Transparency:The Missing Link to Boosting AI Transformations in Chemical Engineering

The issue of opacity within data-driven artificial intelligence(AI)algorithms has become an impediment to these algorithms’extensive utilization,especially within sensitive domains concerning health,safety,and high profitability,such as chemical engineering(CE).In order to promote reliable AI utilization in CE,this review discusses the concept of transparency within AI utilizations,which is defined based on both explainable AI(XAI)concepts and key features from within the CE field.This review also highlights the requirements of reliable AI from the aspects of causality(i.e.,the correlations between the predictions and inputs of an AI),explainability(i.e.,the operational rationales of the workflows),and informativeness(i.e.,the mechanistic insights of the investigating systems).Related techniques are evaluated together with state-of-the-art applications to highlight the significance of establishing reliable AI applications in CE.Furthermore,a comprehensive transparency analysis case study is provided as an example to enhance understanding.Overall,this work provides a thorough discussion of this subject matter in a way that—for the first time—is particularly geared toward chemical engineers in order to raise awareness of responsible AI utilization.With this vital missing link,AI is anticipated to serve as a novel and powerful tool that can tremendously aid chemical engineers in solving bottleneck challenges in CE.

A graph neural network approach to the inverse design for thermal transparency with periodic interparticle system

Recent years have witnessed significant advances in utilizing machine learning-based techniques for thermal metamaterial-based structures and devices to attain favorable thermal transport behaviors.Among the various thermal transport behaviors,achieving thermal transparency stands out as particularly desirable and intriguing.Our earlier work demonstrated the use of a thermal metamaterial-based periodic interparticle system as the underlying structure for manipulating thermal transport behavior and achieving thermal transparency.In this paper,we introduce an approach based on graph neural network to address the complex inverse design problem of determining the design parameters for a thermal metamaterial-based periodic interparticle system with the desired thermal transport behavior.Our work demonstrates that combining graph neural network modeling and inference is an effective approach for solving inverse design problems associated with attaining desirable thermal transport behaviors using thermal metamaterials.

Fabrication of UV-Curing Linalool-Polysiloxane Hybrid Films with High Refractive Index and Transparency

In this article,a series of high refractive indices(1.50-1.53)thiol phenyl polysiloxane(TPS)were synthesized via hydrolytic sol-gel reaction.The Fourier transform infrared spectra(FT-IR)and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra(NMR)results showed that TPS conformed to the predicted structures.Natural terpene linalool was exploited as photocrosslinker to fabricate UV-curing linalool-polysiloxane hybrid films(LPH)with TPS via photoinitiated thiol-ene reaction.LPH rapidly cured under UV irradiation at the intensity of 80 mW/cm^(2) in 30 s,exhibiting good UV-curing properties.The optical transmittance of LPH in the wavelength of 300-800 nm was over 90%,exhibiting good optical transparency.The water contact angle and water vapor permeability results showed that the introduction of phenyl groups enhance the hydrophobicity and water vapor barrier properties of LPH.The results indicated the potential of LPHs in the applications of optical functional coatings.

Effects of Different Raw Materials and Additions on Wave Transparency of Alumina Fiber Products

Fiber products for microwave kilns were prepared using alumina fibers with alumina contents of 72 mass%and 80 mass%,and calcined alumina powder(4-6μm)as the main raw materials,silica sol as the binder,and cationic starch as the flocculant.Effects of different raw materials and their additions on the wave transparency of fiber products were researched.The results show that as the alumina fiber(72%)addition increases,the heating rate of the samples first decreases and then increases,and the corresponding wave transparency of the sample first increases and then decreases.When the alumina fibers addition is 40 mass%and the alumina powder addition is 30 mass%,the prepared microwave kiln lining material has a higher mullite content,which improves the wave transparency of the sample.The sample prepared from alumina fibers with an alumina content of 80%has a suitable glass-mullite phase ratio,performs lower overall dielectric constant and good wave transparency,and is a suitable lining material for microwave kilns.

