Polyphosphate Accelerates Transformation of Nonstructural Carbohydrates to Improve Growth of ppk-Expressing Transgenic Rice in Phosphorus Deficiency Culture

Crop yield and quality are often limited by the amount of phosphate fertilizer added to infertile soils,a key limiting factor for sustainable development in modern agriculture.The polyphosphate kinase(ppk)gene-expressing transgenic rice with a single-copy line(ETRS)is constructed to improve phosphate fertilizer utilization efficiency for phosphorus resource conservation.To investigate the potential mechanisms of the increased biomass in ETRS in low phosphate culture,ETRS was cultivated in a low inorganic phosphate(Pi)culture medium(15μmol/L Pi,LP)and a normal Pi culture medium(300μmol/L Pi,CP),respectively.After 89 d of cultivation in different concentrations of phosphate culture media,the total phosphorus,polyphosphate(polyP),biomass,photosynthetic rate,nonstructural carbohydrate(NSC)contents,related enzyme activities,and related gene expression levels were analyzed.The results showed that ETRS had a high polyP amount to promote the photosynthetic rate in LP,and its biomass was almost the same as the wild type(WT)in CP.The NSC content of ETRS in LP was higher than that of WT in LP,but slightly lower than that of WT in CP.PolyP notably promoted the sucrose phosphate synthase activities of ETRS and significantly down-regulated the expression levels of sucrose transporter genes(OsSUT3 and OsSUT4),resulting in inhibiting the transport of sucrose from shoot to root in ETRS.It was concluded that polyP can stimulate the synthesis of NSCs in LP,which improved the growth of ETRS and triggered the biological activities of ETRS to save phosphate fertilizer.Our study provides a new way to improve the utilization rate of phosphate fertilizer in rice production.

Interannual dynamics of stemwood nonstructural carbohydrates in temperate forest trees surrounding drought

Interactions between water and carbon dynamics underlie drought-related tree mortality.While whole-tree water relations have been shown to play a key role in the response to and recovery from drought,the role of nonstructural carbohydrates(NSC) and how their storage and allocation changes surrounding drought events deserves further attention and is critical for understanding tree survival.Here,we quantified in situ NSC responses of temperate forest trees to the 2016 drought in the northeastern United States.Sugar and starch concentrations were measured in the stemwood of five tree species from 2014 to 2019,which allowed us to monitor NSCs in relation to climatic conditions before,during,and after the natural drought.We found that immediately following the drought,measured stemwood NSC concentrations decreased.However,NSC concentrations rebounded quickly within three years.Notably,trees allocated proportionally more to starch than to sugars following the 2016 drought.In winter 2017,starch comprised 45% of total stemwood stores,whereas starch made up only 1-2% in other years.Further,we modeled and assessed the climatic drivers of total NSC concentrations in the stem.Variation in total NSC concentrations was significantly predicted by the previous year’s temperature,precipitation,and standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index(SPEI),with stemwood concentrations decreasing following hotter,drier periods and increasing following cooler,wetter periods.Overall,our work provides insight into the climatic drivers of NSC storage and highlights the important role that a tree’s carbon economy may play in its response and recovery to environmental stress.

Allocation patterns of nonstructural carbohydrates in response to CO_(2)elevation and nitrogen deposition in Cunninghamia lanceolata saplings

Stored nonstructural carbohydrates(NSC)indicate a balance between photosynthetic carbon(C)assimilation and growth investment or loss through respiration and root exudation.They play an important role in plant function and whole-plant level C cycling.CO_(2)elevation and nitrogen(N)deposition,which are two major environmental issues worldwide,aff ect plant photosynthetic C assimilation and C release in forest ecosystems.However,information regarding the eff ect of CO_(2)elevation and N deposition on NSC storage in diff erent organs remains limited,especially regarding the trade-off between growth and NSC reserves.Therefore,here we analyzed the variations in the NSC storage in diff erent organs of Chinese fi r(Cunninghamia lanceolata)under CO_(2)elevation and N addition and found that NSC concentrations and contents in all organs of Chinese fi r saplings increased remarkably under CO_(2)elevation.However,N addition induced diff erential accumulation of NSC among various organs.Specifi cally,N addition decreased the NSC concentrations of needles,branches,stems,and fi ne roots,but increased the NSC contents of branches and coarse roots.The increase in the NSC contents of roots was more pronounced than that in the NSC content of aboveground organs under CO_(2)elevation.The role of N addition in the increase in the structural biomass of aboveground organs was greater than that in the increase in the structural biomass of roots.This result indicated that a diff erent tradeoff between growth and NSC storage occurred to alleviate resource limitations under CO_(2)elevation and N addition and highlights the importance of separating biomass into structural biomass and NSC reserves when investigating the eff ects of environmental change on biomass allocation.

