Research on Harmonic Characteristics of Nonlinear Loads in PEMFC Generator

Hydrogen as a clean energy source is made full use, this paper researches the electrical model of PEMFC generator, analyzes the harmonic trend and its hazards when the generator operates with linear load and nonlinear load running synchronously, comparatively analyzes the commonly used harmonic suppression technology. Simulate and analyze the filter performance when APF is used. The results illustrate that as a filter device, APF can absorb the harmonic properly in PEMFC power system.

Power System Harmonics Study for Unbalanced Microgrid System with PV Sources and Nonlinear Loads

Harmonics distortion is a crucial problem in microgrid. Harmonic sources can be categorized as two main factors: renewable energy integration and nonlinear loads. Both factors are investigated in this paper. For renewbale energy, photovoltaic (PV) power is one of the most effective solutions for energy crisis and it is showing great potential for serving customers in microgrid. A three- phase PV source model is establised and integrated at different locations in order to observe the impact of harmonics on a microgrid and power quality (PQ). A composite load is modeled using Crossed Frequency Admittance Matrix theory. A practicdal microgrid loacated at GA, USA is used as a study system. The microgrid, PV model and nonlinear load model are simulated in MATLAB/ Simulink environment. The results show the impact of installing PV sources at two types of locations considering linear and composite nonlinear loads. In addition, three PQ indices are discussed to show the numerical impacts with various perspectives.

Research on stability of laminated composite plate under nonlinear aerodynamic load

In this paper,we propose an finite element approach based on classical plate theory to investigate the dynamic stability of a layered composite plate subject to nonlinear aerodynamic load.This study considers the influence of temperature,nonlinear geometry,and nonlinear aerodynamic load on composite plate structures simultaneously.Specifically,the present work conduct comparison the results of the critical pressure value between the nonlinear aerodynamic load and the linear aerodynamic load,thereby pointing out some necessary cases which must consider the nonlinearity of aerodynamic load for calculating the aerospace structures.We determine the critical pressure value and vibrational amplitude response of the plate by means of calculation.The outcomes of our calculations can be useful in designing and repairing body shells and wings of aircraft equipment.

Performance Evaluation of Energy Meters Under Nonlinear Loads

Due to rapid advancements in power electronics, the utilization of electronically switched loads and nonlinear loads is increasing gradually in the electrical power system. These loads create problems of measuring instruments, when connected to the power distribution systems. In this paper, an experimental investigation has been carried out to analyze the performance of single-phase watt-hour(induction and electronic types) energy meters that are being used in Pakistan. The accuracy of the energy meters has been tested under different household nonlinear loads, at various power factors and also at different supply voltage levels. Power factor and total harmonic distortion(THD) of different household loads are also recorded in the experimental work.A hardware based experimental setup has been designed to perform the experimental work. The experimental results have been compared to Water and Power Development Authority(WAPDA) standards for energy meters.

NONLINEAR VIBRATION OF CIRCULAR SANDWICH PLATE UNDER THE UNIFORMED LOAD

The differential equations of the axisymmetric large amplitude free vibration for circular sandwich plates under static load are derived, and a set of nonlinearly coupled algebraic and differential eigenvalue equations of the problem are formulated following an assumed time mode approach suggested. The analytic solutions are presented and a relation for amplitude frequency_load of the plates with edge clamped is derived by modified iteration method. The effects of static load on vibrations of plates are investigated.

Analytical and numerical studies on the nonlinear dynamic response of orthotropic membranes under impact load

Orthotropic membrane components and structures are widely used in building structures, instruments and meters, electronic engineering, space and aeronautics, etc., because of their light weights. However, the same lightweight combined with low stiffness make membranes prone to vibration under dynamic loads, and in some cases the vibration may lead to structural failure. Herein, the undamped nonlinear vibration response of pretension rectangular orthotropic membrane structures subjected to impact loading is studied by analytical and numerical methods. The analytical solution is obtained by solving the governing equations by the Bubnov-Galerkin method and the Lindstedt-Poincaré perturbation method. Numerical analysis has also been carried out based on the same theoretical model. The analytical and numerical results have been compared and analyzed, and the infl uence of various model parameters on membrane vibration discussed. The results obtained herein provide some theoretical basis for the vibration control and dynamic design of orthotropic membrane components and structures.

NONLINEAR FREE VIBRATION OF ORTHOTROPIC SHALLOW SHELLS OF REVOLUTION UNDER THE STATIC LOADS

In this paper, the axisymmetric nonlinear free vibration problems of cylindrically orthoiropic shallow thin spherical and conical shells under uniformly distributed static loads are studied by using MWR and Lindstedt-Poincare perturbation method. from which, the characteristic relation between frequency ratio and amplitude is obtsained.The effects of static loads, geometric and material parameters on vibrational behavior of shells are also

