Upper bound solutions for supporting pressures of shallow tunnels with nonlinear failure criterion

Linear failure criterion is widely used in calculation of earth pressure acting on shallow tunnels. However, experimental evidence shows that nonlinear failure criterion is able to represent fairly well the failure of almost all types of rocks, A nonlinear Hock-Brown failure criterion is employed to estimate the supporting pressures of shallow tunnels in limit analysis framework. Two failure mechanisms are proposed for calculating the work rate of extemal force and the internal energy dissipation. A tangential line to the nonlinear failure criterion is used to formulate the supporting pressure problem as a nonlinear programming problem. The objective function formulated in this way is minimized with respect to the failure mechanism and the location of tangency point. In order to assess the validity, the supporting pressures for the proposed failure mechanisms are calculated and compared with each other, and the present results are compared with previously published solutions when the nonlinear criterion is reduced to linear criterion. The agreement supports the validity of the proposed failure mechanisms. An experiment is conducted to investigate the influences of the nonlinear criterion on collapse shape and supporting pressures of shallow tunnels.

Safe retaining pressures for pressurized tunnel face using nonlinear failure criterion and reliability theory

Based on the active failure mechanism and passive failure mechanism for a pressurized tunnel face, the analytical solutions of the minimum collapse pressure and maximum blowout pressure that could maintain the stability of pressurized tunnel faces were deduced using limit analysis in conjunction with nonlinear failure criterion under the condition of pore water pressure. Due to the objective existence of the parameter randomness of soil, the statistical properties of random variables were determined by the maximum entropy principle, and the Monte Carlo method was employed to calculate the failure probability of a pressurized tunnel. The results show that the randomness of soil parameters exerts great influence on the stability of a pressurized tunnel, which indicates that the research should be done on the topic of determination of statistical distribution for geotechnical parameters and the level of variability. For the failure probability of a pressurized tunnel under multiple failure modes, the corresponding safe retaining pressures and optimal range of safe retaining pressures are calculated by introducing allowable failure probability and minimum allowable failure probability. The results can provide practical use in the pressurized tunnel engineering.

Upper bound solution of surrounding rock pressure of shallow tunnel under nonlinear failure criterion

The nonlinear Baker failure criterion is introduced into the upper-bound limit analysis to examine the face stability of a shallow tunnel. The tunnel face under the ultimate limit state is analyzed from the perspective of energy balance. The work rates of external forces and internal energy dissipation are calculated. An analytical solution of necessary face pressures is derived. The optimal upper-bound solution of the face pressures is obtained by optimization. The results show that the three dimensionless parameters A, T, n of nonlinear Baker failure criterion have different effects on the necessary face pressures and the pattern failure mechanisms ahead of tunnel face. A is the most important one;n takes the second place, and T is the least one. The computed necessary face pressures are nonlinearly increasing when A is reduced. Combined with the actual monitoring data of Taxia tunnel, the calculation results in this paper is verified. It is suggested that the tunnel face supports should be strengthened timely in soft rocks to prevent the occurrence of face collapse.

Research on the nonlinear spherical percolation model with quadratic pressure gradient and its percolation characteristics

For bottom water reservoir and the reservoir with a thick oil formation, there exists partial penetration completion well and when the well products the oil flow in the porous media takes on spherical percolation. The nonlinear spheri-cal flow equation with the quadratic gradient term is deduced in detail based on the mass conservation principle, and then it is found that the linear percolation is the approximation and simplification of nonlinear percolation. The nonlinear spherical percolation physical and mathematical model under different external boundaries is established, considering the ef-fect of wellbore storage. By variable substitu-tion, the flow equation is linearized, then the Laplace space analytic solution under different external boundaries is obtained and the real space solution is also gotten by use of the nu-merical inversion, so the pressure and the pressure derivative bi-logarithmic nonlinear spherical percolation type curves are drawn up at last. The characteristics of the nonlinear spherical percolation are analyzed, and it is found that the new nonlinear percolation type curves are evidently different from linear per-colation type curves in shape and characteris-tics, the pressure curve and pressure derivative curve of nonlinear percolation deviate from those of linear percolation. The theoretical off-set of the pressure and the pressure derivative between the linear and the nonlinear solution are analyzed, and it is also found that the in-fluence of the quadratic pressure gradient is very distinct, especially for the low permeabil-ity and heavy oil reservoirs. The influence of the non-linear term upon the spreading of pressure is very distinct on the process of percolation, and the nonlinear percolation law stands for the actual oil percolation law in res-ervoir, therefore the research on nonlinear per-colation theory should be strengthened and reinforced.