The storage and utilization of carbohydrates in response to elevation mediated by tree organs in subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests

Global climate change can affect tree growth and carbon sink function by influencing plant carbohydrate synthesis and utilization,while elevation can be used as an ideal setting under natural conditions to simulate climate change effects.The effect of elevation on tree growth may depend on organ type.However,the allocation patterns of nonstructural and structural carbohydrates(NSCs and SCs,respectively)in different tree organs and their response to elevation remain unclear.We selected four dominant tree species,Schima superba,Castanopsis eyrei,Castanopsis fargesii and Michelia maudiae,along an elevation gradient from 609 to 1,207 m in subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests and analyzed leaf,trunk,and fine root NSCs,carbon(C),nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)concentrations and the relative abundance of SCs.Leaf NSCs increased initially and then decreased,and trunk NSCs increased with increasing elevation.However,root NSCs decreased with increasing elevation.The relative abundance of SCs in leaves and trunks decreased,while the relative abundance of root SCs increased with increasing elevation.No significant correlations between SCs and NSCs in leaves were detected,while there were negative correlations between SCs and NSCs in trunks,roots,and all organs.Hierarchical partitioning analysis indicated that plant C/N and C/P were the main predictors of changes in SCs and NSCs.Our results suggest that tree organs have divergent responses to elevation and that increasing elevation will inhibit the aboveground part growth and enhance the root growth of trees.A tradeoff between the C distribution used for growth and storage was confirmed along the elevation gradient,which is mainly manifested in the"sink"organs of NSCs.Our results provide insight into tree growth in the context of global climate change scenarios in subtropical forest ecosystems.

Irrigation regimes modulate non-structural carbohydrate remobilization and improve grain filling in rice(Oryza sativa L.)by regulating starch metabolism

Recently developed ‘super’ rice cultivars with greater yield potentials often suffer from the problem of poor grain filling, especially in inferior spikelets. Here, we studied the activities of enzymes related to starch metabolism in rice stems and grains, and the microstructures related to carbohydrate accumulation and transportation to investigate the effects of different water regimes on grain filling. Two ‘super’ rice cultivars were grown under two irrigation regimes of well-watered(WW) and alternate wetting and moderate soil drying(AWMD). Compared with the WW treatment,the activities of ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase(AGPase), starch synthase(StSase) and starch branching enzyme(SBE), and the accumulation of non-structural carbohydrates(NSCs) in the stems before heading were significantly improved, and more starch granules were stored in the stems in the AWMD treatment. After heading, the activities of α-amylase, β-amylase, sucrose phosphate synthase(SPS) and sucrose synthase in the synthetic direction(SSs)were increased in the stems to promote the remobilization of NSCs for grain filling under AWMD. During grain filling, the enzymatic activities of sucrose synthase in the cleavage direction(SSc), AGPase, StSase and SBE in the inferior spikelets were increased, which promoted grain filling, especially for the inferior spikelets under AWMD.However, there were no significant differences in vascular microstructures. The grain yield and grain weight could be improved by 13.1 and 7.5%, respectively, by optimizing of the irrigation regime. We concluded that the low activities of key enzymes in carbon metabolism is the key limitation for the poor grain filling, as opposed to the vascular microstructures, and AWMD can increase the amount of NSC accumulation in the stems before heading, improve the utilization rate of NSCs after heading, and increase the grain filling, especially in the inferior spikelets, by altering the activities of key enzymes in carbon metabolism.

