Synthesis and Characterization of Nonionic Waterborne Polyurethane and Application to Wool Fabric Finishing

A nonionic waterborne polyurethane(WPU) was synthesized by the self-emulsification method using polyether diol(N220),isophorone diisocyanate(IPDI),trimethylolpropane poly(ethylene glycol monomethyl ether)(N120),1,4-butanediol(BDO) and trimethylolpropane(TMP) as the main materials.The effects of the NCO/OH ratio on the emulsion and film properties of NWPU were explored.The experimental results show that the NWPU prepared at an NCO/OH ratio of 1.1 has good emulsion stability and easy film formation,and the resultant film was elastic,soft,and transparent.The sample was used for wool finishing and the application performance was evaluated.When the NWPU dosage reached 40 g·L^(-1),the fabric area felt shrinkage rate reduced from 8.97% to 4.75%,the pilling rating raised from grade 2-3 to grade 4,and the whiteness value only decreased by 3.87%.

Effects of electron radiation on shielded space triple-junction GaAs solar cells

The displacement damage dose methodology for analysing and modelling the performance of triple-junction InGaP2/GaAs/Ge solar cells in an electron radiation environment is presented. Degradations at different electron energies are correlated with displacement damage dose （Dd）. One particular electron radiation environment, relative to a geosynchronous earth orbit （GEO）, is chosen to calculate the total Dd behind the different thicknesses coverglasses to predict the performance degradation at the end of the 15-year mission.

Influence of nonionic surfactant on the solubilization and biodegradation of phenanthrene

Phenanthrene was solubilized in two different nonionic surfactants, Tween80 and Triton X-100. The bioavailability of phenanthrene to the bacteria isolated from the petroleum contaminated soils was studied based on the rotary flasks experiments. The results showed that the concentration of nonionic surfactants above the critical micelle concentration(CMC) can increase the solubility of phenanthrene in water and were innoxious to the phenanthrene-degrading bacteria; phenanthrene solubilized in the micelles of Tween80 was bioavailable and biodegradable. The research demonstrated the potential of surfactant-enhanced bioremediation of soils contaminated by hydrophobic organic compounds(HOCs).

New Development of Reverse Micelles and Applications in Protein Separation and Refolding

Reverse micelles bring mild and effective microenvironments in organic solvent that contain bitmolecules, which have attracted immense attention for application in the isolation of proteins, protein refolding, and enzymatic reaction. In this review, the application of reverse micelles for protein separation and refolding has been briefly summarized and various reverse micellar systems composed of different surfactants, including ionic, non- ionic, mixed, and affinity-based reverse micelles, have been highlighted. It illustrates especially the potential application of the novel affinity-based reverse micelles consisting of biocompatible surfactant coupled with affinity ligands. Moreover, the importance to develop universal affinity-based reverse micelles for protein separation and refolding in the downstream processing of biotechnology has been pointed out.

Sorption of Triton X-100 on soil organic matter fractions:Kinetics and isotherms

Kinetics and isotherms of Triton X-100 sorption on soil,base-extracted soil（BE）,humic acid（HA） and humin（HM） were investigated respectively to get better understanding on characteristics of the surfactant sorption onto different soil organic matters（SOMs）.It was demonstrated that the kinetics results could be satisfactorily described by the pseudo-second order model.The half of the time to reach equilibrium（t1/2） for different sorbents followed the sequence of soil 〉 HA 〉 BE 〉 HM.Furthermore,the calculated equilibrium sorption capacity（Ceq） was found in the sequence of HA 〉 BE 〉 HM 〉 soil,which agreed well with the experimental results.The isotherms of Triton X-100 sorption on soil and HA could be well described by the S-type isotherm,but BE and HM by the L-type.The isotherms of all the four sorbents were found reasonably fitted to the Langmuir equation.The Kd value,defined as the ratio of Triton X-100 in sorbent and in the equilibrium solution for given concentrations,generally followed the order of HM 〉 HA 〉 soil 〉 BE.Separated HM and HA showed high affnity for Triton X-100,but the HA and HM in soil and BE were tightly bounded by the minerals.Thus,the HA on the soil surface might dominate the sorption,whereas the bounded HM would play a key role upon the surfactants being penetrated inside the soil.

