Inter-comparison of seasonal variability and nonlinear trend between AERONET aerosol optical depth and PM10 mass concentrations in Hong Kong

Here we used Empirical Mode Decomposition （EMD） method to study seasonal variability and nonlinear trend of corrected AERONET Aerosol Optical Depth （AOD/Hi） and corrected PM10 mass concentrations （PMmxf（RH）） in Hong Kong during 2005-2011. AODPrli is highly correlated with PMI0xf（RH） in semi-annual and annual time scales （with correlation coefficient 0.67 for semi-annual and 0.79 for annual components, 95% confidence interval）. On the semi-annual scale, both AOD/Hi and PM10xf（RH） can capture the two maxima in March and October, respectively, with much stronger amplitude in March proba- bly due to the long-range transport of dust storm. On the annual cycle, the AOD/Hi and PMI0xf（RH）, which are negatively correlated with the precipitation and solar radiation, vary coherently with the maxima in February. This annual peak occurs about one month earlier than the first peak of the semi-annual variability in March, but with only half amplitude. During 2005-2011, both AOD/Hi and PM10xf（RH） exhibit the pronounced decreasing trend with the mean rate of 14 gg m-3 per year for PM10xf（RH）, which reflects the significant effects of the air pollution control policy in Hong Kong during the past decade. The nonlinear trend analysis indicates that the decreasing of PM10xf（RH） is slower than that of AOD/Hi when the AOD/Hi is less than 0.44 but becomes faster when the AOD/Hi exceeds 0.44. These results illustrate that the AERONET AOD can be used quantitatively to estimate local air-quality variability on the semi-annual, annual, and long-term trend time scales.

高含水油田剩余油研究方法、分布特征与发展趋势

为了提高高含水油田剩余油研究与评价效果,基于大量文献调研,梳理了剩余油的概念、影响因素,从剩余油微观分布、宏观分布和饱和度定量分析3个方面总结了剩余油研究方法及其适用条件,概括了水驱油藏、稠油油藏和化学驱油藏的剩余油分布特征,进一步提出了目前剩余油研究的难点和发展趋势。结果表明:剩余油的影响因素主要包括地质构造、沉积微相、储层非均质性和井网密度、井网模式、注采系统的完善程度、生产动态等;剩余油研究方法包括实验分析方法、数值模拟方法和矿场测试方法等,各种方法的研究目的和适用条件不同,测试结果反映不同位置、不同尺度下的剩余油饱和度分布;高含水油田剩余油分布总体呈现高度分散和相对富集的特征,剩余油微观分布呈现连续相和非连续相多种形式;剩余油研究发展趋势包括但不限于以下5方面:超大物理模型的构建、多尺度高分辨率成像系统集成、考虑不同驱替介质及物性时变与非连续相非线性渗流的数值模拟改进方法、多学科多方法矿场测试的综合应用及大数据人工智能的广泛应用。

国外非线性教学法CLA及其应用——基于CiteSpace文献计量与可视化分析

约束导向法(Constraints-led Approach,CLA)主要由运动控制的动力系统理论以及生态心理学构成。国外关于非线性教学法CLA的相关研究数量日益增多,但缺乏系统的文献梳理,对研究领域发展历程和研究热点演变的认识不足。本文基于Web of Science和中国知网数据库,提取近20年国外非线性教学法CLA的研究文献,运用文献计量学软件CiteSpace知识图谱可视化方法,对其进行文献被引量、发文作者和关键词共现分析。结果显示:非线性教学法在国外研究起步早且发展迅速,现已成为热门研究主题;总体上作者交叉合作较多,核心作者间存在紧密合作网;国外已将CLA运用在教学实践中,研究热点主要为任务约束与实践的结合、非线性教学法与教学的关系、非线性教学法中运动技能习得等;CLA理论在实践中的应用是该领域持续关注的内容;体育指导者应加强对CLA的学习。

Trend analysis of relative sea level rise or fall of the tide gauge stations in the Pacific