Simplified nonlinear theory of the dielectric loaded rectangular Cerenkov maser

To rapidly and accurately investigate the performance of the dielectric loaded rectangular Cerenkov maser, a simplified nonlinear theory is proposed, in which the variations of wave amplitude and wave phase are determined by two coupled first-order differential equations. Through combining with the relativistic equation of motion and adopting the forward wave assumption, the evolutions of the forward wave power, the power growth rate, the axial wave number, the accumulated phase offset, and the information of the particle movement can be obtained in a single-pass calculation. For an illustrative example, this method is used to study the influences of the beam current, the gap distance between the beam and the dielectric surface, and the momentum spread on the forward wave. The variations of the saturated power and the saturation length with the working frequency for the beams with different momentum spreads have also been studied. The result shows that the beam-wave interaction is very sensitive to the electron beam state. To further verify this simplified theory, a comparison with the result produced from a rigorous method is also provided, we find that the evolution curves of the forward wave power predicted by the two methods exhibit excellent agreement. In practical applications, the developed theory can be used for the design and analysis of the rectangular Cerenkov maser.

Nonlinear vibration of embedded single-walled carbon nanotube with geometrical imperfection under harmonic load based on nonlocal Timoshenko beam theory

Based on the nonlocal continuum theory, the nonlinear vibration of an embedded single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) subjected to a harmonic load is investigated. In the present study, the SWCNT is assumed to be a curved beam, which is unlike previous similar work. Firstly, the governing equations of motion are derived by the Hamilton principle, meanwhile, the Galerkin approach is carried out to convert the nonlinear integral-differential equation into a second-order nonlinear ordinary differential equation. Then, the precise integration method based on the local linearzation is appropriately designed for solving the above dynamic equations. Besides, the numerical example is presented, the effects of the nonlocal parameters, the elastic medium constants, the waviness ratios, and the material lengths on the dynamic response are analyzed. The results show that the above mentioned effects have influences on the dynamic behavior of the SWCNT.

Nonlinear vibration and buckling of circular sandwich plate under complex load

The nonlinear vibration fundamental equation of circular sandwich plate under uniformed load and circumjacent load and the loosely clamped boundary condi- tion were established by von Karman plate theory,and then accordingly exact solution of static load and its numerical results were given.Based on time mode hypothesis and the variational method,the control equation of the space mode was derived,and then the amplitude frequency-load character relation of circular sandwich plate was obtained by the modified iteration method.Consequently the rule of the effect of the two kinds of load on the vibration character of the circular sandwich plate was investigated.When circumjacent load makes the lowest natural frequency zero,critical load is obtained.

Nonlinear analytical solution for one-dimensional consolidation of soft soil under cyclic loading

This paper presents an analytical solution for one-dimensional consolidation of soft soil under some common types of cyclic loading such as trapezoidal cyclic loading, based on the assumptions proposed by Davis and Raymond (1965) that the decrease in permeability is proportional to the decrease in compressibility during the consolidation process of the soil and that the distribution of initial effective stress is constant with depth. It is verified by the existing analytical solutions in special cases. Using the solution obtained, some diagrams are prepared and the relevant consolidation behavior is investigated.

APPLICATION OF NONLINEAR PID CONTROLLER IN AERODYNAMICS LOADING SYSTEM

The design idea of tracking-differentiator and the nonlinear PID controllerare introduced, the applicable algorithm and its real result for distributed aerodynamicsloading control system are discussed, and the construction of the test & contro1 system arealso presented. The application shows that the nonlinear PID algorithm has the advan-tages of high reliability, short run time and strong stability.

NONLINEAR VIBRATION OF CIRCULAR SANDWICH PLATES UNDER CIRCUMJACENT LOAD

Based on von Karman plate theory, the issue about nonlinear vibration for circular sandwich plates under circumjacent load with the loosely clamped boundary condition was researched. Nonlinear differential eigenvalue equations and boundary conditions of the problem were formulated by variational method and then their exact static solution can be got. The solution was derived by modified iteration method, so the analytic relations between amplitude and nonlinear oscillating frequency for circular sandwich plates were obtained. When circumjacent load makes the lowest natural frequency zero, critical load is obtained.

Behaviour of Earth Dam under Seismic Load Considering Nonlinearity of the Soil

The stability and safety are very important issues for the dam structure which are built in seismic regions. The dam body consists of soil materials that behave nonlinearly modelled with finite elements. The numerical investigation employs a fully nonlinear finite element analysis considering linear and elastic-plastic constitutive model to describe the material properties of the soil. In this paper, seismic analysis of an earthen dam is carried out using Geo-Studio software based on finite element method. Initially, the in-situ stress state analysis has been done before the earthquake established, and then its results are used in the seismic analysis as a parent analysis. A complete parametric study is carried out to identify the effects of input motion characteristics, soil behaviour and strength of the shell and core materials on the dynamic response of earthen dams. The real earthquake record is used as input motions. The analysis gives the overall pattern of the dam behaviour in terms of contours of displacements and stresses.

NONLINEAR STABILITY OF TRUNCATED SHALLOW SPHERICALSHELL WITH VARIABLE THICKNESS UNDERUNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD

In this paper, to begin with. the nonlinear differential equations of a truncaled shallow spherical shell with variable thickness under uniformal distributed load are linearized by step-by-step loading method. The linear differential equations can be solved by spline collocanon method. Critical loads have been obtained accordingly.

