Relationship between drought and soil erosion based on the normalized differential water index(NDWI)and revised universal soil loss equation(RUSLE)model

The Langat River Basin in Malaysia is vulnerable to soil erosion risks because of its exposure to intensive land use activities and its topography,which primarily consists of steep slopes and mountainous areas.Furthermore,climate change frequently exposes this basin to drought,which negatively affects soil and water conservation.However,recent studies have rarely shown how soil reacts to drought,such as soil erosion.Therefore,the purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between drought and soil erosion in the Langat River Basin.We analyzed drought indices using Landsat 8 satellite images in November 2021,and created the normalized differential water index(NDWI)via Landsat 8 data to produce a drought map.We used the revised universal soil loss equation(RUSLE)model to predict soil erosion.We verified an association between the NDWI and soil erosion data using a correlation analysis.The results revealed that the southern and northern regions of the study area experienced drought events.We predicted an average annual soil erosion of approximately 58.11 t/(hm^(2)·a).Analysis of the association between the NDWI and soil erosion revealed a strong positive correlation,with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.86.We assumed that the slope length and steepness factor was the primary contributor to soil erosion in the study area.As a result,these findings can help authorities plan effective measures to reduce the impacts of drought and soil erosion in the future.

A second modified normalized difference water index(SMNDWI) in the case of extracting the shoreline

Due to the fast development of industrialization and urbanization, shorelineextraction is necessary for the sustainable development and environment protection inmany countries. This study focused on the accurate methods of extracting theinstantaneous waterline —shoreline obtained as the same instant as the satellite imageis acquired. Based on NDWI (Normalized Difference Water Index) and MNDWI(Modified Normalized Difference Water Index), the study changed the bandcombination and proposed a second modified normalized water index (SMNDWI) toextract the waterline. And, this new index is applied to three types of coast to evaluatethe performance of this method with traditional ones. Results show that SNDWI isbetter than NDWI and suitable for applying to the waterline extraction.

Drought trend analysis in a semi-arid area of Iraq based on Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, Normalized Difference Water Index and Standardized Precipitation Index

Drought was a severe recurring phenomenon in Iraq over the past two decades due to climate change despite the fact that Iraq has been one of the most water-rich countries in the Middle East in the past.The Iraqi Kurdistan Region(IKR)is located in the north of Iraq,which has also suffered from extreme drought.In this study,the drought severity status in Sulaimaniyah Province,one of four provinces of the IKR,was investigated for the years from 1998 to 2017.Thus,Landsat time series dataset,including 40 images,were downloaded and used in this study.The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI)and the Normalized Difference Water Index(NDWI)were utilized as spectral-based drought indices and the Standardized Precipitation Index(SPI)was employed as a meteorological-based drought index,to assess the drought severity and analyse the changes of vegetative cover and water bodies.The study area experienced precipitation deficiency and severe drought in 1999,2000,2008,2009,and 2012.Study findings also revealed a drop in the vegetative cover by 33.3%in the year 2000.Furthermore,the most significant shrinkage in water bodies was observed in the Lake Darbandikhan(LDK),which lost 40.5%of its total surface area in 2009.The statistical analyses revealed that precipitation was significantly positively correlated with the SPI and the surface area of the LDK(correlation coefficients of 0.92 and 0.72,respectively).The relationship between SPI and NDVI-based vegetation cover was positive but not significant.Low precipitation did not always correspond to vegetative drought;the delay of the effect of precipitation on NDVI was one year.

The construction of normalized enhanced water index and the extraction of supra-glacial water based on WorldView-2 imagery

As an important part of the mass balance of the Ice Sheet,Supra-glacial Water not only reflects the diversity of polar environmental changes,but also plays an important role in the study of global climate and environmental changes.In this paper,we chose northern Greenland as the research area,and constructed a Normalized Enhanced Water Index(NEWI)based on the high-precision WorldView-2 images of different phases during the ablation period in northern Greenland,followed by a statistical analysis on the spectral characteristics of the images were for the typical features in the study area.Then the fuzzy areas with similar gray values of thin sea ice and shallow ice water bodies were located,according to the distribution rules of ground objects and histogram graphic features of the images,so as to enhance the contrast of ground objects between the regions,and finally the extraction of the fine range of water bodies on the ice surface.Experimental results showed that the proposed index effectively highlighted the ice water with the water of the reflectivity difference,compared with the commonly used water index NDWI,etc.,especially in shallow water,which contributes to differentiation from other objects.The precision evaluation showed that the applied method of extraction has higher degree of refinement compared with other methods,by which the ice water can get complete ice water effectively.