"Nonlinear" characteristics of the static earth pressure coefficient in thick alluvium

Exact calculations of the static earth pressure from a thick alluvium require accurate/Co values. These calculations influence the sinking cost and the safety of the freezing method. The static earth pressure coefficient （K0） of thick and deep soil was analyzed using laboratory tests. The results show that the static earth pressure coefficient of thick and deep soils is nonlinear and different from that of superficial soils. The constant of superficial soils is usually invariant and the total stress or incremental stress definitions used in traditional geo-meehanics give the same value. The influence of load increments when calculating for superficial soil is ignored. The difference in values of K0 for thick alluvium defimed by the total stress or the incremental stress methods is over 10%. The effects of the thick alluvium on K0 should be considered during the design of frozen shaft projects. Such things as the frozen shaft thickness and the excavated section height should be chosen to assure the rationality of the design and to avoid potential faults and accidents.

Nonlinear Correction of Pressure Sensor Based on Depth Neural Network

With the global climate change,the high-altitude detection is more and more important in the climate prediction,and the input-output characteristic curve of the air pressure sensor is offset due to the interference of the tested object and the environment under test,and the nonlinear error is generated.Aiming at the difficulty of nonlinear correction of pressure sensor and the low accuracy of correction results,depth neural network model was established based on wavelet function,and Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is used to update network parameters to realize the nonlinear correction of pressure sensor.The experimental results show that compared with the traditional neural network model,the improved depth neural network not only accelerates the convergence rate,but also improves the correction accuracy,meets the error requirements of upper-air detection,and has a good generalization ability,which can be extended to the nonlinear correction of similar sensors.

Simulation and Experiment Research on the Proportional Pressure Control of Water-assisted Injection Molding

Water-assisted injection molding（WAIM）,a newly developed fluid-assisted injection molding technology has drawn more and more attentions for the energy saving,short cooling circle time and high quality of products.Existing research for the process of WAIM has shown that the pressure control of the injecting water is mostly important for the WAIM.However,the proportional pressure control for the WAIM system is quite complex due to the existence of nonlinearities in the water hydraulic system.In order to achieve better pressure control performance of the injecting water to meet the requirements of the WAIM,the proportional pressure control of the WAIM system is investigated both numerically and experimentally.A newly designed water hydraulic system for WAIM is first modeled in AMEsim environment,the load characteristics and the nonlinearities of water hydraulic system are both considered,then the main factors affecting the injecting pressure and load flow rate are extensively studied.Meanwhile,an open-loop model-based compensation control strategy is employed to regulate the water injection pressure and a feedback proportional integrator controller is further adopted to achieve better control performance.In order to verify the AMEsim simulation results WAIM experiment for particular Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene（ABS） parts is implemented and the measured experimental data including injecting pressure and flow rate results are compared with the simulation.The good coincidence between experiment and simulation shows that the AMEsim model is accurate,and the tracking performance of the load pressure indicates that the proposed control strategy is effective for the proportional pressure control of the nonlinear WAIM system.The proposed proportional pressure control strategy and the conclusions drawn from simulation and experiment contribute to the application of water hydraulic proportional control and WAIM technology.