Dynamics of nonstructural carbohydrates in seagrass Thalassia hemprichii and its response to shading

A field survey was performed to examine nonstructural carbohydrate （NSC） dynamics in seagrass Thalassia hemprichii at the Xincun Bay in southern China. An indoor experiment to investigate the response of NSC in T. hemprichiito shade was conducted. Belowground tissue of T. hemprichiiwas the dominant site of NSC reserves, and soluble sugar was the primary storage compound. The starch content of belowground tissue was lower in high intertidal areas than in low intertidal areas, indicating that the longer air exposure in high intertidal areas resulted in less NSC synthesis and less accumulation of NSC in T. hemprichii. The lowest level of soluble sugar and its proportion to NSC in belowground tissue were observed near the cage culture area, where the nutrient concentration in water and sediment was the highest; while the highest level of that was observed near the coastal shrimp farm, where salinity was the lowest. Soluble sugar in belowground tis- sue showed the following trend： summer〉spring〉winter〉autumn. This corresponded to seasonal changes in the intensity of light. Leaf sugar accumulated during the autumn-winter period, providing a carbon and energy source for flower bud formation and seed germination. Short-term shading decreased NSC accumu- lation. Collectively, these results suggest that nutrient enrichment, freshwater discharge and exposure to air affect NSC dynamics in T. hemprichii. Light intensity, flower bud formation, and seed germination were all found to induce seasonal variations in NSC in T. hemprichii.

Quantifying the effects of short-term heat stress at booting stage on nonstructural carbohydrates remobilization in rice

Extreme heat stress events are becoming more frequent under anticipated climate change,which can have devastating impacts on rice growth and yield.To quantify the effects of short-term heat stress at booting stage on nonstructural carbohydrates(NSC)remobilization in rice,two varieties(Nanjing 41 and Wuyunjing 24)were subjected to 32/22/27°C(maximum/minimum/mean),36/26/31°C,40/30/35°C,and 44/34/39°C for 2,4 and 6 days in phytotrons at booting stage during 2014 and 2015.Yield and yield components,dry matter partitioning index(DMPI),NSC accumulation and translocation were measured and calculated.The results showed that the increase of high-temperature level and duration significantly reduced grain yield by suppressing spikelet number per panicle,seed-setting rate,and grain weight.Heat stress at booting decreased DMPI in panicles,increased DMPI in stems,but had no significant effect on photosynthetic rate.Stem NSC concentration increased whereas panicles NSC concentration,stem NSC translocation efficiency,and contribution of stem NSC to grain yield decreased.Severe heat stress even transformed the stem into a carbohydrate sink during grain filling.The heat-tolerant Wuyunjing 24 showed a higher NSC transport capacity under heat stress than the heat-sensitive Nanjing 41.Heat degree-days(HDD),which combines the effects of the intensity and duration of heat stress,used for quantifying the impacts of heat stress indicates the threshold HDD for the termination of NSC translocation is 9.82°C day.Grain yield was negatively correlated with stem NSC concentration and accumulation at maturity,and yield reduction was tightly related to NSC translocation reduction.The results suggest that heat stress at booting inhibits NSC translocation due to sink size reduction.Therefore,genotypes with higher NSC transport capacity under heat stress could be beneficial for rice yield formation.

Effects of pruning intensity on nonstructural carbohydrates of Populus alba×P.talassica in the arid desert region of Northwest China

Although pruning is important to obtain highquality,large-diameter timber,the effects of pruning on nonstructural carbohydrates(NSC)in aboveground organs of many timber species are not well understood.Three intensities of pruning(none,moderate and severe)were tested on poplars(Populus alba×P.talassica)in the arid desert region of northwest China to compare the concentrations of soluble sugar(SS),starch(ST)and total nonstructural carbohydrate(TNC)in leaves,branches and trunks during the growing season.The concentration of NSC components after different pruning intensities varied similarly in seasonal patterns,increasing slowly at the beginning of the growing season,continuously declining in the middle,then gradually recovering by the end of the growing season.The monthly mean NSC concentration in poplar differed significantly among the three pruning intensities(p<0.05).The SS concentration in pruned trees was higher than in unpruned trees(p<0.05).For moderately pruned trees,the concentrations of ST and TNC in trunks and branches were higher than in unpruned and in severely pruned trees(p<0.05).Compared with no pruning,pruning changed the seasonal variation in NSC concentration.The orders of SS and TNC concentrations in aboveground organs were leaf>branch>trunk,while the order of ST concentration was trunk>leaf>branch,which was related to functional differences of plant organs.The annual average growth in height of unpruned,moderately pruned,and severely pruned poplars was 0.21±0.06,0.45±0.09 and 0.24±0.05 m,respectively,and the annual average growth in DBH were 0.92±0.04,1.27±0.06 and 1.02±0.05 cm,respectively.Our results demonstrate that moderate pruning may effectively increase the annual growth in tree height and DBH while avoiding damage caused by excessive pruning to the tree body.Therefore,moderate pruning may increase the NSC storage and improve the growth of timber species.