Spatial correlation of the high intensity zone in deep-water acoustic field

The spatial correlations of acoustic field have important implications for underwater target detection and other ap- plications in deep water. In this paper, the spatial correlations of the high intensity zone in the deep-water acoustic field are investigated by using the experimental data obtained in the South China Sea. The experimental results show that the structures of the spatial correlation coefficient at different ranges and depths are similar to the transmission loss structure in deep water. The main reason for this phenomenon is analyzed by combining the normal mode theory with the ray theory. It is shown that the received signals in the high intensity zone mainly include one or two main pulses which are contributed by the interference of a group of waterbome modes with similar phases. The horizontal-longitudinal correlations at the same receiver depth but in different high intensity zones are analyzed. At some positions, more pulses are received in the arrival structure of the signal due to bottom reflection and the horizontal-longitudinal correlation coefficient decreases accordingly. The multi-path arrival structure of receiving signal becomes more complex with increasing receiver depth.

Contributions of annual and semiannual tidal constituents to chart datum in the China seas and adjacent waters

Global uniform chart datum(CD)surface construction is the basic upon which to realize various vertical datums transformation,and is of great importance for geospatial data expression under the same vertical datum.Generally,the CD level is computed by developing the function between tidal constituents’harmonic constants and time,i.e.,the lowest astronomical tide is taken as the lowest predicted tide level by adopting the major constituents over a 19-a period.The CD surface prescribed in China is the theoretical lowest tide(TLT)and is calculated using 13 tidal constituents,i.e.,short-period(Q_(1),O_(1),P_(1),K_(1),N_(2),M_(2),S_(2),K_(2),M_(4),MS_(4)and M_(6))and long-period(Sa and Ssa)tidal constituents.Although the accuracy in determining short-period tidal constituents has improved gradually,the long-period tide has not been studied thoroughly owing to nonstationary and temporal variations.Previous studies have intended to evaluate the effect of Sa and Ssa tides in the determination of the TLT level for the purpose of determining a more accurate CD surface for the China seas and adjacent waters.Here,the parameters of long-period tidal correction and long-period tidal correction rate were treated as the effect of both Sa and Ssa on the TLT,and the TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason series satellite altimetry data ranged from October 1992 to April 2022 were adopted to analyze the contribution of long-period tidal constituents.Results showed that the average long-period correction value is 10.10 cm(range from 8.57 cm to 14.98 cm),and that the average long-period tidal contribution rate is 14.56%(range from 9.09%to 23.97%)in the China seas and adjacent waters.Finally,data from 82 tide gauge station with at least a 1-a record of hourly observations were compared with satellite-derived result.We concluded that the long-period tidal contribution should not be neglected in TLT construction.Furthermore,to reduce tidal datum uncertainty,accurate extraction of long-period tidal constituents should receive closer attentions.

Assessment of water depth change patterns in 120° sharp bend using numerical model

In this study,FLUENT software was employed to simulate the flow pattern and water depth changes in a 120° sharp bend at four discharge rates.To verify the numerical model,a 90° sharp bend was first modeled with a three-dimensional numerical model,and the results were compared with available experimental results.Based on the numerical model validation,a 120° bend was simulated.The results show that the rate of increase of the water depth at the cross-section located 40 cm before the bend,compared with the cross-sections located 40 cm and 80 cm after the bend,decreases with the increase of the normal water depth in the 120° curved channel.Moreover,with increasing normal water depth,the dimensionless water depth change decreases at all cross-sections.At the interior cross-sections of the bend,the transverse water depth slope of the inner half-width is always greater than that of the outer half-width of the channel.Hence,the water depth slope is nonlinear at each crosssection in sharp bends.Two equations reflecting the relationships between the maximum and minimum dimensionless water depths and the normal water depth throughout the channel were obtained.

Water bodies extraction from TM images

Aiming at the problems of high time-consuming, low accuracy and weak versatility of the existing methods of wa- ter extraction based on TM image, this paper combines principal component analysis （PCA） with the modified normalized difference water index （MNDWI） which was improved by XU Han-qiu to construct a false color composite image that could separate water from others easily. This method can realize the water extraction based on TM image by analyzing the spectral characteristics of water in this false color image and establishing a water extraction model. This paper also compares the effi- ciency of this method with MNDWI, （TM2 ＋ TM3） - （TM4 ＋ TM5） and new water index （NWI）, which were applied in the city and mountain of Taiyuan, respectively. The results show that the proposed method can extract water body from TM im- age more rapidly and efficiently and its accuracy is up to 94.03 %. In addition, this method does not require a manual selec- tion threshold, which meets the research reuuirement of high automaticm.