On the basis of the analytical results of the period components of monthly mean sea level of 236 stationsin the Pacific, the period components plus linear trend are ed to fit the monthly mean sea level series. The statisticalresults of linear trend Coefficients of these stations indicate that, if the abnormal values of sea-level rise and fall are neglected, the average rise rate of relative sea level in the Pacific is 1. 16 mm/a. Affected by nonuniformity Of land subsidence and other factors, the regional change of relative sea level rise or fall in the Pacific is greater. In the light of thepositive or negative values of linear trend coefficients as well as the geographical position of the sea area, zoning is madeof the sea level rise or fall in the Pacific including the coastal areas of China and Southeast Asia to obtain the averagerate of rise or fall in each sea area. The rise or fall trends of relative sea level obtained for the entire Pacific Ocean,west coast of North America, the northern and central South America, the greater part of the tropical Pacific and thecoastal Islands of Japan are basically in keeping with the other relevant results. The regional average estimated result ofthe relative sea level in the coast of East Asia is on the rise while the estimated results provided by Barnett tend todrop; the main cause of this nonuniformity is the number of stations selected and the distributional density.

Nonlinear Differential Equation of Macroeconomic Dynamics for Long-Term Forecasting of Economic Development

In this article we derive a general differential equation that describes long-term economic growth in terms of cyclical and trend components. Equation is based on the model of non-linear accelerator of induced investment. A scheme is proposed for obtaining approximate solutions of nonlinear differential equation by splitting solution into the rapidly oscillating business cycles and slowly varying trend using Krylov-Bogoliubov-Mitropolsky averaging. Simplest modes of the economic system are described. Characteristics of the bifurcation point are found and bifurcation phenomenon is interpreted as loss of stability making the economic system available to structural change and accepting innovations. System being in a nonequilibrium state has a dynamics with self-sustained undamped oscillations. The model is verified with economic development of the US during the fifth Kondratieff cycle (1982-2010). Model adequately describes real process of economic growth in both quantitative and qualitative aspects. It is one of major results that the model gives a rough estimation of critical points of system stability loss and falling into a crisis recession. The model is used to forecast the macroeconomic dynamics of the US during the sixth Kondratieff cycle (2018-2050). For this forecast we use fixed production capital functional dependence on a long-term Kondratieff cycle and medium-term Juglar and Kuznets cycles. More accurate estimations of the time of crisis and recession are based on the model of accelerating log-periodic oscillations. The explosive growth of the prices of highly liquid commodities such as gold and oil is taken as real predictors of the global financial crisis. The second wave of crisis is expected to come in June 2011.

1982—2021年黄、渤海表层温度变化的线性和非线性特征分析

近几十年,全球气候变化背景下的海面温度(Sea Surface Temperature,SST)呈现越来越显著的非线性和非稳定变化特征,并且在局部海区表现得更加明显。为全面认识海面温度的长期演变过程,本研究基于1982—2021年间AVHRR海表温度遥感数据,利用多项式回归趋势分类方法,系统分析了黄海和渤海(黄渤海)SST近40 a的长期变化及时空分布格局。结果显示:从1982年到2021年,黄渤海SST以0.020℃/a的平均速度净增加约0.772℃,增温幅度呈现明显的空间异质性和季节非对称性;从空间上来看,SST变化趋势呈现明显的西高东低的特征;从季节上来看,SST变化趋势呈现春夏季高、秋冬季低的特征;受2012年前后全球增温暂缓事件的影响,黄渤海58.87%的区域表层SST呈现显著的非线性(二次或三次多项式)趋势,20.62%的区域表现为隐藏的非线性趋势,4.21%的区域未呈现明显的趋势。结果表明,在海面温度长期变化研究中应进一步关注其空间异质性、季节对称性以及趋势的非线性特征。

