Discussion on the dynamic mechanism of Great North China area based on the observed stress data

Based on the constrained data from the observed stress orientation and the observed stress regime, the tectonic stress fields of the Great North China area has been simulated by using the pseudo-3D finite element method. The results indicate that the stress fields in this area are basically controlled by the push forces coming from the Pacific Plate and from the Tibet Plateau, and the WNW-ward action from the Pacific Plate play a more important role in North China plain block. In addition to that, the stress field in this area is also partly formed by the extension action from the mantle upwelling in perpendicular at the basin margins.

Street Space in Traditional Settlements in Mountainous Area of North China

With mountainous area of North China as the research objective,the study analyzed street space in traditional settlements in mountainous area of North China from the perspective of form,structure and culture,hoping to find some methods and laws that could be served as the reference for the design of living environment in future.

The Source of Groundwater Recharge Based on Entropy Theory in the Arid Areas of North China

Objective Any natural system is constantly exchanging material, energy and information with the environment, and all tkese processes follow the basic law of thermodynamics, with no exception of groundwater recharge and discharge process. On the basis of the principle of the first law of thermodynamics, the reverse geochemical simulation method is widely used in the study of groundwater recharge, runoff and drainage process. However, some studies only consider the material conservation in theprocess, but ignore the probability of the transformation.

Slope runoff study in situ using rainfall simulator in mountainous area of North China

Simulated rainfall is a valid tool to examine the runoff generation on the slope.13 simulated rainfall experiments with different rainfall intensities and durations are completed in a 5 m ×10 m experimental plot in mountainous area of North China.Simultaneously,rainfall,surface runoff,soil-layer flow,mantel-layer flow and soil moisture are monitored respectively.From the results,it is found that the hydrographs in all layers have the characteristics of rapid rise and fall.The recessions of surface flow and soil-layer flow are much faster than that of mantel-layer flow.Surface flow,the main contributor,makes up more than 60% of the total runoff in the study area.It even exceeds 90% in the cases of high intensity rainfall events.Runoff coefficient(ratio of total runoff to rainfall amount) is mainly influenced by rainfall amount,rainfall intensity and antecedent soil moisture,and the relationship can be well expressed by a multiple linear regression function α = 0.002P + 0.182i + 4.88Wa-0.821.The relation between the rainfall intensity and the lag time of three flows(surface runoff,soil-layer flow and mantel-layer flow) is shown to be exponential.Then,the result also shows that the recession constant is 0.75 for surface runoff,is 0.94 for soil-layer and mantel-layer flow in this area.In this study area,the dominant infiltration excess runoff is simulated by Horton model.About 0.10 mm/min percolation is observed under the condition of different rainfall intensities,therefore the value is regarded as the steady infiltration rate of the study area.

THE POSSIBILITIES AND REALITIES ON THE REMANAGEMENT OF DESERTIFIED LANDS IN THE TRANSITIONAL ZONE BETWEEN THE DRY-FARMING AREA AND THE GRAZING AREA IN NORTH CHINA

The desertification process is rapidly developing at present and 61.5% of the land area in the zone are already desertified.Among the desertified lands, 26.9% are seriously desertified, 25% most seriously desertified and 47.4% are the lands where desertification is under way. They are caused by over-reclamation for farming, over-grazing, unreasonable collection of firewood,the destruction of vegetation and the misuse of water resources. Under the ecological environment in semi-arid zone,the degraded environment process possesses the ability of restoring to its original status as soon as the interruption of excessive human activities are eliminated. The fencing- and-self-cultivating method is an effective measure adopted universally in semi-arid zone to cure the desertified lands.The desertified lands can be readjusted and controlled easily if other controlling measures are supplemented. The fundamental ways to control desertification are to utilize rationally the resources, to readjust the existing

Determination of active units with different kinematic property and their activity pattern in North China based on the data from GPS remeasurements