Spin-independent transparency of pure spin current at normal/ferromagnetic metal interface

The spin transparency at the normal/ferromagnetic metal （NM/FM） interface was studied in PffYIG/Cu/FM multilayers. The spin current generated by the spin Hall effect （SHE） in Pt flows into Cu/FM due to magnetic insulator YIG blocking charge current and transmitting spin current via the magnon current. Therefore, the nonlocal voltage induced by an inverse spin Hall effect （ISHE） in FM can be detected. With the magnetization of FM parallel or antiparallel to the spin polarization of pure spin currents （σsc）, the spin-independent nonlocal voltage is induced. This indicates that the spin transparency at the Cu/FM interface is spin-independent, which demonstrates that the influence of spin-dependent electro-chemical potential due to spin accumulation on the interfacial spin transparency is negligible. Furthermore, a larger spin Hall angle of Fe20Ni80 （Py） than that of Ni is obtained from the nonlocal voltage measurements.

Ultra‑Transparent and Multifunctional IZVO Mesh Electrodes for Next‑Generation Flexible Optoelectronics

Mechanically durable transparent electrodes are essential for achieving long-term stability in flexible optoelectronic devices.Furthermore,they are crucial for applications in the fields of energy,display,healthcare,and soft robotics.Conducting meshes represent a promising alternative to traditional,brittle,metal oxide conductors due to their high electrical conductivity,optical transparency,and enhanced mechanical flexibility.In this paper,we present a simple method for fabricating an ultra-transparent conducting metal oxide mesh electrode using selfcracking-assisted templates.Using this method,we produced an electrode with ultra-transparency(97.39%),high conductance(Rs=21.24Ωsq^(−1)),elevated work function(5.16 eV),and good mechanical stability.We also evaluated the effectiveness of the fabricated electrodes by integrating them into organic photovoltaics,organic light-emitting diodes,and flexible transparent memristor devices for neuromorphic computing,resulting in exceptional device performance.In addition,the unique porous structure of the vanadium-doped indium zinc oxide mesh electrodes provided excellent flexibility,rendering them a promising option for application in flexible optoelectronics.

基于Batch Normalization的UNet视网膜血管分割算法

视网膜血管的提取可以通过卷积神经网络学习的方法,但这种方法容易受到初始图像质量的影响,存在网络学习速度慢、效率低的问题.针对这一问题,提出了一种融合Batch Normalization和UNet卷积神经网络的视网膜血管分割算法.以视网膜图像的三原色通道作为网络的输入数据,然后利用融合批归一化的UNet卷积神经网络对分割模型进行训练,进一步优化网络效率.经过测试和验证,结果表明,在DRIVE公开数据集上,该方法能够更好地提取周围血管结构,灵敏度、准确度、特异性和曲线下面积均较好.

基于TZ Normalization规整的话者确认阈值选取

针对说话人确认中,各目标话者模型输出评分分布不一致而导致系统确认阈值设置的困难,本文采取了通过评分规整确定系统最小检测代价函数(DCF)确认阈值的方法。在分析了已有的两种评分规整方法Z norm a l-ization和T norm a lization的基础上,提出了一种结合两者优点的组合规整方法——TZ norm a lization,并据此给出了一种阈值动态修正方法,有效地提高了系统的性能和阈值选取的鲁棒性。对历年的N IST(手机电话语音)评测语料库进行了实验,表明了该方法的有效性。

基于CNN和Group Normalization的校园垃圾图像分类

为解决大学校园的垃圾回收分类问题,提出了一种基于卷积神经网络和归一化技术的垃圾图像分类方法,不需要对输入的图像进行复杂的处理,网络模型即可根据算法提取图像特征,通过加入群组归一化(Group Normalization)和网络模型各层之间的协作,克服传统分类算法的缺点,实现对垃圾图像的分类。实验表明,该识别方法具有较高准确率,可以较好识别不可回收及可回收垃圾。

Evaluation of Two Absolute Radiometric Normalization Algorithms for Pre-processing of Landsat Imagery

In order to evaluate radiometric normalization techniques, two image normalization algorithms for absolute radiometric correction of Landsat imagery were quantitatively compared in this paper, which are the Illumination Correction Model proposed by Markham and Irish and the Illumination and Atmospheric Correction Model developed by the Remote Sensing and GIS Laboratory of the Utah State University. Relative noise, correlation coefficient and slope value were used as the criteria for the evaluation and comparison, which were derived from pseudo-invarlant features identified from multitemporal Landsat image pairs of Xiamen （厦门） and Fuzhou （福州） areas, both located in the eastern Fujian （福建） Province of China. Compared with the unnormalized image, the radiometric differences between the normalized multitemporal images were significantly reduced when the seasons of multitemporal images were different. However, there was no significant difference between the normalized and unnorrealized images with a similar seasonal condition. Furthermore, the correction results of two algorithms are similar when the images are relatively clear with a uniform atmospheric condition. Therefore, the radiometric normalization procedures should be carried out if the multitemporal images have a significant seasonal difference.