怒江⁃萨尔温江流域植被覆盖时空变化趋势及驱动力

植被作为陆地生态系统的主要组成部分,对区域生态系统环境变化、全球碳循环和气候调节具有非常重要的作用。怒江⁃萨尔温江流域是东南亚最重要的跨境河流之一,其植被变化会影响区域生态系统和气候。研究以怒江⁃萨尔温江流域为研究区,基于2000—2021年MODIS NDVI数据,利用BFAST模型、Hurst指数以及地理探测器研究了其植被覆盖时空演变趋势和未来可持续性以及驱动因子。结果表明:(1)2000—2021年,怒江⁃萨尔温江流域植被覆盖总体呈波动上升趋势,多年平均植被覆盖度FVC(Fractional Vegetation Cover)为0.73,以高植被覆盖和较高植被覆盖为主。植被分布具有明显的空间异质性,下游和中游植被覆盖明显优于上游。(2)BFAST趋势表明,近22年怒江⁃萨尔温江流域植被覆盖改善和退化的区域面积占比分别为71.24%、28.76%,改善的区域远大于退化的区域,说明研究区植被得到较好的保护。Hurst指数显示,未来植被将持续改善和退化的区域占比分别为94.89%、2.76%。BFAST与Hurst二者叠加共耦合了17种植被覆盖的未来趋势情形,整体上未来植被呈持续改善为主,将持续改善和持续退化状态的面积占比分别为68.99%、29.09%。(3)基于最优参数的地理探测器结果表明,海拔对研究区植被覆盖分布具有宏观控制作用,影响最大,其次是气温、降水等气象因子。各区域植被覆盖影响因素又具有差异性,其中,海拔和土地利用方式对上游地区植被覆盖的影响比中游和下游区域显著;中游高山峡谷地区以海拔以及海拔差异带来的气温、降水差异对植被覆盖影响重大;下游地区以人口、GDP等人为因素影响为主。研究结果对了解研究区生态环境状况及未来变化提供科学数据支持。

叶尔羌河源流区近50年来年径流变化及其对气候变化的响应

基于新疆卡群水文站和塔什库尔干气象站1959～2005年的观测资料，运用小波分析和统计分析相结合的方法，从多时间尺度研究叶尔羌河源流区近50年来年径流的非线性变化趋势，以及径流对气候变化的响应。结果表明：1）年径流、气温和降水的主要变化周期几乎一致，年径流和年降水量都存在24年的主要变化周期，而年平均气温则是23年。2）年径流量表现出具有时间尺度依赖性的非线性变化趋势，与区域气候变化密切相关。3）年径流变化是区域气候变化响应的结果，从8（2^3）年、4（2^2）年和2（2^1）年时间尺度上来看，年径流量与年平均气温和年降水量之间存在显著的线性相关关系。

低频振荡模式辨识中信号非线性去趋的平滑先验方法

基于PMU实测信号的低频振荡模式在线辨识是阻尼控制的基础,有效去除PMU实测信号中的非线性趋势才能保证模式辨识的精度。提出了基于平滑先验法的PMU实测信号非线性去趋方法。在分析平滑先验法基本原理基础上,为适应低频振荡模式辨识中信号非线性去趋要求,对其频率响应特性进行研究,确定平滑先验法的正则化参数。采用IEEE-39节点系统时域仿真信号和某电网的PMU实测信号对所提方法进行测试,并与经验模态分解法和数字滤波法进行了比较,表明该方法能够更有效地去除信号中的非线性趋势,较大幅度地提高计算速度,同时也能提高低频振荡模式辨识精度,具有较高的实际应用价值。

基于EEMD的中国地区1956—2005年日照变化的趋势分析

根据国家气象信息中心给出的逐日日照时数资料,利用集合经验模态分解(ensemble empirical mode decomposition,EEMD)方法,得到中国地区日照时数的非线性趋势变化特征。对各气象台站日照时数的非线性变化趋势类型做了分类以及分区域和季节研究,并与线性趋势进行对比。结果表明:近50年来中国地区绝大部分气象台站(占总气象台站数的67.5%)日照时数呈现下降的趋势,尤其是在中国南部和东北地区,呈现明显的区域特征和季节特征。日照时数的年代际变化整体上在1980年前后出现气候转型,即呈现前期日照较长、后期较短的气候形态。

Climate Change and Its Effects on Runoff of Kaidu River, Xinjiang, China:A Multiple Time-scale Analysis