Based on the high-accuracy data obtained from the GPS measurements carried out in 1992, 1995 and 1996, the isochronous active units with different kinematic property inside the North China area have been distinguished, 4 active units and 1 transition zone with distinct differential movement have been determined. They are Ordos-Yinshan unit, Yanshan unit, Shanxi-Hebei-Shandong (Jin-Ji-Lu) unit, Jiaodong-Liaoning-Shandong (Jiao-Liao-Lu) unit and Yanshan-Hebei (Yan-Ji) transition zone. The relative movements among the neighboring units in this period have been given. ① The compressive movement between Ordos-Yinshan unit and Yanshan unit is not obvious with an amount of 0.4(1.3 mm/a.②in-Ji-Lu unit moves E40(S off the Ordos-Yinshan unit and the magnitude is 4.4(1.0 mm/a. ③elative to the Yan-Ji transition zone of differential movement, Yanshan unit shifts W38(N with a value of 2.4(1.3 mm/a and Jin-Ji-Lu unit moves eastward 35( by south with an amount of 2.3(0.9 mm/a. ④Jin-Ji-Lu unit has a tensional left-lateral movement of 4.7(1.4 mm/a in the direction of E37(S relative to Yanshan unit. ⑤ Some area near Tanlu belt which is located in the southern part of Jin-Ji-Lu block has a southward movement 14( by west with a magnitude of 1.5(1.1 mm/a off the Jin-Ji-Lu unit. ⑥ Relative to Jin-Ji-Lu unit, Jiao-Liao-Lu unit has a trend of clockwise movement with a tensional right-lateral motion at the north end which neighbors Yanshan unit and a compressive motion at the south end. It should be noted that the errors given in the paper are obtained based on the divergence among the displacements of the sites in the unit, rather than the value calculated from the displacement error of the sites. The analyzed results indicate that: ① Shanxi tectonic zone and Yan-Ji transition zone are the major tectonic active zones to show the frame and magnitude of interior relative movement in North China area, and others are the secondary tectonic active zones; ② The complete horizontal deformation in the North China area is not homogeneous nor successive; ③ The kinetic model of North China area might be (mantle dragging plus boundary coupling(.

Active blocks and their deformations derived from the velocity field in North China

Based on the horizontal movement velocities and their error estimations of 144 GPS stations in North China de-duced from the results obtained from multiple GPS measurements carried out in the period of 1992~2001, the horizontal deformation in the area is studied. The movements, entire deformations, local deformations, activity patterns and intensities along the boundary zones are derived. And then the risk of strong earthquake in the area is estimated. In the research, the horizontal displacement observations can be considered as the sum of three parts. The first part is the entire motion following Eurasian plate, which can be derived from NUVAL-IA model; the second part is the relative motions and deformations between the sub-tectonic blocks in the studied area, which can be derived from a set of displacement observations determined by the expanded QUAD method in the paper; the third part is the local deformations and errors in the sub-tectonic blocks, which can be described as the inhomoge-neous strains of the block. The method and results are introduced in detail in the paper.

Earthquake-controlling Processes of Detachment Zones in Eastern North China

The basin-and-range area in eastern North China is known for frequent occurrence of earthquakes, their great magnitudes and heavy losses thereby incurred. Seismic studies in the past usually emphasized the intersections, inflexions and branches of the faults. However, the intensities of many great earthquakes in this area do not show linear distribution, and the epicenters are horizontally dispersed at certain depths instead of along the strike of faults. Based on the sub-mantle plume studies made by authors in the past decade, it is thought that there exists an uplifted sub-mantle plume under the fault depression area in North China. The uplifting and intrusion of mantle materials caused the upper crust to be faulted, while low-velocity and high-velocity layers are alternatively distributed in the middle crust under the influence of the mantle and the lower crust. The middle and lower crust materials were detached from the top of the sub-mantle plume to the surroundings while the sub-mantle plume materials were detached outward. When the detached middle and lower crust come to the boundary of fault basins in the upper crust, they will be obstructed by the orogenic zone and the detachment will go slower. The shearing between them will cause the stress to accumulate and release alternatively, so that earthquakes occurred frequently in the areas of sub-mantle plume and its surroundings.

Analysis on Variations of the Temperature and Precipitation in North Slope Area of the Western Tianshan in Recent 50 Years

[Objective] The research aimed to analyze variation characteristics of the temperature and precipitation in north slope area of the Western Tianshan in recent 50 years.[Method] According to temperature and rainfall data from 1961 to 2010 at three meteorological stations in north slope area of the Western Tianshan,climate change in the zone in recent 50 years was analyzed by using linear trend analysis method and 5-year sliding average method.[Result] The temperature in north slope area of the Western Tianshan showed significant warming trend.The annual average temperature significantly increased at 0.3 ℃/10 a in recent 50 years.But rise rates of the temperature in different seasons were different:autumn> winter> spring> summer.The annual rainfall in north slope area of the Western Tianshan in recent 50 years overall presented relative increase trend.Seen from annual rainfall,it significantly increased at 16.9 mm/10 a.Seen from seasonal rainfall,except in autumn,rainfalls in other three seasons in the past 50 years all showed significant increase trends,with amplitude of 3.2-11.2 mm/10 a.The largest increase amplitude was in summer.After a small precipitation peak in the 1980s,autumn rainfall slightly declined in the past 20 years.[Conclusion] The climate in north slope area of the Western Tianshan become warm and wet.