基于Moment Normalization和M序列的二值水印算法

针对因特网上数字图像的版权保护、认证和完整性等问题,基于DCT变换、image moment normalization和m序列,提出了一种二值水印嵌入算法,实现了二值图像的嵌入和提取。根据m序列的伪随机性和抗干扰性能,使水印具有良好的隐蔽性和稳健性;使用了moment normalization能抵制各种几何攻击。实验表明该算法具有很好的鲁棒性、实用性和可操作性。

Quantitative Trait Loci for Grain Chalkiness and Endosperm Transparency Detected in Three Recombinant Inbred Line Populations of Indica Rice

Quantitative trait loci（QTL） for percentage of chalky grain,degree of chalkiness,and endosperm transparency were detected using 3 recombinant inbred line populations derived from crosses between parental lines of commercial three-line hybrids of indica rice.Two of the populations showed great variations on heading date,and the other had a short range of heading date variation.A total of 40 QTLs were detected and fell into 15 regions of 10 chromosomes,of which 5 regions were detected for 1 or more same traits over different populations,2 were detected for different traits in different populations,3 were detected for 2 or all the 3 traits in a single population,and 5 were detected for a single trait in a single population.Most of these QTLs have been reported previously,but a region located on the long arm of chromosome 10 showing significant effects in all the 3 populations has not been reported before.It was shown that a number of gene cloned,including the Wx and Alk for the physiochemical property of rice grain,and GW2,GS3 and GW5 for grain weight and grain size,could have played important roles for the genetic control of grain chalkiness in rice,but there are many more QTLs exerting stable effects for rice chalkiness over different genetic backgrounds.It is worth paying more attentions to these regions which harbor QTL such as the qPCG5.2/qDC5.2/qET5.2 and qPCG10/qDC10/qET10 detected in our study.Our results also showed that the use of segregating populations having high-uniform heading date could greatly increase the efficiency of the identification of QTL responsible for traits that are subjected to great environmental influence.

Tunable electromagnetically induced transparency at terahertz frequencies in coupled graphene metamaterial

A graphene-based metamaterial with tunable electromagnetically induced transparency （EIT）-like transmission is nu- merically studied in this paper. The proposed structure consists of a graphene layer composed of coupled cut-wire pairs printed on a substrate. The simulation confirms that an EIT-like transparency window can be observed due to indirect cou- pling in a terahertz frequency range. More importantly, the peak frequency of the transmission window can be dynamically controlled over a broad frequency range by varying the Fermi energy levels of the graphene layer through controlling the electrostatic gating. The proposed metamaterial structure offers an additional opportunity to design novel applications such as switches or modulators.

Design and Synthesis of Transparent Poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) and Relationship Between Its Phase Construction and Transparency

A series of transparent ABS（T-ABS） resins were prepared by emulsion in situ suspension polymerization. The influences of the particle size and the content of rubber particles on the transparency of T-ABS resins were studied by varying the size and content of rubber particles in a single model system（rubber particles with a uniform size）. The optical properties of T-ABS resins were investigated in a mixed system of SBR/PB particles and a hi-modal particle system（rubber particles with two different sizes, 70 and 400 nm in diameter） of SBR particles. It was found that when the size of the smaller particles （ 70 nm） in the mixed system of SBR/PB particles was in the range of 50-100 nm in diameter, the T-ABS resins showed a better transparency. These results provide a flexible and practical process for the preparation of T-ABS resins with good optical and mechanical properties.

