using hyperbolic function and curve fitting. Based on the experiments result, it is observed that garbage pile settlement in lysimeter treated with leachate recirculation （L-2） is higher than without recirculation treatment （L-1） as showed by the hyperbolic function and curve fitting result. The ultimate settlement （S_wlt） for L-1 and L-2 that used hyperbolic function were 0.487 m and 0.53 m, respectively. Meanwhile （S_wlt） that using curve fitting resulted 0.74 m, and 0.68 m for L-1 and L-2, respectively. The lysimeter which treated with leachate recirculation treatment showed a higher leachate height than without the treatment.

Effect of Leachate Recirculation on Characteristics of Leachate Generation of Municipal Solid Waste from Landfill Lysimeter

The objectives of this study are to determine the characteristics of leachates generated from landfill lysimeters of municipal solid waste. Two lysimeters with diameter and height of 0.70 and 2.40 m, respectively, were prepared. The lysimeters were operated with and without leachate recirculation. The leachate produced were quantified and characterised every day for the quantity, pH and ORP （oxidation reduction potential）. Meanwhile, the BOD and COD parameters were characterised every once week. Based on the data of experimental results that the lysimeter with a recirculation gave positive effects on the degradation of waste in landfills, that is the degradation process becomes faster. This is indicated by the quantity and quality of leachate generated. The lyisimeter conducted with recirculation of leachate shew the quantity of leachate generated larger than the lysimeter without recirculation. While the quality of the leachate includes pH, ORP, made it shown that the degradation process is faster. These results operations, especially for young waste. BOD and COD indicate that leachate recirculation on lysismeter suggest that leachate recirculation can be performed on landfills

Lysimeter 法椰子作物系数研究

用溶积式Lysimeter确定椰子树的耗水量。在1986年11月到1987年5月对树令为6年、叶面积指数为2.4的椰子树进行了观测,其每日耗水量为2.7-4.1mm,平均耗水量是有规律的,为每日3.3mm。用Pen-man法、Blaney-Criddle法,辐射法和美国A级蒸发皿法分别得到作物系数值为0.54、0.73、0.60和0.65。

2013-2020年海河流域农田水热碳通量及气象要素观测数据集

本研究以海河流域官厅水库旁农田生态系统为研究对象,采用蒸渗仪、涡动相关仪、大孔径闪烁仪和自动气象站/气象要素梯度等观测系统,开展农田生态系统多尺度通量和气象要素的长期定位观测。本数据集由多尺度通量(米,百米,公里级)和气象要素数据组成,观测项目包括生态系统净碳交换量、潜热通量/蒸散发、感热通量、空气温度、空气相对湿度、风速、风向、向下/上短波辐射、向下/上长波辐射、净辐射、大气压、降水、红外辐射温度、光合有效辐射、土壤温度、土壤水分、土壤热通量、平均土壤温度等。本数据集经过了严格的处理和质量控制,可用于研究水库消涨对周边生态系统碳水等物质和能量的循环带来的影响,也可为相关遥感模型或过程模型等研究提供有力的数据基础。

基于单作物系数法的温室秋季生菜蒸散量估算及验证

【目的】基于单作物系数法估算温室秋季生菜蒸散量。【方法】通过2021—2022年温室秋季生菜试验,根据各生育期影响因素修正FAO-56推荐作物系数值,即生育前期根据ET0值和灌溉频率修正,生育中期和生育后期根据气象因素和株高修正,并采用单作物系数法对温室生菜蒸散量进行估算,以称重式蒸渗仪实测蒸散量ETcm为标准值对蒸散量估算值ETcs进行验证。【结果】不同试验年度逐日ET0均呈逐渐降低变化趋势,介于1.18~2.44 mm/d。温室生菜作物系数修正值(Kc adj)和实测值(K_(c loc))均在生育前期最高,2 a均值分别为0.74±0.13和0.76±0.13;进入快速发育期后二者均呈降低趋势,并在生育中后期逐渐稳定在0.5~0.6。各生育阶段的Kc adj较FAO推荐值(Kc FAO)更接近实测值(K_(c loc)),Kc adj和K_(c loc)相对误差介于-6.7%~5.4%。应用修正单作物系数法估算温室秋季生菜ETcs与实测ETcm的日均值分别为1.310 mm/d和1.283 mm/d,决定系数(R^(2))、平均绝对误差(MAE)、均方根误差(RMSE)、一致性指数(d)分别为0.975、0.176 mm/d、0.222 mm/d、0.955。【结论】修正单作物系数法能够较为准确的估算温室秋季生菜蒸散量。