政治沟通何以可能:土改工作队与华北根据地的基层政治

为了建立稳固的根据地,中国共产党将党的组织深入基层,以获得民众的认同支持并实现资源提取,同时治理、改造乡村,这需要进行有效的政治沟通。在战争时期,土改工作队作为中共介入地方社会的中介组织和机制设置,代表中共意志自上而下地引导甚至监督基层执行中央政策,并自下而上地反馈基层信息、帮助上层调整偏差。其在培养基层干部、动员民众、协调干群关系等方面发挥着重要功能,夯实了基层的党组织,维护了党在基层的权威。工作队的设置促进了政治信息的流动传播,形成了有效的政治沟通,有助于消除政府与民众之间的隔阂,强化民众的政治认同,由此促成中共对地方的有效治理,加强基层政权的建设和政治整合。

南海北部神狐海域细粒储层矿物组分对天然气水合物储集赋存的影响

为了探明矿物类型对于天然气水合物成藏的影响,笔者等利用南海北部神狐海域W07站位样品及其水合物饱和度数据,进行XRD全岩和黏土矿物测试分析、比表面积分析以及束缚水能力综合分析。结果表明,海床下110~127 m(即110~127 mbsf,meters below sea floor,海床以下深度)为非水合物储层段,海床下127~156 m为水合物储层段。通过XRD分析可知,高石英及长石含量,低伊蒙混层含量的层段,比表面积与束缚水能力较低,说明其具有相对较好的孔渗条件,为水合物的运移与储集提供了良好的空间条件,因此形成水合物储层段;而在高伊蒙混层的层段中,比表面积较大,束缚水能力较强,其对甲烷气体及流体的吸附和束缚能力较强,对水合物成藏起到潜在的封隔作用,成为非储层段,储层与非储层段纵向叠置序列有利于优质水合物储层的形成。本次研究总结了矿物组分与优质水合物储层之间的关系,并揭示两者存在的潜在成因联系,以期丰富水合物富集成藏的基础理论,对未来南海北部天然气水合物的商业化开发提供支持。

五种气候生产力模型在华北土石山区的适用性分析

植被净初级生产力(Net Primary Productivity,NPP)是陆地植物的净固碳量,对于全球碳估算研究具有重要意义。华北土石山区作为中国林业工程重点区域,是典型的干旱半干旱气候区,准确估算该地区NPP大小及其变化特征对林业生态工程建设具有重要意义。本文基于河南小浪底森林生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站1980-2020年气候数据,利用Miami模型、Thornthwaite Memorial模型、Chikugo模型、朱志辉模型及周广胜模型共5种气候生产力模型估算,分析NPP的变化趋势,运用随机森林算法探讨NPP影响因素,并以区域MODISNPP数据为标准进行评价,以探究适合估算该地区NPP的气候生产力模型。结果表明:(1)华北土石山区年平均气温、最高气温、最低气温和降水量均呈上升趋势,变化速率分别为0.05℃×a^(-1)、0.04℃×a^(-1)、0.05℃×a^(-1)和1.58mm×a^(-1);年平均太阳辐射和平均相对湿度则呈下降趋势,变化速率分别为0.46MJ×m^(-2)×a^(-1)和0.17个百分点×a^(-1)。(2)采用5种模型计算的华北土石山区NPP均呈上升趋势,但NPP值存在差异,变化范围在739.35~958.48gC×m^(-2)×a^(-1),均值为862.19gC×m^(-2)×a^(-1)。其中Miami模型估算值最大(958.48gC×m^(-2)×a^(-1)),周广胜模型估算值最小(739.35gC×m^(-2)×a^(-1))。(3)随机森林算法表明,降水是影响该地区NPP的关键因子。适用性分析显示,周广胜模型估算值与MODIS NPP最接近,其相对误差、RMSE和MAE分别为1.45%、451.05gC×m^(-2)×a^(-1)和446.03gC×m^(-2)×a^(-1),且相关系数最大(0.49)。综上可知,周广胜模型更适宜该地区的NPP估算,在使用气候生产力模型估算华北土石山区NPP时,应优先考虑使用周广胜模型。