Estimation and Prediction of Bioconcentration Factors of Nonionic Organic Chemicals in Fish by Electrotopological State Indices and Structural Parameter

Based on the characteristics of atom types, Hall＇s electrotopological state indices （En） are calculated for 165 nonionic organic compounds. On the basis of the characteristics of substituent and conjugated matrix, a novel molecular structure parameter （G） is defined and calculated for 165 molecules in this paper. En and G show good structural selectivity for organic molecules. G, a satisfactory relationship between bioconcentration factor （BCF） and En, is expressed as： 1gBCF = -0.283 ＋ 1.246G ＋ 0.079E42 ＋ 0.351E9- 0.063E17 （n＇ = 122, R = 0.967, F = 425.636, s = 0.394）, which could provide estimation and prediction for the lgBCF of nonionic organic chemicals. Furthermore, the model is examined to validate overall robustness with Jackknife tests, and the independent variables in model do not exist cross correlation with VIF. All these regression results show that the new parameter G and electrotopological state index have good rationality and efficiency. It is concluded that the En and G will be used widely in quantitative structure-property/activity relationship （QSPR/QSAR） research.

Effect of nonionic surfactants in release media on accelerated in-vitro release profile of sirolimus eluting stents with biodegradable polymeric coating

It is a well-known fact that sirolimus(SRL) undergoes degradation process via hydrolysis in aqueous media, leading to incorrect assessment of drug amount and thus release characteristics of formulations.The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of nonionic surfactants in media on invitro release profiles for sirolimus eluting stents(SES) coated with biodegradable polymeric matrix.Phosphate buffer and acetate buffer incorporating nonionic surfactants with varying concentrations were examined for adequate solubility and stability(by RP-HPLC). Good sink condition was achieved in phosphate buffer(at pH 4.0) with 1.0% Tween 20, 1.0% Brij 35% and 0.5% Brij 58. Hydrodynamic size(by DLS) and the micelle-water partition coefficient(P) with standard free energy of solubilization(ΔGs°) of drug were evaluated to get some understanding about the solubilization phenomena. About 80% of drug release during the period of 48 h was achieved in optimized drug release media which was 1.0% Tween20 in phosphate buffer pH 4.0. The obtained accelerated SRL release profile in optimized medium correlated well with the real time in-vitro release in phosphate buffer(pH 7.4). Surface morphology changes(by SEM), changes in gravimetric weights and molecular weight change(by GPC) were examined before and after drug release to understand the drug release mechanism which explains that the polymer did not undergo degradation during the drug release.

Low-cost preparation of mesoporous silica with high pore volume

Mesoporous silica materials with high pore volume were successfully prepared by the chemical precipitation method, with water glass and a biodegradable nonionic surfactant polyethylene glycol （PEG）. The obtained materials were characterized by transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, thermo gravimetric analyzer and differential scanning calorimetry （TG-DSC）, nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements, and X-ray diffraction （XRD）. The results showed that the changes of the pore parameters depended on both the surfactant content and heat treatment temperature. When the content of PEG was 10wt% and the obtained PEG/SiO2 composite was heated at 600℃, the mesoporous silica with a pore volume of 2.2 cma/g, a BET specific surface area of 361.55 m^2/g, and a diameter of 2-4 μm could be obtained. The obtained mesoporous silica materials have potential applications in the fields of paint and plastic, as thickening, reinforcing, and flatting agents.

The Effect of Adjuvants on Penetration of beta-cypermethrin Through the Epidermis of Cabbage Leaf

The effects of three types of adjuvant (mineral oil, higher aliphatic acid and nonionic surfactant) on the penetration of beta-cypermethrin through the cabbage leaf surface were studied. The results showed that the penetration was positively correlated with both the concentration of adjuvant and the time after application, in a given range of treatment. A synergistic effect of two types of adjuvant on the penetration was found. Some physical properties of emulsions were determined. The change of the structures of the cabbage leaf surface by these adjuvants was observed from photomicrographs. The mechanism concerned with the effect of these adjuvants on the penetration of beta- cypermethrin through the cabbage leaf surface was tentatively discussed.