Automatic Generation of Water Masks from RapidEye Images

Water is a very important natural resource and it supports all life forms on earth. It is used by humans in various ways including drinking, agriculture and for scientific research. The aim of this research was to develop a routine to automatically extract water masks from RapidEye images, which could be used for further investigation such as water quality monitoring and change detection. A Python-based algorithm was therefore developed for this particular purpose. The developed routine combines three spectral indices namely Simple Ratios (SRs), Normalized Green Index (NGI) and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI). The two SRs are calculated between the NIR and green band, and between the NIR and red band. The NGI is calculated by rationing the green band to the sum of all bands in each image. The NDWI is calculated by differencing the green to the NIR and dividing by the sum of the green and NIR bands. The routine generates five intermediate water masks, which are spatially intersected to create a single intermediate water mask. In order to remove very small waterbodies and any remaining gaps in the intermediate water mask, morphological opening and closing were performed to generate the final water mask. This proposed algorithm was used to extract water masks from some RapidEye images. It yielded an Overall Accuracy of 95% and a mean Kappa Statistic of 0.889 using the confusion matrix approach.

基于Sentinel-2的青铜峡灌区水稻和玉米种植分布早期识别

及时准确地掌握灌区内作物种植分布对于灌溉水资源高效配置、农田精准管理具有重要指导意义。以宁夏青铜峡灌区为研究对象,利用多时相Sentinel-2卫星数据,通过水稻和玉米早期特征分析,提取关键的“水淹”信号和“植被”信号,构建时序归一化差异水体指数(MNDWI)和归一化植被指数(NDVI)特征值数据集,并通过样本分析关键特征阈值,构建水稻和玉米早期种植分布决策树模型,提取2022年宁夏青铜峡灌区水稻和玉米种植的空间分布。结果表明(:1)玉米和水稻苗期的后半段5月15—31日,水淹信号和植被信号是区分二者关键时期。(2)基于早期作物物候特征的方法,在5月16—31日获取的水稻和玉米图像制图精度高于90%,用户精度超过91%,总体精度超过90%,Kappa系数高于0.88,明显高于同时期随机森林方法的分类精度。(3)本研究提出的方法在早期水稻和玉米种植分布提取方面具有较强的适用性,并且能够在时空尺度上以较少的实地样本进行延展,同时在时间上也更有优势。因此,该方法为青铜峡灌区水稻和玉米种植分布早期调查提供了重要的方法支撑。

基于高分一号遥感影像的水体提取方法对比分析与改进

以高分一号遥感影像为数据源,以安徽省黄山市屯溪流域内的东方红水库为研究对象,采用单波段阈值法、两波段差值法、波段比值法、归一化差分水体指数(NDWI)法、归一化差分植被指数(NDVI)法共5种水陆像元度量方法,分别应用平均值法和最大类间方差迭代法两种阈值选取方法对东方红水库进行水体提取,探索最大类间方差迭代法在水体提取变量上的改进效果,在此基础上提出了一种改进的最大类间方差联合水体提取法,并对比了改进前后的水体提取效果。结果表明:改进后的水体提取方法可以很好地降低影像提取中产生的噪点,提高水体提取的精度,提取成果的平均相对误差为4.69%,决定系数为0.8579,相比于改进前平均相对误差降低了0.68%,决定系数提高了0.0539。

正态漏斗附近水沙数值模拟

针对水库淤积问题,设计了一种正态漏斗排沙装置,在水槽中开展水流试验。对正态漏斗附近水流-泥沙进行欧拉两相流模拟,用水流试验数据对数值模型进行验证,进而分析了不同边界条件下流速、涡量和相浓度场。结果表明,漏斗内部流速梯度较大,泥沙相浓度等值线呈V型不对称分布,漏斗前缘、左后侧和右后侧出现大涡量区。与锥形漏斗对比,正态漏斗近壁面流速大,水流阻力小,3种边界条件下平均涡量减小25.8%~27.2%,出口泥沙相浓度增大15.2%~16.5%,具有降低能量耗散、显著提高排沙效率的作用。

