Synthesis and Characterization of Nonionic Waterborne Polyurethane and Application to Wool Fabric Finishing

A nonionic waterborne polyurethane(WPU) was synthesized by the self-emulsification method using polyether diol(N220),isophorone diisocyanate(IPDI),trimethylolpropane poly(ethylene glycol monomethyl ether)(N120),1,4-butanediol(BDO) and trimethylolpropane(TMP) as the main materials.The effects of the NCO/OH ratio on the emulsion and film properties of NWPU were explored.The experimental results show that the NWPU prepared at an NCO/OH ratio of 1.1 has good emulsion stability and easy film formation,and the resultant film was elastic,soft,and transparent.The sample was used for wool finishing and the application performance was evaluated.When the NWPU dosage reached 40 g·L^(-1),the fabric area felt shrinkage rate reduced from 8.97% to 4.75%,the pilling rating raised from grade 2-3 to grade 4,and the whiteness value only decreased by 3.87%.

Influence of nonionic surfactant on the solubilization and biodegradation of phenanthrene

Phenanthrene was solubilized in two different nonionic surfactants, Tween80 and Triton X-100. The bioavailability of phenanthrene to the bacteria isolated from the petroleum contaminated soils was studied based on the rotary flasks experiments. The results showed that the concentration of nonionic surfactants above the critical micelle concentration(CMC) can increase the solubility of phenanthrene in water and were innoxious to the phenanthrene-degrading bacteria; phenanthrene solubilized in the micelles of Tween80 was bioavailable and biodegradable. The research demonstrated the potential of surfactant-enhanced bioremediation of soils contaminated by hydrophobic organic compounds(HOCs).

Estimation and Prediction of Bioconcentration Factors of Nonionic Organic Chemicals in Fish by Electrotopological State Indices and Structural Parameter

Based on the characteristics of atom types, Hall＇s electrotopological state indices （En） are calculated for 165 nonionic organic compounds. On the basis of the characteristics of substituent and conjugated matrix, a novel molecular structure parameter （G） is defined and calculated for 165 molecules in this paper. En and G show good structural selectivity for organic molecules. G, a satisfactory relationship between bioconcentration factor （BCF） and En, is expressed as： 1gBCF = -0.283 ＋ 1.246G ＋ 0.079E42 ＋ 0.351E9- 0.063E17 （n＇ = 122, R = 0.967, F = 425.636, s = 0.394）, which could provide estimation and prediction for the lgBCF of nonionic organic chemicals. Furthermore, the model is examined to validate overall robustness with Jackknife tests, and the independent variables in model do not exist cross correlation with VIF. All these regression results show that the new parameter G and electrotopological state index have good rationality and efficiency. It is concluded that the En and G will be used widely in quantitative structure-property/activity relationship （QSPR/QSAR） research.

Effect of nonionic surfactants in release media on accelerated in-vitro release profile of sirolimus eluting stents with biodegradable polymeric coating

It is a well-known fact that sirolimus(SRL) undergoes degradation process via hydrolysis in aqueous media, leading to incorrect assessment of drug amount and thus release characteristics of formulations.The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of nonionic surfactants in media on invitro release profiles for sirolimus eluting stents(SES) coated with biodegradable polymeric matrix.Phosphate buffer and acetate buffer incorporating nonionic surfactants with varying concentrations were examined for adequate solubility and stability(by RP-HPLC). Good sink condition was achieved in phosphate buffer(at pH 4.0) with 1.0% Tween 20, 1.0% Brij 35% and 0.5% Brij 58. Hydrodynamic size(by DLS) and the micelle-water partition coefficient(P) with standard free energy of solubilization(ΔGs°) of drug were evaluated to get some understanding about the solubilization phenomena. About 80% of drug release during the period of 48 h was achieved in optimized drug release media which was 1.0% Tween20 in phosphate buffer pH 4.0. The obtained accelerated SRL release profile in optimized medium correlated well with the real time in-vitro release in phosphate buffer(pH 7.4). Surface morphology changes(by SEM), changes in gravimetric weights and molecular weight change(by GPC) were examined before and after drug release to understand the drug release mechanism which explains that the polymer did not undergo degradation during the drug release.