Interaction of nonionic surfactant AEO_9 with ionic surfactants

The interaction in two mixtures of a nonionic surfactant AEO9 (C12H25O(CH2CH2O)9H) and different ionic surfactants was investigated. The two mixtures were AEO9/sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and AEO9/cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) at molar fraction of AEO9, A EO9 α =0.5. The surface properties of the surfactants, critical micelle concentration (CMC), effectiveness of surface tension reduction (γCMC), maximum surface excess concentration (Γmax) and minimum area per molecule at the air/solution interface (Amin) were determined for both individual surfactants and their mixtures. The significant deviations from ideal behavior (attractive interactions) of the nonionic/ionic surfactant mixtures were determined. Mixtures of both AEO9/SDS and AEO9/CTAB exhibited synergism in surface tension reduction efficiency and mixed micelle formation, but neither exhibited synergism in surface tension reduction effectiveness.

Synthesis and Properties of Novel Non-Ionic Polyurethane Dispersion Based on Hydroxylated Tung Oil and Alicyclic Isocyanates

Hydroxylated Tung oil (HTO) based nonionic polyurethane dispersion (HTO-NPUD) were synthesized using dicyclohexyl methane diisocyanate (HMDI) and HTO as main hydrophobic materials whereas polyethylene glycol-800 (PEG-800) as hydrophilic chain extender. To effectively study the effects of HTO on properties of NPUD, polypropylene glycol-400(PPG-400) based NPUD was prepared by HMDI reacting with PPG-400 and PEG-800. The structures of those novel nonionic polyurethane dispersions were characterized by FTIR and 1H NMR. Moreover, particle size and size distribution, cloud point and surface tension had been investigated. Results showed that, by comparing with PPG based NPUD (PPG-NPUD), the introduction of HTO into NPUD result in larger particle size and more uniformed particle size distribution, higher cloud point and lower surface tension.

Influence of Nonionic Surfactant Addition on Drag Reduction of Water Based Nanofluid in a Small Diameter Pipe

The goal of this research was to determine the impact of nonionic surfactants on drag reduction effect in water and metal oxide nanofluid. Two nonionic surfactants （Rokacet 07 and Rokanol KT） and copper（II） oxide wa- ter-based nanofluid were examined. Friction factors in a 4 mm diameter pipe for the Reynolds number between 8000 and 50000 were determined. Results showed that addition of nonionic surfactants caused the decrease of fric- tion factor in water and nanofluid. The drag reduction effect was similar in both cases. Presence of nanoparticles in the system has no great influence on drag reduction effect.

Studies on the Recycling Efficiency of Thermoregulated Phase-separable Rh/PETPP Complex Catalyst

Effects on the recycling efficiency of thermoregulated phase-separable Rh/PETPP (P-[p-C6H4O(CH2CH2O)nH]3, N=3n) complex catalyst involved in hydroformylation of 1-decene are for the first time presented. It was found that the loss of Rh is dependent greatly on the composition of phosphine ligand PETPP and the organic solvent employed in the reaction.

Nonionic Polymerizable Emulsifier in High-Solids-Content Acrylate Emulsion Polymerization

Stable high-solids-content acrylate emulsion were obtained with a nonionic polymerizable emulsifier allyloxy nonylphenoxy poly （ethyleneoxy） （10） ether （ANPEO10）, and a conventional emulsifier OP-10 as a reference sample. 1H NMR proves that the polymerizable emulsifier ANPEO10 has been incorporated into the resulted acrylate polymers. TEM demonstrates that there are some differences in the particle morphologies. AFM proves that the polymerizable emulsifier ANPEO10 migrating to the surface of the emulsion film was much less than the conventional emulsifier OP-10. The polymerizable emulsifier ANPEO10 can enhance the adhesion with glass plate compared to the conventional emulsifier. Furthermore, with increasing amount of emulsifier, the surface free energy of the films first decreased and then increased, and the adhesion with glass plate is initially enhanced and then attenuated. The water-resistance and solvent-resistance of the films prepared by the polymerizable emulsifier ANPEO10 are superior to those prepared by the conventional emulsifier OP-10.