压裂复杂裂缝中支撑剂输送数值模拟研究

在非常规储层水力压裂施工过程中,水力裂缝容易与天然裂缝交汇形成复杂裂缝,支撑剂的运移和铺置形态直接决定了储层的增产效果。为了研究支撑剂在复杂裂缝中的铺置规律,基于欧拉-欧拉方法建立了支撑剂-压裂液两相流数学模型,并利用复杂裂缝室内实验装置与数值模拟的砂堤铺置形态对比的方式进行了模型验证,结果表明,选取的模型可用于研究滑溜水在复杂裂缝内的携带支撑剂的运移铺置规律。以相似准则为基础,建立了简化的复杂裂缝平板模型,并将砂堤形态参数、砂堤面积进行归一化处理,获得了压裂液排量、黏度、支撑剂粒径、裂缝宽度以及裂缝形态对支撑剂在复杂裂缝中铺置的影响规律。结果表明:增大排量、黏度和减小粒径均有利于支撑剂向裂缝深处运移,并且排量对支缝中的砂堤形态影响最明显,但增大排量不利于支撑剂填充近井地带。缝宽的影响体现在壁面效应,在注入时间相同的情况下,当压裂液黏度从1 mPa·s增加到5 mPa·s时,主缝砂堤的归一化长度平均增加了37.9%,归一化高度平均降低了61.4%。裂缝结构越复杂,所有支缝中的支撑剂铺置面积占比越高,分流作用越大。随着复杂裂缝的支缝数量、级数以及支缝延伸长度的增大,支缝中的砂堤高度与长度均有所降低;相对于T1型裂缝,T3和T5型裂缝中的砂堤长度、高度减小最多。

湿基α-半水石膏制备高强石膏制品研究

为实现湿基α-半水石膏制备高强石膏制品,研究了湿基α-半水石膏陈化时间、粉磨时间、浇筑料浆温度及缓凝剂掺量等工艺参数对高强石膏凝结时间和强度的影响,并确定最佳制备工艺。此外,采用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜等微观测试手段,揭示了各因素对强度的影响机理。结果表明:陈化时间越长,石膏凝结时间越短,制品强度越低;随着粉磨时间延长,石膏凝结时间显著缩短,制品强度先升高后降低;料浆温度越高,石膏凝结时间越长,制品强度越低。最佳制备工艺:陈化时间5 min、粉磨时间20 s、料浆温度20℃。在此基础上加入0.08%(质量分数)缓凝剂能够有效地延长石膏凝结时间并提高硬化强度,制备的石膏制品性能优异,绝干抗折强度为14.1 MPa,绝干抗压强度为58.3 MPa。微观测试结果表明,各工艺参数会通过改变石膏标稠用水量和水化进程来影响石膏内部结构的密实程度和二水石膏晶体的生长发育,最终影响制品硬化强度。

汉江上游平水期浮游植物群落特征及水质生物评价

探究平水期汉江上游浮游植物群落结构特征和水质状况,为汉江上游水源涵养区水生态环境管理提供参考。于2020年4月对汉江汉中段干流及11条主要支流的浮游植物和水体理化指标进行调查分析。结果显示:汉江汉中段干支流共检出浮游植物6门35属51种,物种组成为硅藻-绿藻型,优势种为小环藻(Cyclotella sp.)、舟形藻(Navicula sp.)、尖针杆藻(Synedra acus)、箱型桥弯藻(Cymbella cistula)、棒胶藻(Rhabdogloea sp.)、二角多甲藻(Peridinium bipes)、四尾栅藻(Scenedesmus quadricauda)以及卵形隐藻(Cryptomonas ovata)。浮游植物细胞密度为0.39×10^(6)~3.59×10^(6)个/L,生物量为0.39~3.49 mg/L。Shannon多样性指数(0.64~2.15)和Pielou均匀度指数(0.28~0.81)变化趋势一致,干流略低于支流。结合水体理化指标、营养状态指数、污染指示种以及多样性指数对水质进行综合评价,汉江汉中段干支流处于轻度污染~α-中污染状况,营养状态为轻度富营养。RDA与Spearman相关性分析表明,TN是影响浮游植物群落结构及动态的主要环境因子。

龙云灌区新建水源工程正常蓄水位方案比选

水库正常蓄水位方案比选是确定水库规模的一个重要环节,关系到工程实施的经济性和可行性。本文以广西玉林市龙云灌区工程为例,研究提出了串联水库正常蓄水位方案比选的原则和方法,得出了经济合理的正常蓄水位成果。