Nonionic Polymerizable Emulsifier in High-Solids-Content Acrylate Emulsion Polymerization

Stable high-solids-content acrylate emulsion were obtained with a nonionic polymerizable emulsifier allyloxy nonylphenoxy poly （ethyleneoxy） （10） ether （ANPEO10）, and a conventional emulsifier OP-10 as a reference sample. 1H NMR proves that the polymerizable emulsifier ANPEO10 has been incorporated into the resulted acrylate polymers. TEM demonstrates that there are some differences in the particle morphologies. AFM proves that the polymerizable emulsifier ANPEO10 migrating to the surface of the emulsion film was much less than the conventional emulsifier OP-10. The polymerizable emulsifier ANPEO10 can enhance the adhesion with glass plate compared to the conventional emulsifier. Furthermore, with increasing amount of emulsifier, the surface free energy of the films first decreased and then increased, and the adhesion with glass plate is initially enhanced and then attenuated. The water-resistance and solvent-resistance of the films prepared by the polymerizable emulsifier ANPEO10 are superior to those prepared by the conventional emulsifier OP-10.

Interaction of nonionic surfactant AEO_9 with ionic surfactants

The interaction in two mixtures of a nonionic surfactant AEO9 (C12H25O(CH2CH2O)9H) and different ionic surfactants was investigated. The two mixtures were AEO9/sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and AEO9/cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) at molar fraction of AEO9, A EO9 α =0.5. The surface properties of the surfactants, critical micelle concentration (CMC), effectiveness of surface tension reduction (γCMC), maximum surface excess concentration (Γmax) and minimum area per molecule at the air/solution interface (Amin) were determined for both individual surfactants and their mixtures. The significant deviations from ideal behavior (attractive interactions) of the nonionic/ionic surfactant mixtures were determined. Mixtures of both AEO9/SDS and AEO9/CTAB exhibited synergism in surface tension reduction efficiency and mixed micelle formation, but neither exhibited synergism in surface tension reduction effectiveness.

Influence of Nonionic Surfactant Addition on Drag Reduction of Water Based Nanofluid in a Small Diameter Pipe

The goal of this research was to determine the impact of nonionic surfactants on drag reduction effect in water and metal oxide nanofluid. Two nonionic surfactants （Rokacet 07 and Rokanol KT） and copper（II） oxide wa- ter-based nanofluid were examined. Friction factors in a 4 mm diameter pipe for the Reynolds number between 8000 and 50000 were determined. Results showed that addition of nonionic surfactants caused the decrease of fric- tion factor in water and nanofluid. The drag reduction effect was similar in both cases. Presence of nanoparticles in the system has no great influence on drag reduction effect.

CALORIMETRIC STUDIES ON THE STRUCTURE OF MICROEMULSION WITH NONIONIC SURFACTANT

Enthalpic studies on the state of water in hex-adecane/hexanol/ AEO8/water system have been conducted. The results show that water exists in three states such as bound water,trap water and free water. The enthalpic effect of condition that water to oil ratio is in the abnormal rheology region, the negative thixotropy of the system is directly proportional to the enthalpy.

Studies on the Cloud Points of Nonionic Surfactants with QSPR

With quantum chemical parameters, topological indexes, and physical chemistry parameters as descriptors, a quantitative structure-property relationship（QSPR） has been found for the cloud points of four series of nonionic surfactants（ a total of 65 surfactants）. The best-regressed model includes six descriptors, and the correlation coefficient of multiple determination is as high as 0. 962.

Quantitative Structure-Property Relationship on Prediction of Surface Tension of Nonionic Surfactants

A quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) study has been made for the prediction of the surface tension of nonionic surfactants in aqueous solution. The regressed model includes a topological descriptor, the Kier & Hall index of zero order (KH0) of the hydrophobic segment of surfactant and a quantum chemical one, the heat of formation (fHD) of surfactant molecules. The established general QSPR between the surface tension and the descriptors produces a correlation coefficient of multiple determination, 2r=0.9877, for 30 studied nonionic surfactants.

Formation of macroporous gel morphology by phase separation in the silica sol-gel system containing nonionic surfactant

The phase separation and gel formation behavior in an alkoxy-derived silica sol-gel system containing C16EO15 has been investigated. Various gel morphologies similar to other sol-gel systems containing organic additives were obtained by changing the preparation conditions. Micrometer-range interconnected porous gels were obtained by freezing transitional structures of phase separation in the sol-gel process. The dependence of the resulting gel morphology on several important reaction parameters such as the starting composition, reaction temperature and acid catalyst concentration was studied in detail. The experimental results indicate that the gel morphology is mainly determined by the time relation between the onset of phase separation and gel formation.