Divergent allocations of nonstructural carbohydrates shape growth response to rainfall reduction in two subtropical plantations

Nonstructural carbohydrates(NSC)are indicators of tree carbon balance and play an important role in regulating plant growth and survival.However,our understanding of the mechanism underlying drought-induced response of NSC reserves remains limited.Here,we conducted a long-term throughfall exclusion(TFE)experiment to investigate the seasonal responses of NSC reserves to manipulative drought in two contrasting tree species(a broadleaved tree Castanopsis hystrix Miq.and a coniferous tree Pinus massoniana Lamb.)of the subtropical China.We found that in the dry season,the two tree species differed in their responses of NSC reserves to TFE at either the whole-tree level or by organs,with significantly depleted total NSC reserves in roots in both species.Under the TFE treatment,there were significant increases in the NSC pools of leaves and branches in C.hystrix,which were accompanied by significant decreases in fine root biomass and radial growth without significant changes in canopy photosynthesis;while P.massoniana exhibited significant increase in fine root biomass without significant changes in radial growth.Our results suggested that under prolonged water limitation,NSC usage for growth in C.hystrix is somewhat impaired,such that the TFE treatment resulted in NSC accumulation in aboveground organs(leaf and branch);whereas P.massoniana is capable of efficiently utilizing NSC reserves to maintain its growth under drought conditions.Our findings revealed divergent NSC allocations under experimental drought between the two contrasting tree species,which are important for better understanding the differential impacts of climate change on varying forest trees and plantation types in subtropical China.

Effects of AG1 and AG2 QTLs on Nonstructural Carbohydrate and Seed Management Options for Rice Seedling Growth and Establishment under Flooding Stress

Rice(Oryza sativa)plants acquired excess photosynthates in the form of nonstructural carbohydrates(NSCs)in their stems and grain.Despite keen interest in rice NSC,the dynamics of NSC accumulation,translocation and re-accumulation have not yet been well investigated.AG1 and AG2 QTLs associated with flooding tolerance through catalyzing starch into soluble sugar in germinating seeds.Here we conducted three experiments,greenhouse and field to lay the groundwork for large-scale diversity studies on grain NSC and some agronomic traits under direct-seeded rice(DSR)system,using elite lines incorporating AG1,AG2 and AG1-AG2 QTLs into the popular varieties PSB Rc82 and Ciherang-Sub1 along with the donors Kho Hlan On(AG1)and Ma-Zhan Red(AG2).In germinating seedlings,soluble sugars increased,while starch concentration decreased gradually especially in the tolerant checks and AG1-AG2 introgression lines under flooded soil.Soluble sugar accumulation in stem started to increase from the vegetative stage and peaked at the panicle initiation stage then gradually decreased towards the maturity stage.But Sub1-AG lines had higher sugar and starch concentrations at different growth stages than other genotypes in wet season 2016 and dry season 2017.Plant survival rate was positively correlated with the stem NSC at the early vegetative stage(21 days after sowing),and stem NSC was positively associated with plant height at different growth stages.Among the tested seeding rate,the most suitable seeding rate,4 g/m2 with shallow burial depth(0.5 cm),resulted in better seedling establishment,relatively higher seedling vigor index and higher leaf area index under flooding in DSR system.Introgression of AG1-AG2 QTLs had no any negative impact on nonstructural carbohydrate,germination rate,and growth and biomass production.