Wheat Yield Response to Water Deficit under Central Pivot Irrigation System Using Remote Sensing Techniques

Scarcity of rainfall and limited irrigation water resources is the main challenge for agricultural expanding policies and strategies. At the same time, there is a high concern to increase the area of wheat cultivation in order to meet the increasing local consumption. The big challenge is to incerese wheat production using same or less amount of irrigation water. In this trend, the study was carried out to analyze the sensitivity of wheat yield to water deficit using remotely sensed data in El-Salhia agricultural project which located in the eastern part of Nile delta. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Land Surface Temperature (LST) were extracted from Landsat 7. Water Deficit Index (WDI) used both LST minus air temperature (Tair) and vegetation index to estimate the relative water status. Yield response factor (ky) was derived from relationship between relative yield decrease and relative evapotranspiration deficit. The relative Evapotranspiration deficit was replaced by WDI. Linear regression was found between predicted wheat yield and actual wheat yield with 0.2?6, 0.025, 0.252 and 0.76 as correlation coefficient on 30th of Dec. 2012, 15th of Jan. 2013, 16th of Feb. 2013 and 20th of Mar. 2013 respectively. The main objective of this study is using a combination between FAO 33 paper approach and remote sensing techniques to estimate wheat yield response to water.

浅海环境中用于目标深度属性判别的线谱起伏特征量分析

浅海环境中目标辐射线谱的起伏特征可用于水面、水下目标深度属性判别.已有研究未给出表征水面、水下线谱起伏差异的物理量性质,导致利用不同物理量进行目标深度属性判别时性能不佳.针对这一问题,本文从声源深度起伏所导致的线谱起伏出发,采用微分方法与统计方法对线谱起伏规律进行分析,研究了线谱起伏产生的物理机理,得到了适合用于水面、水下目标深度属性判别的物理量.首先,分别推导了复声压实部、声功率与声压幅值关于声源深度的导数关系式,得到了以上三种物理量在声源深度起伏时的起伏大小;其次,利用仿真实验数据从接收深度、声源水平距离、线谱频率等层面对理论推导进行验证,并对线谱的归一化起伏特征进行了分析.最后,利用海试数据验证了相关结论.结果表明,当声源的深度起伏时,水面、水下线谱的起伏差异源自各阶模态的相互作用.声源频率、声源水平距离、接收深度三种因素决定了模态间相互作用的性质.声压幅值适用于构建目标深度属性判别特征量,可用于表征低频线谱的强度起伏差异.数值仿真和海试数据处理结果表明,相较于声压实部和声功率,利用声压幅值构建的归一化水面、水下目标深度属性判别特征量具有更优性能.

3种口腔喷雾剂缓解重症急性胰腺炎患者早期口渴感的应用效果研究

目的 通过比较3种口腔喷雾剂对缓解重症急性胰腺炎患者早期口渴感的效果,寻求其中最适合的喷雾剂,最大程度减轻患者口渴症状,促进舒适。方法 选取我院2019年1月-2022年12月收治的重症急性胰腺炎患者作为研究对象,采用随机数字法将患者随机分为3组,分别为常温水组、冰水组和冰薄荷水组。观察并比较3组患者口渴程度分值、口渴缓解所需时长、喷雾剂喷洒总量及舒适度。结果 3组患者口渴程度分值、口渴缓解所需时长、喷雾剂喷洒总量及舒适度比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001),冰薄荷水组缓解口渴效果优于冰水组、冰水组优于常温水组。结论 对重症急性胰腺炎患者采用冰薄荷水作为湿润液改善口渴程度效果最佳,建议采用冰薄荷水作为口渴湿润溶液,可提高患者舒适度。

非标准马蹄形断面水力计算研究

以滇中引水工程楚雄段-昆明段非标准马蹄形断面为研究对象,采用几何分割法对该马蹄形断面的水力要素进行了推理,推导出任意水深所对应水力要素表达式。同时,采用三分试算法计算了该断面正常水深,试算过程采用C#编程来实现。考虑到马蹄形断面正常水深计算的复杂性,采用拟合优化原理推导出正常水深的直接计算公式。计算结果表明:在该公式的适用范围内计算该断面正常水深的最大相对误差为0.496%,同时整个计算区间内89.3%以上计算点相对误差小于0.24%,精度相对较高,可以满足实际工程的需要。