Synthesis of Nonionic Oligomeric Manganese(Ⅱ) Complexes and Investigation of Their Toxicity andΤ_1-Relaxation Enhancement

Six nonionic oligomeric manganese （ Ⅱ ） complexes with oligomeric phosphate-polyglycol-EDTA ester ligands were synthesized and characterized. The longitudinal relaxivities of these complexes were measured. One of these complexes, which showed the highest relaxivity, was chosen to be used in the acute toxicity test and the T1-weighted imaging experiment. It has been found that compared to Gd-DTPA, this nonionic oligomeric Mn（ Ⅱ ） complex exhibits no acute toxicity, generates highly enhanced MRI signals and increases the intention time in the rat liver tissue.

Synthesis and Characterization of Copper Nanoparticles by Bis-(Acetylacetonato)-Copper (II) Using Nonionic Surfactants and the Effect of Their Structures on Nanoparticles Size and Yield

Between all precursors of copper complex, bis-(acetylacetonato)-copper (II) and bis-oxalate copper (II) with very close structures are two of the best representatives for copper nanoparticles synthesis. In this research, only bis-(acetylacetonato)-copper (II) in presence of some effective non-ionic surfactants such as Triton X-100, Dodecylamine, Tween 80 and also triphenylphosphine as a reducing agent via thermal decomposition process was used for copper nanopaticles synthesis. Two shif-base E19 and E22 complexes were also used for the investigation of these kinds of shif-base complexes capabilities by this method as precursors and all results were compared with each other. Between all surfactants, Triton X-100 gave the best yield with the largest grains. The techniques used for characterization of copper nanoparticles were TEM, EDX, FT-IR and XRD. TG-DTA and CV were used for characterization of bis-(acetylacetonato)-copper (II) complex.

Synthesis and Surface Activity of Cashew-Based Anion-Nonionic Surfactants

Four novel anion-nonionic surfactants were synthesized using cashew phenol as raw material. The four structures were characterized by IR and elemental analysis. Their surface activities were investigated. Their critical micelle concentrations (CMC) are 9.30 × 10 –3 mol/L, 8.50 × 10–3 mol/L, 8.10 × 10–3 mol/L and 7.71 ×–3 mol/L respectively, and the corresponding surface tensions at CMC are 28.38 mN/m, 28.60 mN/m, 30.40 mN/m and 30.00 mN/m respectively. The contact angles of the solutions on sheet galsses were measured to observe their surface wettabilities. The effects of their concentrations, the concentrations of NaCl and temperature on their foaming capacity and foam stability were studied.

阴/非离子型水性聚氨酯的制备及其性能研究

通过采用复合型亲水单体2,2-双(羟甲基)丙酸(DMPA)和非离子二元醇(Ymer N120),制备了阴/非离子型水性聚氨酯,研究了N120与DMPA不同摩尔比对乳液及涂膜性能的影响。结果表明:不同摩尔比对乳液粒径大小及涂膜力学性能有显著影响。随着两种亲水单体摩尔比的改变,当Ymer N120用量逐渐增多时,乳液粒径及分散指数先增加后减小再增加,最小粒径为816nm,分散指数为0.112。涂膜吸水率亦是先增加后减小再增加,最低吸水率为22%。涂膜接触角随Ymer N120用量增大逐渐增大,最大为82.17°。当DMPA与Ymer N120的摩尔比为4∶1时,拉伸强度最大为13MPa,断裂伸长率最大为672%,此时乳液涂膜的机械性能最佳。

三次采油用月桂醇聚氧乙烯醚非离子表面活性剂的高效液相色谱分析检测方法

为了建立三次采油用月桂醇聚氧乙烯醚非离子表面活性剂的液相色谱分析检测方法,通过对色谱要素的优化实验,确立了最佳色谱条件,并进行了方法学评价。实验确定色谱柱为羟基柱,规格为150 mm×4.6 mm;流动相为乙腈与水;梯度洗脱(0~3 min:25%乙腈/75%水;3~8 min:90%乙腈/10%水;8.01 min:25%乙腈/75%水);流速为1.0 mL/min;质谱检测器正模式检测;进样量为2μL。该方法在20~200 mg/L浓度范围内线性相关系数R=0.99998,检出限低至5 mg/L,加标回收率在88.10%~97.14%之间,10 min完成一次分析,展现了检测结果准确、检测方法灵敏、快速的色谱学优点,能够满足复杂采出液中月桂醇聚氧乙烯醚非离子表面活性剂的定量检测。因采用质谱检测器,可同时开展油井采出液中月桂醇聚氧乙烯醚非离子表面活性剂的结构鉴定。