This paper applied an integrated method combining grey relation analysis, wavelet analysis and statistical analysis to study climate change and its effects on runoff of the Kaidu River at multi-time scales. Major findings are as follows: 1) Climatic factors were ranked in the order of importance to annual runoff as average annual temperature, average temperature in autumn, average temperature in winter, annual precipitation, precipitation in flood season, average temperature in summer, and average temperature in spring. The average annual temperature and annual precipi- tation were selected as the two representative factors that impact the annual runoff. 2) From the 32-year time scale, the annual runoff and the average annual temperature presented a significantly rising trend, whereas the annual precipita- tion showed little increase over the period of 1957-2002. By changing the time scale from 32-year to 4-year, we ob- served nonlinear trends with increasingly obvious oscillations for annual runoff, average annual temperature, and annual precipitation. 3) The changes of the runoff and the regional climate are closely related, indicating that the runoff change is the result of the regional climate changes. With time scales ranging from 32-year, 16-year, 8-year and to 4-year, there are highly significant linear correlations between the annual runoff and the average annual temperature and the annual precipitation.

城市需水量预测方法比较

为了提高城市需水量预测的精度,基于北京市2000—2011年的实际用水量数据,对比分析了BP神经网络预测模型、灰色GM(1,1)模型、非线性趋势模型和灰色-神经-趋势组合预测模型及其基于马尔科夫修正的各单项模型需水量预测结果。结果表明:组合预测模型优于各单项模型,基于马尔科夫修正的各模型优于各未修正预测模型。基于马尔科夫修正的灰色-神经-趋势组合预测模型预测精度最高、效果最好。

Wavelet Analysis and Nonparametric Test for Climate Change in Tarim River Basin of Xinjiang During 1959-2006

Using wavelet analysis,regression analysis and the Mann-Kendall test,this paper analyzed time-series(1959-2006) weather data from 23 meteorological stations in an attempt to characterize the climate change in the Tarim River Basin of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,China.Major findings are as follows:1) In the 48-year study period,average annual temperature,annual precipitation and average annual relative humidity all presented nonlinear trends.2) At the 16-year time scale,all three climate indices unanimously showed a rather flat before 1964 and a detectable pickup thereafter.At the 8-year time scale,an S-shaped nonlinear and uprising trend was revealed with slight fluctuations in the entire process for all three indices.Incidentally,they all showed similar pattern of a slight increase before 1980 and a noticeable up-swing afterwards.The 4-year time scale provided a highly fluctuating pattern of periodical oscillations and spiral increases.3) Average annual relative humidity presented a negative correlation with average annual temperature and a positive correlation with annual precipitation at each time scale,which revealed a close dynamic relationship among them at the confidence level of 0.001.4) The Mann-Kendall test at the 0.05 confidence level demonstrated that the climate warming trend,as represented by the rising average annual temperature,was remarkable,but the climate wetting trend,as indicated by the rising annual precipitation and average annual relative humidity,was not obvious.

基于奇异值分解去势的非线性趋势序列单位根检验研究

如何克服ADF与PP单位根检验法对非线性趋势平稳序列的伪检验,提高单位根检验的功效,是非平稳时间序列分析的重要问题。本文基于奇异值分解的思路,构造出检验非平稳时间序列单位根的SVD-RMA检验法,此方法将时间序列的趋势项与干扰项分离,然后用递归均值调整法对干扰项进行检验。仿真实验表明,SVD-RMA法对线性与非线性趋势、甚至结构突变过程的检验功效都非常好;对非线性趋势平稳的检验而言,SVD-RMA检验得到正确结论的可能性要远远好于ADF与PP检验。

正交多项式逼近下非线性趋势序列单位根检验

传统单位根检验方法常常假设带有线性的确定性趋势,但如果趋势是非线性的,通常会因为检验功效大幅下降而导致检验失败。本文研究用正交多项式逼近非线性趋势,然后对残差进行单位根检验的方法,研究了用正交多项式进行趋势逼近的性质,推导了这种方法进行单位根检验时统计量的极限分布,提出了正交多项式最高阶数的确定方法,仿真研究了残差相关与不相关时的检验功效。结果表明,检验方法是有效的。

布朗单一参数指数平滑法的推广

把布朗单一参数二次多项式指数平滑法推广到三次多项式指数平滑法(即布朗单一参数四次指数平滑法),并利用计量经济学软件Eviews4.0和软件M atlab7.0结合实际数据进行短期预测.布朗单一参数四次指数平滑能更好地跟踪时序的非线性变化趋势,达到更好的短期预测效果.