Multi-year throughfall reduction enhanced the growth and non-structural carbohydrate storage of roots at the expenses of above-ground growth in a warm-temperate natural oak forest

The more frequent occurrence and severer drought events resulting from climate change are increasingly affecting the physiological performance of trees and ecosystem carbon sequestration in many regions of the world.However,our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the responses and adaption of forest trees to prolonged and multi-year drought is still limited.To address this problem,we conducted a long-term manipulative throughfall reduction(TFR,reduction of natural throughfall by 50%–70%during growing seasons)experiment in a natural oriental white oak(Quercus aliena var.acuteserrata Maxim.)forest under warm-temperate climate.After seven years of continuous TFR treatment,the aboveground growth in Q.aliena var.acuteserrata started to decline.Compared with the control plots,trees in the TFR treatment significantly reduced growth increments of stems(14.2%)and leaf area index(6.8%).The rate of net photosynthesis appeared to be more susceptible to changes in soil water in trees subjected to the TFR than in the control.The TFR-treated trees allocated significantly more photosynthates to belowground,leading to enhanced growth and nonstructural carbohydrates(NSC)storage in roots.The 7-year continuous TFR treatment increased the biomass,the production and the NSC concentration in the fine roots by 53.6%,153.6%and 9.6%,respectively.There were clear trade-offs between the aboveground growth and the fine root biomass and NSC storage in Q.aliena var.acuteserrata trees in response to the multi-year TFR treatment.A negative correlation between the fine root NSC concentration and soil water suggested a strategy of preferential C storage over growth when soil water became deficient;the stored NSC during water limitation would then help promote root growth when drought stress is released.Our findings demonstrate the warm-temperate oak forest adopted a more conservative NSC use strategy in response to long-term drought stress,with enhanced root growth and NSC storage at the expenses of above-ground growth to mitigate climate changeinduced drought.

Foliar carbohydrate differs between Picea crassifolia and Sabina przewalskii with the altitudinal variation of Qilian Mountains, China

Nonstructural carbohydrates （NSC） and nitrogen metabolism strongly influence growth and development in plants. The biosynthesis of cellulose and lignin （structural carbohydrates, SC） depends largely on the supply of NSC. We desire to examine which hypothesis, carbon limitation or growth limitation, best fits the alpine plant response between NSC, SC, carbon （C）, nitrogen （N） and altitude. We compared the foliar concentrations of carbohydrates, C and N between the leaves of Picea crassifolia （lower-elevation tree-line species） and Sabina przewalskii （high-elevation tree-line species） in their response to changing elevation. Our site was located in the mid-northern area of Qilian Mountains, China. We found that foliar soluble sugar （SG） concentrations were significantly higher in P. crassifolia than in S. przewalskii at the 2,700-3,400 m level. Foliar NSC levels in R crassifolia increased at the 2,700-3,100 m level, indicating that growth was limited gradually resulting in a surplus of NSC （to conform to GLH）, subsequently decreasing at the 3,100-3,400 m level, the assimilation declined leading to C deficit （to conform to CLH）. SC （SC metabolism disorders at 3,100-3,400 m）, C, N and starch were significantly lower in R crassifolia than in S. przewalskii. Conversely, foliar SG concentration shows a fall-rise trend with increasing elevation for S. przewalskii. SC concentration in S. przewalskii leaves decreased with an increase of elevation and has a significantly positive correlation to N concentration marking the assimilation of plants. Therefore, the high-elevation tree-line species （S. przewalskii） utilize or store more foliar SG leading to a decrease of SG concentration for survival and growth/regrowth in an adverse environment, higher total C, N, SC, starch contents and lower NSC level. Also, their change trends along the elevational gradient in leaves orS. przewalskii indicate better assimilation strategies for SG use under environmental stress compared to P. crassifolia. This indicates that foliar C metabolism along the elevation follows the principle of the growth-limitation hypothesis （GLH） or carbon limitation hypothesis （CLH）, which depends on the acclimation of different alpine life-forms to the environment.