Coefficient of earth pressure at rest for normal,consolidated soils

In this study consecutive consolidated isotropically drained triaxial tests for the coefficient of earth pressure at rest(K_0) were carried out to investigate its rules of evolution as well as its strength characteristics for normal,consolidated saturated silt under high pressure.The tests results indicate that:1) for normal,consolidated saturated silt,K_0 values increase as the consolidation stress increases at high pressure levels,while the nonlinear characteristics of K_0 are inconspicuous compared to cohesive soils;2) the Jaky and Roscoe equations,used to calculate K_0,are only suitable for certain soils,but cannot represent these values for normal, consolidated saturated silt due to the variation in bilinear strength at high pressure;and 3) there are close relations between the nonlinear characteristics of K_0 and the void ratio,measured in the tests.Both share the same functional form while under pressure. Based on our experimental results,we developed an empirical linear model to interpret the rules of nonlinear variation for the coefficient of earth pressure at rest.

Support pressure assessment for deep buried railway tunnels using BQ-index

Estimation of support pressure is extremely important to the support system design and the construction safety of tunnels.At present,there are many methods for the estimation of support pressure based on different rock mass classification systems,such as Q system,GSI system and RMR system.However,various rock mass classification systems are based on different tunnel geologic conditions in various regions.Therefore,each rock mass classification system has a certain regionality.In China,the BQ-Inex(BQ system)has been widely used in the field of rock engineering ever since its development.Unfortunately,there is still no estimation method of support pressure with BQ-index as parameters.Based on the field test data from 54 tunnels in China,a new empirical method considering BQ-Inex,tunnel span and rock weight is proposed to estimate the support pressure using multiple nonlinear regression analysis methods.And then the significance and necessity of support pressure estimation method for the safety of tunnel construction in China is explained through the comparison and analysis with the existing internationally widely used support pressure estimation methods of RMR system,Q system and GSI system.Finally,the empirical method of estimating the support pressure based on BQ-index was applied to designing the support system in the China’s high-speed railway tunnel—Zhengwan high-speed railway and the rationality of this method has been verified through the data of field test.

Evaluation of Dynamic Soil-Structure Interaction and Dynamic Seismic Soil Pressures Acting on It Subjected to Strong Earthquake Motions

In order to clarify the damage mechanism of the subway structure, the dynamic soil-structure interaction and the dynamic forces acting on the structure, a series of shaking table tests and simulation analyses were performed. The seismic response of the structure and the dynamic forces acting on the structure due to sinusoidal and random waves were investigated with special attention to the dynamic soil-structure interaction. The result shows that the compression seismic soil pressures and extension seismic soil pressures simultaneously act on the sidewalls, and big shear stress also acts on the ceiling slab due to horizontal excitation. The seismic soil pressure could be approximated to hyperbola curve, and reached a peak value with increase of the shear strain of the model ground. In addition, a slide and exfoliation phenomenon between the structure and the surrounding ground was simulated, using the nonlinear analyses. The foundation is provided for amending the calculation method of seismic soil pressure and improving the anti-earthquake designing level of underground structure.

Large-scale edge waves generated by a moving atmospheric pressure

Long waves generated by a moving atmospheric pressure distribution, associated with a storm, in coastal region are investigated numerically. For simplicity the moving atmospheric pressure is assumed to be moving only in the alongshore direction and the beach slope is assumed to be a constant in the on-offshore direction. By solving the linear shallow water equations we obtain numerical solutions for a wide range of physical parameters, including storm size （2a）, storm speed （U）, and beach slope （a）. Based on the numerical results, it is determined that edge wave packets are generated if the storm speed is equal to or greater than the critical velocity, Ucr, which is defined as the phase speed of the fundamental edge wave mode whose wavelength is scaled by the width of the storm size. The length and the location of the positively moving edge wave packet is roughly Ut/2 〈 y 〈 Ut, where y is in the alongshore direction and t is the time. Once the edge wave packet is generated, the wavelength is the same as that of the fundamental edge wave mode corresponding to the storm speed and is independent of the storm size, which can, however, affect the wave amplitude. When the storm speed is less than the critical velocity, the primary surface signature is a depression directly correlated to the atmospheric pressure distribution.