华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米农田蒸散观测对比研究

华北平原是我国的粮食主产区之一,然而该地区水资源非常短缺,精准测算农田蒸散量(ET)对于该地区合理配置水资源、提高农业用水效率具有非常重要的科学意义和实践价值。本研究利用涡度相关法、水量平衡法和蒸渗仪法对2013年10月—2018年9月的华北平原典型冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟农田生态系统ET进行了连续的观测对比研究。结果表明:3种方法测定的ET季节变化趋势基本一致,且不同方法间ET变化显著正相关,相关系数r>0.90;总体表现为蒸渗仪法最高,水量平衡法和涡度相关法较低,水量平衡法计算的ET与蒸渗仪法和涡度相关法相关性均为在0.94,因此其更适于不同尺度ET变化的验证研究。全年来看,水量平衡法测得的平均年ET为788.6 mm,比涡度相关法(717.9 mm)高9.8%,蒸渗仪法测得的年ET为906.4 mm,比涡度相关法高26.2%。冬小麦关键生育期(拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期)的ET占生育季总ET的57.3%~61.5%,夏玉米关键生育期(抽穗期、开花期、灌浆期)的ET占生育季总ET的58.5%~61.6%。综上,在ET变化及其影响等研究中可以根据研究内容及情况结合各种方法优缺点,选择适宜的观测方法。

修正双作物系数法估算不同计划湿润层深度下春玉米蒸散

为利用修正后的双作物系数法来准确估算不同生育期计划湿润层深度下春玉米蒸散量(ET_(c))。根据不同生育期设定不同计划湿润层深度(T1、T2、T3),试验灌水下限设定为65%田间持水量(θ_(FC)),灌水上限为100%θ_(FC)。利用实测叶面积指数(LAI)修正双作物系数模型中的基础作物系数(K_(cb))和土壤蒸发系数(K_(e)),并结合山西省中心灌溉试验站的气象数据等估算了春玉米ETc,同时用实测数据对估算值进行适应性评价。2023年T1、T2、T3春玉米全生育期ETc分别为438.46 mm、397.68 mm和419.86 mm;估算的全生育期ET_(c)为454.08 mm、431.87 mm和452.47 mm。改正后的双作物系数法的决定系数(R^(2))、均方根误差(RMSE)、模型效率系数(E_(ns))、平均绝对误差(AAE),T1为0.82、0.67 mm/d、0.84和0.57 mm/d,T2为0.81、0.79 mm/d、0.78和0.55 mm/d,T3为0.75、0.90 mm/d、0.71和0.60 mm/d。灌水较多的T1和T2的R2和E_(ns)均高于T3,RMSE和AAE小于T3,T1和T2的参数相差不大,说明灌水量较少时会影响模型的估算精度,T1处理的灌水量最大,蒸散量最大,模型的拟合程度最高,T2和T3次之。因此,修正后的双作物系数法可用于不同湿润层深度下春玉米蒸散量的预测,该模型更适用于水分充足条件下春玉米蒸散量估算。

不同口径蒸渗仪潜水蒸发差异性研究及模拟

为探究不同小口径蒸渗仪测量潜水蒸发的差异性和随机森林回归模型对潜水蒸发的模拟效果,本研究利用五道沟实验站0.3、0.5 m^(2)蒸渗仪开展了潜水蒸发对比试验。分析两种口径蒸渗仪潜水蒸发量的相关性,并基于随机森林回归模型对两种口径蒸渗仪潜水蒸发量进行模拟,评估不同气象要素对潜水蒸发的影响。结果表明,当潜水蒸发量超过2.393 mm时,0.3 m^(2)蒸渗仪测量潜水蒸发量大于0.5 m^(2)蒸渗仪量;0.3 m^(2)蒸渗仪测量潜水蒸发存在迟滞效应。净辐射对于0.3 m^(2)蒸渗仪潜水蒸发量影响更大,在气象因素对0.5 m^(2)蒸渗仪潜水蒸发影响中,40 cm土壤含水量的影响更大。空气湿度、土壤湿度是导致0.3、0.5 m^(2)小口径蒸渗仪潜水蒸发存在差异的主要因素,可利用随机森林回归模型通过气象要素对潜水蒸发进行预测。