不同SC/NSC日粮对徐淮白山羊瘤胃发酵的影响

选取4只体况良好、体重(30±2.5)kg的徐淮白山羊,并安装永久性瘤胃瘘管,按4×4拉丁方设计,饲喂4种结构性碳水化合物(SC)与非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)比例不同的日粮(SC/NSC:3.52、2.06、1.28、0.84),分别为A、B、C、D组,研究徐淮白山羊瘤胃发酵规律。结果表明:D组瘤胃液pH值极显著低于其他3组(P<0.01);D组瘤胃液氨氮浓度(NH3-N)极显著高于A、B组(P<0.01);A组微生物蛋白(MCP)浓度极显著低于其他3组(P<0.01);瘤胃液总挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)、乙酸及丙酸浓度,C组最高,但差异不显著(P>0.05);D组丁酸浓度极显著高于A、B、C三组(P<0.01);乙酸与丙酸之比差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果表明,SC/NSC为1.28时徐淮白山羊瘤胃发酵最佳。

关帝山不同海拔和季节对沙棘黄酮含量的影响

为探究海拔和季节对沙棘黄酮类化合物含量的影响,本研究以山西吕梁山中部关帝山区不同海拔高度的野生中国沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides L.subsp.sinensis Rousi)为研究对象,比较了叶片、一年生枝、果实总黄酮含量及主要组分在季节和海拔高度(1150~2100 m)上的变化,同时检测了沙棘树木生长情况、光合作用、叶形态、不同部位的非结构性碳(NSC)含量,并分析了黄酮类化合物含量与生长和生理指标的关系。结果表明,叶片、枝条、果实的总黄酮含量均随海拔的升高呈先升高后降低趋势,均在中海拔(1650 m)处达到最大值,叶片总黄酮含量在9月最高,为17.32 mg·g^(-1),果实总黄酮含量最高达10.31mg·g^(-1),一年生枝中总黄酮含量在7月最高,为4.90 mg·g^(-1)。总黄酮含量总体上表现为叶片>果实>一年生枝。1650 m海拔高度植株综合生长状况最好,沙棘叶片NSC含量也高于其他海拔。果实总黄酮含量与果实可溶性糖、果实NSC、叶片可溶性糖、叶片NSC含量呈极显著正相关,叶片总黄酮含量与果实可溶性糖和果实NSC含量呈显著正相关。上述结果表明,中海拔(1650 m)沙棘叶、果黄酮含量较高,生长季后期沙棘的叶黄酮积累较多,沙棘体内总黄酮含量除受环境条件影响外,还与植物生长状况和碳代谢密切相关。本研究结果为全面了解沙棘黄酮类化合物的积累和分布规律及其对海拔的响应提供了参考。

Understory seedlings of Quercus mongolica survive by phenological escape

Understanding understory seedling regeneration mechanisms is important for the sustainable development of temperate primary forests in the context of increasingly intense climate warming events.The poor regeneration of dominant tree species,however,is one of the biggest challenges it faces at the moment.Especially,the regeneration of the shade-intolerant Quercus mongolica seedling is difficult in primary forests,which contrasts with the extreme abundance of understory seedlings in secondary forests.The mechanism behind the interesting phenomenon is still unknown.This study used in-situ monitoring and nursery-controlled experiment to investigate the survival rate,growth performance,as well as nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) concentrations and pools of various organ tissues of seedlings for two consecutive years,further analyze the understory light availability and simulate the foliage carbon (C) gain in the secondary and primary forest.Results suggested that seedlings in the secondary forest had greater biomass allocation aboveground,height and specific leaf area (SLA) in summer,which allowed the seedling to survive longer in the canopy closure period.High light availability and positive C gain in early spring and late autumn are key factors affecting the growth and survival of understory seedlings in the secondary forest,whereas seedlings in the primary forest had annual negative carbon gain.Through the growing season,the total NSC concentrations of seedlings gradually decreased,whereas those of seedlings in the secondary forest increased significantly in autumn,and were mainly stored in roots for winter consumption and the following year's summer shade period,which was verified by the nursery-controlled experiment that simulated autumn enhanced light availability improved seedling survival rate and NSC pools.In conclusion,our results revealed the survival trade-off strategies of Quercus mongolica seedlings and highlighted the necessity of high light availability during the spring and autumn phenological periods for shade-intolerant tree seedling recruitment.