Analysis and numerical simulation of dynamic effect on rock under high pressure water jet

Based on continuum mechanics and rock dynamics,analyzed the micro-struc- ture damage of rock and the impulsive effect under high pressure water jet and developed the dynamic model.Further,on the assumption of that rock was homogeneous and iso- tropic,a computational model was established based on nonlinear finite element and Arbi- trary Lagrangian-Eulerian(ALE) method.The dynamic effect impacted on rock under high pressure water jet was simulated by the dynamic contact method.The propagation of stress wave in rock was numerically simulated at different impacting velocity.The results show that the propagation velocity of stress wave is proportional to the impacting velocity of high pressure water jet.The faster the impacting velocity is,the quicker the comedown of stress wave.

Hydrostatic pressure and temperature effects on the binding energy and optical absorption of a multilayered quantum dot with a parabolic confinement

The influence of hydrostatic pressure, temperature, and impurity on the electronic and optical properties of spherical core/shell/well/shell （CSWS） nanostructure with parabolic confinement potential is investigated theoretically. The energy levels and wave functions of the structure are calculated by using shooting method within the effective-mass approximation. The numerical results show that the ground state donor binding energy as a function layer thickness very sensitively depends on the magnitude of pressure and temperature. Also, we investigate the probability distributions to understand clearly electronic properties. The obtained results show that the existence of the pressure and temperature has great influence on the electronic and optical properties.

Relationship between Sea Surface Single Carrier Waves and Decreasing Pressures of Atmosphere Lower Boundary

Descriptions of unusually high waves appearing on the sea surface for a short time (freak, rogue or killer waves) have been considered as a part of marine folklore for a long time. A number of instrumental registrations have appeared recently making the community to pay more attention to this problem and to reconsider known observations of freak waves. To allow a better understanding of the behavior of rogue waves associated with tornadoes in terms of their origin, the nonlinear theory of off-balance systems is developed in the specific case of strong agitations constantly seen on the surface of extensive and deep rivers, when they are crossed by an atmosphere’s low pressure system (tornadoes, cyclones, hurricanes, etc.). A mathematical model based on the Navier-Stokes and Euler Lagrange equations coupled with assumptions derived from instrumental registrations on the training locations (or birth places) of freak waves is developed to enhance the physics of processes responsible for the formation (or origin) of the waves associated with atmosphere’s low pressure systems. Freak waves births’ constraints are mainly the need for both consistent water (i.e., extensive-deep rivers) and potential velocity flow availabilities. Numerical simulations, based on the use of the NLSE (Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation) are performed to validate our mathematical model on the births of single carrier waves associated with atmosphere’s low pressure systems.

Ultimate Strength Assessment of Steel-Welded Hemispheres under External Hydrostatic Pressure

This paper focusses on steel-welded hemispherical shells subjected to external hydrostatic pressure.The experimental and numerical investigations were performed to study their failure behaviour.The model was fabricated from mild steel and made through press forming and welding.We therefore considered the effect of initial shape imperfection,variation of thickness and residual stress obtained from the actual structures.Four hemisphere models designed with R/t from 50 to 130 were tested until failure.Prior to the test,the actual geometric imperfection and shell thickness were carefully measured.The comparisons of available design codes(PD 5500,ABS,DNV-GL)in calculating the collapse pressure were also highlighted against the available published test data on steel-welded hemispheres.Furthermore,the nonlinear FE simulations were also conducted to substantiate the ultimate load capacity and plastic deformation of the models that were tested.Parametric dependence of the level of sphericity,varying thickness and residual welding stresses were also numerically considered in the benchmark studies.The structure behaviour from the experiments was used to verify the numerical analysis.In this work,both collapse pressure and failure mode in the numerical model were consistent with the experimental model.