最近50年长江流域极端降水特征的再分析

长江流域是中国重要的水能基地，水患灾害频繁，研究该流域的极端降水事件的分布及变化特征，对预测及应对旱涝灾害影响有重要意义。本文利用长江流域1961~2010年最近50年逐日降水量资料，分析了4个极端降水量指标和2个极端降水频率指标的时空变化及趋势变化特征，特别地利用Logistic回归模型，分析了2个极端降水频率指标的非线性趋势特征。结果表明：整个长江流域各种极端降水量指标的空间差异明显，大值区分布在长江流域上游四川盆地向青藏高原的过渡区和中下游地区，极端最大值分布在流域中几个典型的高山测站；最大1日降水量和超90％阈值降水总量随时间有显著的线性增大现象，但是区域平均年降水量和极端过程降水随时间没有明显的线性趋势；长江上游和中游一带极端频率指标中存在显著非线性增大趋势，四川盆地和下游地区极端频率的非线性趋势不明显。极端降水量大的区域，极端指标出现频率也很高，对年降水量贡献很大，是产生洪涝灾害的重要原因。

基于微波探测资料的全球大气亮温长期变化趋势研究

本文使用1978—2013年美国大气海洋局NOAA研发的STAR V3.0版本的MSU/AMSUA逐月亮温格点数据,引入集合经验模式分解(EEMD)方法,研究了高空大气亮温的非线性变化趋势,尤其注重亮温气候趋势的时间演变特征,并与传统线性回归(CLR)方法做了对比研究。结果表明,在全球对流层增温、平流层降温的大背景下,基于EEMD的亮温非线性趋势演变特征表现为:近10 a对流层中、高层全球平均增暖趋势放缓,甚至出现轻微的降温趋势;北半球对流层增暖首先出现在北极,随后向低纬度方向延伸。北极对流层增暖向上影响高层大气,最高可以扩展到平流层低层。南半球对流层中低纬度地区受北半球大气影响也出现增温。另外,近10 a南极地区出现显著的独立增温现象。平流层变冷北半球最早从中纬度地区开始发生,变冷逐渐增强的同时向极地和低纬度两侧扩张。南极上空平流层大气早期也出现显著变冷,然而随着2000年以后南极大范围增暖,平流层变冷逐渐转移到中低纬地区。

汽车电子节气门控制系统研究现状及发展趋势

介绍了发动机电喷系统中电子节气门的作用、结构组成及工作原理,分析了影响电子节气门控制的非线性因素.电子节气门控制(ETC)系统的目的是提供精确、稳定的节气门阀片位置,其控制技术的关键是寻找一种适用的控制算法.综述了目前这一领域的各项研究工作,并探讨了ETC系统的发展趋势.

人工神经网络和信息融合技术在变压器状态评估中的应用

为满足电力系统对变压器资产管理和风险评估的需求,提出了一种基于人工神经网络和信息融合技术的变压器状态评估方法。以预防性试验数据和在线监测数据为例,选择具有代表意义的信息量作为开展评估的静态状态量,除此之外还选取部分静态状态量的变化趋势作为开展评估的渐变状态量,采用非线性指标评价函数对状态量进行归一化处理,综合应用人工神经网络(ANN)和Dempster-Shafer(D-S)证据理论构建多信息融合的变压器状态评估模型。通过对某台500 kV变压器数据的实例分析,验证了该评估模型应用于变压器状态评估中的有效性。该方法将在线监测数据与部分参数的变化趋势紧密结合,有助于提高变压器状态评估的时效性和准确性。