Carbon allocation in Picea jezoensis:Adaptation strategies of a non-treeline species at its upper elevation limit

Understanding the physiological adaptations of non-treeline trees to environmental stress is important to understand future shifts in species composition and distribution of current treeline ecotone.The aim of the present study was to elucidate the mechanisms of the formation of the upper elevation limit of non-treeline tree species,Picea jezoensis,and the carbon allocation strategies of the species on Changbai Mountain.We employed the^(13)C in situ pulse labeling technique to trace the distribution of photosynthetically assimilated carbon in Picea jezoensis at different elevational positions(tree species at its upper elevation limit(TSAUE,1,700 m a.s.l.)under treeline ecotone;tree species at a lower elevation position(TSALE,1,400 m a.s.l.).We analyzed^(13)C and the non-structural carbohydrate(NSC)concentrations in various tissues following labeling.Our findings revealed a significant shift in carbon allocation in TSAUE compared to TSALE.There was a pronounced increase inδ^(13)C allocation to belowground components(roots,soil,soil respiration)in TSAUE compared to TSALE.Furthermore,the C flow rate within the plant-soil-atmosphere system was faster,and the C residence time in the plant was shorter in TSAUE.The trends indicate enhanced C sink activity in belowground tissues in TSAUE,with newly assimilated C being preferentially directed there,suggesting a more conservative C allocation strategy by P.jezoensis at higher elevations under harsher environments.Such a strategy,prioritizing C storage in roots,likely aids in withstanding winter cold stress at the expense of aboveground growth during the growing season,leading to reduced growth of TSAUE compared to TSALE.The results of the present study shed light on the adaptive mechanisms governing the upper elevation limits of non-treeline trees,and enhances our understanding of how non-treeline species might respond to ongoing climate change.

云南松幼苗生物量和非结构性碳水化合物特征的干旱响应

【目的】研究云南松幼苗生长和非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)对持续干旱胁迫的响应,为该物种的种群动态与制定合理经营措施提供理论基础,同时也为干旱条件下人工林营造特别是苗木管护提供依据。【方法】2年生云南松苗进行盆栽试验,采用称重控水法,将土壤相对含水量分别控制在田间持水量的75%~85%(对照)、60%~70%(轻度干旱)、45%~55%(中度干旱)和30%~40%(重度干旱),分析不同干旱处理对幼苗地径、苗高、生物量积累与分配和NSC含量的影响。【结果】1)随土壤干旱程度增加,幼苗地径和苗高增长量、针叶、茎、粗根和整株生物量均逐渐降低;但细根生物量逐渐增加,重度干旱下显著增加22.79%。2)随土壤气候程度增加,幼苗针叶、茎和粗根NSC含量均有不同程度的增加,重度干旱下显著增加10.89%、45.37%、30.70%,细根NSC含量则出现不同程度的降低;各器官可溶性糖与淀粉的比例存在干旱胁迫响应差异,且比值均大于1;淀粉是云南松幼苗最主要的NSC贮藏形式,主要贮藏于茎和粗根。3)干旱胁迫下,云南松幼苗的生物量和NSC器官分配比例变化规律相似,即随土壤干旱程度增加,叶的生物量和NSC分配比例逐渐减小,茎、细根的生物量和NSC分配比例逐渐增加,粗根的生物量和NSC分配比例则先下降后上升。4)幼苗生长与非结构性碳水化合物普遍存在显著相关;可塑性和PCA分析表明,苗高和地径的可塑性指数相对较小,而针叶生物量、细根生物量比、茎淀粉、针叶和茎可溶性糖/淀粉的可塑性指数较高,在主成分上的载荷较大。【结论】干旱胁迫显著抑制云南松幼苗生长。当碳供应受干旱胁迫限制时,存在生长和NSC储存之间的权衡,即生物量和NSC减少对针叶的分配,但增加对细根的分配,是导致云南松幼苗生长缓慢的重要原因。云南松幼苗主要通过调节针叶和细根生长、增加茎贮存淀粉、针叶和茎维持NSC动态平衡来适应干旱环境。