PRESSURE FORCE CONTROL FOR FABRICATION OF PLASTIC MICROFLUIDIC CHIPS WITH HOT EMBOSSING METHOD

A pressure force control system for hot embossing of microfluidic chips is designed with a moment motor and a ball bearing lead screw. Based on the numeric PID technique, the algorithm of pulsant integral accelerated PID control is presented and the negative effects of nonlinearity from friction, clearance and saturation are eliminated. In order to improve the quick-resixmse characteristic, independent thread technique is adopted. The method of pressure force control based on pulsant integral accelerated PID control and independent thread technique is applied with satisfactory control performance.

非线性曲面梁形态优化及恒压支撑装置设计

基于超前支护设备顶梁支撑结构研究一种恒压支撑装置的设计方法,恒压支撑装置由正刚度线性弹簧、负刚度非线性平面曲梁及承压气囊组合而成。通过对巷道顶板应力场分析,得到支撑结构的边界条件;利用B样条曲线简述负刚度非线性平面曲梁的特点;基于遗传算法与非线性有限元法对负刚度非线性平面曲梁进行形态优化设计;依据恒压支撑装置的工作原理,对线性螺旋弹簧刚度/强度特性进行分析与设计;对恒压支撑装置的零部组件进行设计,实现支撑装置输出压强大小恒定及自我保护功能。恒压支撑装置设计方法为综掘巷道超前支护研制提供了有力技术支撑。

稠油油藏体相流体非线性渗流理论模型

根据稠油油藏体相流体渗流特点,建立基于稠油吸附边界层和屈服特性影响下的稠油体相流体非线性渗流理论模型及启动压力梯度理论公式,并利用岩心渗流与启动压力梯度试验结果对理论模型计算结果进行验证。结果表明:理论计算结果与试验结果拟合较好,启动压力梯度理论公式计算结果平均偏差为7.77%,稠油油藏体相流体非线性渗流理论模型计算结果平均偏差为7.50%,均在可接受偏差范围内,并且该模型针对不同流变类型的流体渗流都具有较好的普适性。

比例减压阀控缸输出力的非线性自适应控制

针对所研制的一款采用双直动式三通比例减压阀控非对称液压缸驱动的刮板型输送带清扫器进行研究,提出了一种基于PI(Prandtl-Ishlinskii)逆模型前馈补偿的自适应控制算法,改善了比例减压阀固有的压力滞环、死区、增益等非线性,保证了清扫器刮板驱动扭矩的精度,实现了以恒定扭矩在刮板全寿命周期内的高效清洁.针对比例减压阀的滞环特性,采用带遗忘因子的递推最小二乘法在线辨识比例减压阀的PI模型参数,进而求解其逆模型作为线性自抗扰控制器的前馈补偿.仿真和实验结果表明,所提算法有效减小了比例减压阀的滞环、死区和增益等非线性,改善了比例减压阀控缸的动态响应,相较于PID算法,跟踪速度提升了65%,在100~700N·m范围内刮板驱动扭矩误差可控制在±2N·m以内.

考虑多维非线性扰动的电子助力制动系统自适应压力控制

针对电子助力制动系统(EBBS)面临的机-电-液多维非线性扰动问题,提出了一种自适应压力控制策略。外层液压控制器引入自适应径向基函数神经网络和鲁棒滑模理论克服液压时变不确定性,中间层位置控制器采用Karnopp摩擦前馈补偿和滑模控制应对传动机构非线性摩擦阻碍,内层电流控制器通过李雅普诺夫理论解决电机电磁特性耦合问题。仿真和硬件在环试验结果表明,设计的压力控制策略能够在多种工况中将EBBS主动制动稳态压力跟随误差维持在0.15MPa之内。