华北地区煤系地层油气资源研究现状及启示

石炭系—二叠系是华北地区重要的含煤层系,发育煤层气、煤系页岩气、煤系致密砂岩气、煤成油等多种油气资源,大量的研究和勘探结果表明煤系地层具有良好的勘探前景。与鄂尔多斯盆地相比,济阳-临清地区石炭系—二叠系煤系地层勘探和研究程度相对较低,在系统总结华北地区煤系地层油气资源类型与富集条件研究现状的基础上,对比分析济阳-临清地区与鄂尔多斯盆地煤系地层的成藏条件,提出济阳-临清地区煤系地层勘探方向。研究结果表明:华北地区煤系地层主要为太原组和山西组,形成于陆表海-三角洲沉积环境中,旋回性强且发育共生的煤层气藏、煤系页岩气藏和煤系致密砂岩气藏。高有机碳含量的煤岩、碳质泥岩、暗色泥岩是形成煤系地层油气资源的物质基础,富氢煤系烃源岩发育区具有一定的煤成油藏勘探潜力,保存条件是煤层气、煤系页岩气富集的关键要素,沉积与成岩作用导致的高孔渗带是煤系致密砂岩气的甜点区。济阳-临清地区具有良好的煤系气和一定的煤成油勘探前景,将一套岩性组合作为勘探对象开展系统评价是提升煤系地层勘探效益的重要技术途径,惠民凹陷与东营凹陷南坡、车镇凹陷西部和孤北潜山太原组是有利的勘探目标。

北方岩溶区降水入渗补给系数及补给机制:以羊庄岩溶水系统为例

为建立北方岩溶区水文地质参数系列,提高岩溶地下水可采资源计算精度,笔者团队于20世纪80年代开始,在山东羊庄封闭式泉排型岩溶水系统开展了岩溶水均衡试验研究,积累了40余年的监测试验数据。根据长期野外水均衡要素观测资料,推导出裸露型、半覆盖型和覆盖型岩溶区降水入渗补给系数计算公式,建立了岩溶区降水入渗补给系数α与降水量P和地下水位埋深D的相关方程,以及可调控的最大降水入渗补给系数系列,揭示了降水入渗补给过程与α变化机制。结果表明:α随水位埋深D的改变而改变,每个降水量P段分别对应一个最大降水入渗补给系数α_(max)和最大降水入渗补给量即补给极限G_(max),相应的水位埋深便是最佳水位埋深D_(critical)。D>D_(critical)时,包气带截留量随着水位埋深的增大而增大,α<α_(max);D<D_(critical)时,地表径流量随着地下水位埋深的减小而增大,α<α_(max)。不同的降水量段对应不同的D_(critical),降水量增大时,对应的α_(max)及D_(critical)也增大。在任意水位埋深时,G_(max)为蓄满产流临界降水量与包气带最大截流量之差。本研究解决了岩溶区降水入渗补给的关键科学问题,即揭示降水入渗补给机制、建立降水入渗补给系数与降水量和水位埋深的定量关系,提升了我国北方岩溶水资源基础性研究水平。

华北土石山区油松生长季夜间液流分配特征

【目的】通过对油松生长季夜间液流特征和环境驱动因素的研究,揭示夜间液流组分拆分特征,探讨夜间液流的组分与气象因子之间的相关关系,以及茎干补水对气象因子的响应,为华北土石山区水资源和水源涵养林管理决策提供理论依据。【方法】以华北土石山区的油松作为研究对象,根据径阶大小选取18棵样树,在2014年生长季运用Granier热扩散探针技术(TDP)持续观测夜间液流,结合称重式蒸渗仪和自制微型蒸渗仪来计算蒸腾量,解析夜间液流的去向;并进行夜间液流与土壤含水量、大气温度、湿度及光合有效辐射等气象因子的相关分析,以确定主要驱动因素。【结果】在6—9月典型晴天,夜间液流速率都呈逐渐降低趋势,18:00—24:00的夜间液流速率高于00:00—05:00,夜间液流主要用于对白天失水过多的茎干进行补水,以至于在24:00时油松茎干储水量基本达到饱和,因此,00:00—05:00夜间液流速率趋于稳定;油松夜间液流用于茎干补水的比例(95.34%)显著高于用于夜间蒸腾量的比例(4.66%);油松夜间茎干补水量与饱和水汽压差呈极显著正相关(R^(2)=0.793,P<0.01),而对土壤含水量变化响应不敏感(R^(2)=0.105,P>0.05),表明夜间液流主要受饱和水汽压影响。【结论】华北土石山区的油松生长季夜间液流随着夜间时间的进行呈现逐渐降低的趋势;绝大部分的夜间液流用于夜间茎干补水,在气象因子中,饱和水汽压是驱动夜间茎干补水及夜间液流的重要因子(P<0.01)。