红松结实大年和小年枝叶中碳氮磷质量分数的差异

以红松生殖枝和营养枝为研究对象,分析结实大年和结实小年两种枝型母枝生长和枝叶中非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)、氮(N)和磷(P)等养分质量分数的差异,揭示红松大小年结实的生理机制。结果表明:红松结实生殖枝和营养枝的针叶生长显著降低(P<0.05),生殖枝的枝长和枝基径生长显著升高(P<0.05);红松结实大年生殖枝枝中的淀粉以及枝叶中N和P的质量分数显著降低(P<0.05),同时相邻营养枝中贮存的NSC、N和P等养分也显著降低;结实小年生殖枝和营养枝针叶和枝中的NSC、N和P养分均存在不同程度的积累,但仍未达到连续结实的水平,结实小年枝叶中养分积累不足是引起红松大小年结实的重要原因。

CO_2加富对温室番茄植株源-库间NSC积累的影响

以‘兴海12号’番茄为试材,通过对生长发育期植株进行增施CO_2处理,使CK、T1、T2、T3的CO_2含量分别维持在(400±25)、(600±25)、(800±25)、(1000±25)μmol·mol^(1)水平,分析不同时期各器官中葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖与淀粉含量,探讨增施CO_2对番茄植株‘源-库’间非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)积累的影响。结果表明:经CO_2加富处理后,番茄植株各器官中NSC含量均高于对照。随着果实的生长发育,成熟期叶片中葡萄糖含量达最大值,其中(1000±25)μmol·mol^(1)处理下成熟期叶片中葡萄糖含量较对照显著增加94%;且(1000±25)μmol·mol^(1)处理下各时期叶片中蔗糖含量均显著高于其他处理和对照;而(800±25)μmol·mol^(1)处理下叶片中淀粉含量较低。不同加富处理下,各维管器官中NSC含量均增加,尤其是(1000±25)μmol·mol^(1)处理下茎部NSC含量在果实发育的前三个时期均最高。CO_2加富处理对萼片中NSC含量的影响不是很显著,但能够加快蔗糖与淀粉的降解,促进果实成熟过程中还原糖的积累,其中(800±25)μL·L^(1)处理下成熟期果实中葡萄糖与果糖含量较对照分别显著增加46%和42%。可见,CO_2加富促进NSC在番茄植株各器官中的积累,促进光合产物向库端器官的积累,利于提高果实中糖分,其中以(800±25)μmol·mol^(1)处理效果最佳。

华南超大穗型水稻种质DS23“源-库-流”特征及其超高产潜力研究

【目的】研究超大穗型水稻新品系DS23在早季的产量表现和“源-库-流”特征,探明DS23“源-库-流”特征及其超高产潜力挖掘方向,为华南早稻高产育种与栽培提供理论依据。【方法】以超大穗型新品系DS23为供试材料,以中大穗型品种粤禾丝苗为对照,在大田条件下开展研究。试验测定并比较了不同穗型水稻的叶面积指数、SPAD值、茎鞘非结构性碳水化合物(Non structural carbohydrate,NSC)积累与转运特征、穗茎节间解剖特征、产量及其构成因子等性状。【结果】DS23每穗总粒数、粒重、库容量和产量分别比粤禾丝苗增加37.3%、4.0%、33.7%和15.9%,有效穗数和结实率比粤禾丝苗显著降低6.8%和15.1%。两品种间抽穗期叶面积指数和剑叶SPAD值无显著差异。与粤禾丝苗相比,DS23抽穗期茎鞘NSC积累量与茎鞘NSC对籽粒的表观贡献率分别显著降低15.3%和19.8%,茎鞘NSC表观转运率显著提高10.3%,大维管束数量显著增加17.3%,两品种穗茎大小维管束面积无显著差异;DS23粒叶比无显著变化,糖花比显著降低34.2%,维管束负荷量指标增加20.4%~60.2%。【结论】超大穗型水稻DS23在早季种植库容量大、穗颈节间转运组织发达、后期物质转化能力强,高产与增产潜力大,提高结实率是挖掘其超高产潜力的主要方向,研究结果可为超大穗型早稻品种选育与高产栽培技术研发提供理论依据。