Identification of stable normalization genes for quantitative real-time PCR in porcine articular cartilage

Background： Expression levels for genes of interest must be normalized with an appropriate reference, or housekeeping gene, to make accurate comparisons of quantitative real-time PCR results. The purpose of this study was to identify the most stable housekeeping genes in porcine articular cartilage subjected to a mechanical injury from a panel of 10 candidate genes. Results： Ten candidate housekeeping genes were evaluated in three different treatment groups of mechanically impacted porcine articular cartilage. The genes evaluated were： beta actin, beta-2-microglobulin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, hydroxymethylbilane synthase, hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase, peptidylprolyl isomerase A （cyclophilin A）, ribosomal protein L4, succinate dehydrogenase flavoprotein subunit A, TATA box binding protein, and tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein--zeta polypeptide The stability of the genes was measured using geNorm, BestKeeper, and NormFinder software. The four most stable genes measured via geNorm were （most to least stable） succinate dehydrogenase flavoprotein, subunit A, peptidylprolyl isomerase A, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, beta actin; the four most stable genes measured via BestKeeper were glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, peptidylprolyl isomerase A, beta actin, succinate dehydrogenase flavoprotein, subunit A; and the four most stable genes measured via NormFinder were peptidylprolyl isomerase A, sucdnate dehydrogenase flavoprotein, subunit A, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, beta actin. Conclusions： BestKeeper, geNorm, and NormFinder all generated similar results for the most stable genes in porcine articular cartilage. The use of these appropriate reference genes will facilitate accurate gene expression studies of porcine articular cartilage and suggest appropriate housekeeping genes for articular cartilage studies in other species.

Reflection-type electromagnetically induced transparency analogue in terahertz metamaterials

A reflection-type electromagnetically induced transparency（EIT） metamaterial is proposed, which is composed of a dielectric spacer sandwiched with metallic patterns and metallic plane. Experimental results of THz time domain spectrum（THz-TDS） exhibit a typical reflection of EIT at 0.865 THz, which are in excellent agreement with the full-wave simulations. A multi-reflection theory is adopted to analyze the physical mechanism of the reflection-type EIT, showing that the reflection-type EIT is a superposition of multiple reflection of the transmission EIT. Such a reflection-type EIT provides many applications based on the EIT effect, such as slow light devices and nonlinear elements.

Optical control of light propagation in photonic crystal based on electromagnetically induced transparency

A kind of photonic crystal structure with modulation of the refractive index is investigated both experimentally and theoretically for exploiting electromagnetically induced transparency（EIT）.The combination of EIT with periodically modulated refractive index medium gives rise to high efficiency reflection as well as forbidden transmission in a threelevel atomic system coupled by standing wave.We show an accurate theoretical simulation via transfer-matrix theory,automatically accounting for multilayer reflections,thus fully demonstrate the existence of photonic crystal structure in atomic vapor.

Dynamically tunable optical properties in graphene-based plasmon-induced transparency metamaterials

A graphene-based metamaterial for THz plasmon induced transparency(PIT) is presented and numerically studied in this paper, which consists of two horizontal graphene strips attached to a continuous vertical wire separately. The calculated surface current distributions demonstrate that the distinct PIT window results from the near-field coupling of two bright modes. To explore the physical mechanism of PIT effect, we employ the coupled Lorentz oscillator model. The transmission spectra obtained with this model fits well with the simulation results. The performance of the PIT system can be controlled through the geometry parameters of graphene strips. Moreover, the transparency window can be dynamically tuned by varying the Fermi energy and the carrier mobility of the graphene strips. The slow light effect is also explored in our proposed structure and it can achieve 1.25 ps when Fermi energy is 1.3 eV. Finally, the position of the transmission window with the variation of the nearby medium refractive index is examined. Such a proposed graphene-based PIT system may have great potential applications in photonic devices.

Normalization of Hydrodynamic Coefficients in Morison Equation

The hydrodynamic coefficients C-d and C-m are not only dependent on the size of slender cylinder, its location in water, KC number and Re number, but also vary with environmental conditions, i.e., in regular waves or in irregular waves, in pure waves or in wave-current coexisting field. In this paper, the normalization of hydrodynamic coefficients for various environmental conditions is discussed. When a proper definition of KC number and proper characteristic values of irregular waves are used, a unified relationship between C-d, C-m and KC number for regular waves, irregular waves, pure waves and wave-current coexisting field can be obtained.

The metamaterial analogue of electromagnetically induced transparency by dual-mode excitation of a symmetric resonator

Electromagnetically induced transparency （EIT） is obtained in a symmetric U-shaped metamaterial, which is at- tributed to the simultaneously excited dual modes in a single resonator under lateral incidence. A large group index accom- panied with a sharp EIT-like transparency window offers potential applications for slowing down light and sensing.