不同吸附基团对低黏吸附型缓速剂的影响

低黏吸附型缓速剂主要依靠吸附单体吸附在岩石表面形成保护膜来实现缓速效果,而不同类型的吸附单体之间性能差异大。利用丙烯酰胺(AM)、烯丙基聚乙二醇(APEG-2400)、甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DMC)和十四烷基马来酰胺(C14MA)分别制备一种主要靠APEG-2400吸附的缓速剂AAM(AM/APEG-2400/C14MA)和另一种靠DMC吸附的缓速剂ADM(AM/DMC/C14MA)。采用单因素实验法优化合成方案,并利用红外光谱和核磁氢谱表征缓速剂分子结构;对2种缓速剂的缓速性能进行评价,利用XPS、SEM、AFM对岩样表面进行观察。结果表明,在50℃和80℃条件下,质量浓度为9 000 mg/L的AAM和ADM型缓速酸均保持在低黏状态,AAM型缓速酸缓速性能更好,在岩石表面形成的吸附膜更致密。

非离子及两性型碳氢表面活性剂对全氟辛酸在土壤中迁移的影响

碳氟型表面活性剂全氟辛酸(Perfuorooctanoic Acid,PFOA)的大量使用导致其与各类碳氢表面活性剂广泛共存于土壤-地下水环境中,对人体健康和生态安全存在潜在威胁.通过柱实验探究不同离子强度条件下(1.5 mmol·L^(-1)和30mmol·L^(-1)),非离子型碳氢表面活性剂烷基糖苷(Alkyl Polyglycoside,APG)及两性型碳氢表面活性剂十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱(Dodecyl Dimethyl Betaine,BS-12)对PFOA在两种饱和土壤中迁移行为的影响和作用机制.结果表明,APG能促进PFOA的迁移行为,其主控机制为APG与PFOA在土壤表面的竞争吸附作用;BS-12能通过对土壤表面负电荷的中和作用及疏水作用增强PFOA在土壤中的阻滞,抑制其迁移行为.因此,预测和评估PFOA在土壤中的迁移行为时,需考虑共存碳氢表面活性剂的影响.

应用OP-13复配型表面活性剂降黏实验研究

研究了以乳化剂OP-13作为主剂,与不同种类的阴离子和碱复配的三元复配体系对稠油的乳化降黏性能。结果表明,阴离子表面活性剂中质量分数为0.5%的SAS60与质量分数为0.6%的OP-13复配后,降黏效果最优,降黏率96.3%,分水率38%。三元复配体系中,OP-13、SAS60、叔丁醇钠以质量比6∶5∶3进行复配时,降黏性能最好,降黏率98.3%,分水率为1%。

琥珀酸衍生物类非离子型表面活性剂的合成及性能评价

利用N-十二烷基琥珀酸酐、L-亮氨酸和聚醚醇为原料合成了两种非离子型表面活性剂,并通过核磁共振氢谱验证了分子结构;通过表面张力仪分别测试了两种非离子型表面活性剂在不同浓度下的表面张力,并根据γ-lgc曲线确定了临界胶束浓度;通过析水率研究了表面活性剂的乳化性能;使用分子动力学模拟技术,研究了表面活性剂在油水界面处的聚集形态以及与油和水之间的作用。结果表明,与表面活性剂1相比,表面活性剂2含更多的非离子亲水组分,因此降低表面张力效果更好;表面活性剂1及表面活性剂2的临界表面张力(γ_(CMC))分别为25.54、24.46 mN/m;在低浓度下,两种非离子型表面活性剂均具有较高的析水率,乳化效果不佳,但在高浓度下乳化效果较好,采用两种非离子型表面活性剂制备的乳液均具有一定的稳定性;表面活性剂分子的静电势分布影响了其亲水和亲油的性质。