1949年华北解放区南下干部集中整训之研究

抽调大批干部南下是中共中央为夺取全国胜利而制定的重大战略决策,华北解放区的干部南下工作则构成全国“南下”战略中的关键性环节。在南下干部的动员、抽调等工作完成之后,华北解放区下辖各区的南下干部分别在石家庄、武安、菏泽、威县、开平和正定等地开展了为期一个月左右的集中整训。此次集中整训目标明确,兼顾思想性与实用性,为南下干部适应从北方到南方、从老区到新区、从乡村到城市的工作实践转移奠定了基础。华北解放区南下干部集中整训过程中的组织整编、学习教育和军事训练,亦暗含着中国共产党理论与实践相结合、常规与运动相融合的干部生成与养成机制。

华北根据地的社会变动与财粮征收工作

在全面抗战和解放战争时期,华北根据地发生了包括阶级关系调整、基层治理转型和新旧精英更替等在内的一系列社会变动,这些社会变动对于财粮征收工作都产生了积极影响。阶级关系的调整构建了华北根据地财粮征收工作的合法性与权威性,各地民众交粮纳税的意愿大幅提升。基层治理的转型消除了传统财粮征收过程中固有的贪污中饱、负担不公和偷税漏税等积弊,降低了华北根据地财粮征收工作的中间耗损。新旧精英的更替则进一步增强了华北根据地各级政权的财粮征管能力,保证了财粮征收工作的有效性和持续性。财粮征收是一项系统工程,华北根据地财粮征收工作的锁钥在于中国共产党以“社会”推助“财经”,成功将财粮征收工作纳入社会变动的整体框架之中,不仅顺利完成了财粮征收的各项任务,而且彻底打破了清季民国财政扩张内卷化的制度桎梏。

华北贸易总公司(1948.5—1949.7)探析

华北贸易总公司由解放战争时期晋察冀和晋冀鲁豫两区贸易公司合并发展而来,是统领华北解放区商贸的公营贸易公司。它在成立之时,于公司内部设置了五处三室,从纵向上建立了由上而下的垂直网络体系,下辖各级公司商店。为了完成“支援战争与发展生产”的中心任务,华北贸易总公司在建立并优化商情报告制度、仓库制度、转运栈制度等的基础上,对内平稳物价和进行物资交流,对外统一采购军用器材和民用必需品,推销各种剩余土产。平津解放之后,华北区的经济形势发生变化,中共中央最终撤销了华北贸易总公司。

社会流动视域下的华北根据地物力资源汲取问题再研究

革命的全面胜利端赖于物力资源的有效汲取,任何革命政策的实践化无不是建基于特定的物质基础之上。作为国家政权与乡村社会深度互动的中介机制和联结渠道,社会流动在华北根据地的物力资源汲取工作中发挥了重要作用。频繁而剧烈的结构性社会流动提升了华北根据地的开放度,成功构建了物力资源汲取的合法性。畅通而公平的个体性社会流动则引动了华北根据地的精英更替,彻底消除了物力资源汲取过程中的贪污中饱、偷税漏税等积弊。在结构性社会流动与个体性社会流动的交互影响下,具有浓厚阶级色彩和革命倾向的物力资源汲取体制得以生成和运转。社会流动与物力资源汲取的关联互动亦为进一步阐述中国共产党的财政经济实践提供了一个典型案例。

华北抗日根据地的医疗卫生工作——以医疗卫生展览为例

抗日战争时期,由于华北革命根据地迷信思想存在、卫生防疫意识缺乏,再加上战争频发和敌伪投毒,疾疫严重威胁着根据地人民的生命健康,导致人民生活水平和生产力下降,影响到军队士兵战斗效能的发挥。为此华北抗日根据地举办了一系列包括建立医疗机构和培养医务人员、强调公共卫生与家庭卫生、反对封建迷信与提倡科学就医、自主研发医疗器械与药品等为主要内容的医疗卫生展览。这些展览由专业人士和卫生部门参与筹办,注重展品的选取陈列和观众的互动反馈,增强了根据地人民的卫生观念和政治认同,促进了根据地中西医的进一步合作和卫生防疫事业的进步。