Overview of Simple Test for Determination of Surfactants by Adhesion Method

A simple, sensitive, and rapid analytical method is reported for the determination of surfactants. This is based on the use of an oppositely charged dye as the ion pair to form an ionic associate with the surfactant in a vessel, thus affording ion-associated adhesion on the inner wall of the vessel. After the adhesion, the remaining solution in the vessel is removed, and the ionic associate is dissolved in a suitable solvent. The absorbance of the resulting solution is measured spectrophotometrically to determine the concentration of the surfactant. Further, the mechanism of adhesion is elucidated.

Preparation and Characterization of In_2O_3 Nanorods

In_2O_3 nanorods were prepared by sol-gel technique with nonionic surfactant controlling their morphology,and were characterized by TEM,TG-DSC and XRD.The results indicated that In_2O_3 nanorods had the length of about 120 nm and diameter of 20 nm.The In_2O(OH)_4 dried gelatin was formed by partial dehydrating of In(OH)_3 molecules.The factors influencing the morphology of In_2O_3 nanorods and their growth mechanism were discussed.The geometry array parameter P of the nonionic surfactant was between 1/3～1/2 through calculation,which confirmed that the shape of the micelle was claviform.

Effect of polyoxypropylene chain length on the critical micelle concentration of propylene oxide-ethylene oxide block copolymers

In this work, the surface activity of block copolymer nonionic surfactants (RPE) has been determined, i.e., critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface excess concentration (Γ), surface area demand per molecule (A), surface tension at CMC (γCMC). A linear decrease of ln[CMC] vs number of oxypropylene units in copolymer molecule was observed. The change in the work of cohesion per oxypropylene group when passing from molecular into micellar state, calculated from the Shinoda equation, was 0.43kT for the studied compounds.

CALORIMETRIC STUDIES ON THE STRUCTURE OF MICROEMULSION WITH NONIONIC SURFACTANT

Enthalpic studies on the state of water in hex-adecane/hexanol/ AEO8/water system have been conducted. The results show that water exists in three states such as bound water,trap water and free water. The enthalpic effect of condition that water to oil ratio is in the abnormal rheology region, the negative thixotropy of the system is directly proportional to the enthalpy.

Synthesis of Di-substituted Proazaphosphatrane and Its Application in Carbon-carbon Double-bond Isomerization

Diisopropyltren was synthesized from the reaction of tren with benzaldehyde in toluene, followed by reducing the imine intermediate with NaBH4, and debenzylation catalyzed by 10% Pd/C in methanol. It was then converted to its corresponding azaphosphatrane via ring-closing reaction of HMPT and triflic acid. Deprotonation of azaphosphatrane with potassium t-butoxide afforded the target diisopropyl proazaphosphatrane ld. A comparative study of compound ld for isomerization of allylic system and methylene-interrupted diene system revealed that compound ld is more efficient than its tri-substituted analoque（lb）. In acetonitrile at 40 ℃, allylaromatics were selectively isomerized to 1-arylpropene generally in an isolated yield more than 95% with trans, cis molar ratios in a range of 87/13 to 96/4. Allyl phenylsulfide was converted to 1-phenylthiopropene（molar ratio of Z/E=54/46） in a yield of 93%-95%. Methylene-interrupted dienes were also isomerized in high yield.

Studies on the Cloud Points of Nonionic Surfactants with QSPR

With quantum chemical parameters, topological indexes, and physical chemistry parameters as descriptors, a quantitative structure-property relationship（QSPR） has been found for the cloud points of four series of nonionic surfactants（ a total of 65 surfactants）. The best-regressed model includes six descriptors, and the correlation coefficient of multiple determination is as high as 0. 962.