浮式风力机若干特征动力学问题综述

总结浮式风力机类型及其对应的特征动力学问题,针对浮式风力机气动荷载、水动荷载的计算方法以及结构动力学、控制动力学典型问题进行论述。讨论了气动—水动—结构—伺服耦合分析的难点,重点分析了二阶波浪力、畸形波等非线性波浪荷载、流荷载及涡激运动对浮式风力机特征动力响应的影响。阐述了浮式风力机动力学研究的试验方法、数值仿真方法、样机测试方法,并对模型试验技术的相似理论、气动模型的实现和难点以及数值仿真的频域方法、时域方法和分析工具进行了归纳对比。研究表明:浮式风力机多场、多体耦合动力分析机理及相关技术仍不成熟,气动荷载、高阶非线性波浪荷载耦合模型的建立是动力学问题研究的重点,数值仿真及模型试验是浮式风力机动力响应研究的主要方法,样机测试技术的积累将促进设计标准的完善及浮式风电的产业化发展。

Nonlinear Bending of Piezoelectric Cylindrical Shell Reinforced with BNNTs under Electro-Thermo-Mechanical Loadings

Under combined electro-thermo-mechanical loadings, the nonlinear bending of piezoelectric cylindrical shell reinforced with boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) is investigated in this paper. By employing nonlinear strains based on Donnell shell theory and utilizing piezoelectric theory including thermal effects, the constitutive relations of the piezoelectric shell reinforced with BNNTs are established. Then the governing equations of the structure are derived through variational principle and resolved by applying the finite difference method. In numerical examples, the effects of geometric nonlinear, voltage, temperature, as well as volume fraction on the deflection and bending moment of axisymmetrical piezoelectric cylindrical shell reinforced with BNNTs are discussed in detail.

黏接结构在扭转循环载荷下力学行为的试验与理论研究

在应变控制的试验条件下,对圆柱形中空对接试件进行了扭转循环加载的试验,分析了平均剪应变和剪应变幅值对黏接结构的扭转循环应力松弛和软化的影响.试验结果表明:在扭转循环载荷作用下,黏接结构的应力-应变响应曲线形状为下凹形,说明该黏接结构在扭转循环载荷下黏接界面的变形较小,且黏接结构出现了扭转循环应力松弛和循环软化情况.松弛应力在初始阶段下降较快,但随着循环次数的增加逐渐稳定.循环软化在循环加载的初始几圈较为严重,随着循环圈数的增加而减弱.平均剪应变与剪应变幅值的增大都会导致黏接结构的扭转应力松弛与循环软化加剧.此外,通过此黏接结构在扭转循环载荷作用下的力学行为试验分析,本文提出了一个可描述黏接结构在扭转循环载荷下力学响应的非线性黏-弹性循环模型,考虑了扭转循环应力松弛及循环软化的变化规律,以及平均剪应变与剪应变幅值对其力学响应的影响.通过模型计算结果与试验曲线对比,可以看出模型计算的应力-应变响应循环曲线与试验曲线重合度较好,证明该模型可以较好地描述黏接结构在不同循环载荷条件下的力学行为.此研究结果可为黏接结构及相关复合材料疲劳损伤的预测与评价提供试验和理论支持.

落石被动柔性防护网非线性静力设计方法及验证

被动柔性防护网是一种常见的落石灾害防治措施。针对当前落石被动柔性防护网尚无适用的工程化设计方法的现状,以非线性计算过程中结构内能与设计防护能级相等作为加载完成的判别准则,建立了落石被动柔性防护网的非线性静力设计方法。基于LS-DYNA对250~5000 kJ共8种常用能级的被动柔性防护网开展非线性动力分析,明确了冲击力的分布范围及相对大小,形成了适用于不同能级落石被动柔性防护网非线性静力设计的荷载模式。为了有效模拟被动柔性防护网特殊的受力特征,开发了由索单元与受拉弹簧单元组成的非线性耗能单元用于耗能器模拟,开发了内部由多段索单元组成的滑移索单元用于滑移边界以及网环单元模拟。基于对网片冲击试验的反演和3500 kJ被动柔性防护网的设计及足尺冲击试验检验,验证了所提出的落石被动柔性防护网非线性静力设计方法的有效性。

车用SLM成形DP780钢的疲劳损伤非线性电磁超声换能检测

为了提高对车用选区激光熔化(SLM)成形DP780钢的疲劳损伤检测精度,提出了一种基于非线性电磁超声换能的疲劳加载信号分析方法,通过高次谐波检测技术测定合金的损伤情况。研究结果表明:时域信号波形相对较为稳定,基波幅值在频率为5 MPa时出现,在5000次疲劳测试后,与初始试件相比,试样中产生信号的幅值更显著。非线性电磁超声换能检测很容易影响二次谐波的产生。二次谐波具有更高的幅值,大量疲劳裂纹存在于基体内部。本研究可满足精准检测疲劳损伤条件。在对疲劳损伤程度确定时,参考疲劳寿命和循环加载周次,超声非线性系数在周边测试点处增长幅度相对较小,中心测试点较大,主要原因是内部结构变形情况更明显。