Classification of Vegetation in North Tibet Plateau Based on MODIS Time-Series Data

Based on the 16d-composite MODIS （moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer）-NDVI（normalized difference vegetation index） time-series data in 2004, vegetation in North Tibet Plateau was classified and seasonal variations on the pixels selected from different vegetation type were analyzed. The Savitzky-Golay filtering algorithm was applied to perform a filtration processing for MODIS-NDVI time-series data. The processed time-series curves can reflect a real variation trend of vegetation growth. The NDVI time-series curves of coniferous forest, high-cold meadow, high-cold meadow steppe and high-cold steppe all appear a mono-peak model during vegetation growth with the maximum peak occurring in August. A decision-tree classification model was established according to either NDVI time-series data or land surface temperature data. And then, both classifying and processing for vegetations were carried out through the model based on NDVI time-series curves. An accuracy test illustrates that classification results are of high accuracy and credibility and the model is conducive for studying a climate variation and estimating a vegetation production at regional even global scale.

Sandy Desertification Status and its Driving Mechanism in North Tibet Plateau

As the main body of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, North Tibet Plateau is one of three major sandy desertification regions in China and also a representative sandy desertification zone of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Accordingly, it is an important region for the study of recent sandy desertification processes and formation mechanism. From such aspects as desertified land types, areas and distributions etc., this paper analyses in detail the sandy desertification status on North Tibet Plateau, and qualitatively and quantitatively deals with the main factors that affect recent sandy desertification processes and the driving mechanism. Research results show that North Tibet Plateau is an important sandy desertification region in China characterized with large desertified land areas, diversified types, high severity, extensive distributions and serious damages. Sandy desertification occurrence and development resulted from combined effects of natural factors, anthropogenic factors, natural processes and man-made processes, of which climatic change is the main driving force.

HORSE RACE IN NORTH TIBET

This annual horse race takes place in every township of the north Tibetan grassland,one by one,starting from August 1st. The principal activities are usually a horse race and a blessing by touching the foreheads of people by a Rinpoche.

CENOZOIC VOLCANISM AND LITHOSPHERETECTONIC EVOLUTION IN NORTH TIBET

Volcanism is the direct indication of the upper mantle thermodynamic activities, and it is an efficient path to study the lithosphere tectonic evolution. Cenozoic volcanism in North Tibet is of obviously time circles. In the space, from south to north, the chemical composition of volcanics changed from Na\|rich alkalic basaltic series formed 44Ma. ago into high\|K calcalkali series formed in about 40～31Ma.in Qiangtang area, into minor amount of leucite basalt and phonolite series of 26Ma., further into shoshonite series aged at 19～7Ma. in Cocoxili basin, until Quaternary shoshonite series in Karakunlun and Qilian Mt.\|Yumen region(Xiaoguo Chi etc.1999).Isotopes of Sr,Nd,Pb and trace elements in volcanic rocks provide wide range of information for the evolution of lithosphere in North Tibet after 45Ma. Present research shows that Na\|rich alkalic basalt series formed 44Ma. ago has the features of a primitive mantle in Sr,Nd,Pb isotopes. Along with the evolutionary tendency to high\|K calcalkali series and phonolite series, isotopes of Sr,Nd,Pb evolve towards EM2\|rich mantle end. The North Tibet is a compound continental mass combined from several terrains of different geological periods and the lithosphere mantle sees a complicated evolutionary history. Hence, the mixing of different rocks in ancient subduction zones and long history of metasomatism in the upper mantle offered excellent and favorable conditions for the formation of EM2 mantle end and for potassic enrichment. Isotopic evolutionary features indicate that the early magma came from the asthenosphere while later magmas were derived from partial remelting of lithosphere mantle.

Tectonic and Environmental Evolutions of the Northern Tibetan Plateau Prior to the Collision of India with Asia

Tectonic and environmental patterns and evolution of the present North Tibetan Plateau （NTP） prior to the India collision with Asia is significant to understand the formation of the Tibetan Plateau and its influence on the environment.In this study,we integrated and analyzed the tectonostratigraphy and the special sedimentary layers whose climatic implications are clear in the NTP.Additionally,we stressed the tectonic and environmental events and their evolutions from the Mesozoic to the Early Cenozoic.Our results show that four tectonic phases,which sequentially took place during the Triassic,Jurassic,Cretaceous and Paleogene,played an important role on the formation of the North Tibet.The climate was basically dry and hot from the Triassic to the Eocene and became dry and cool since the Oligocene in this region.The climatic evolution was characterized by a transition from a wet and hot phase during the Triassic-Middle Jurassic,to a dry and hot phase during the Late Jurassic-Eocene.Both phases encompassed 5 wet and hot periods followed by 5 dry and hot climate events,respectively.In addition,we found that the tectonic deformation and the climatic conditions were spatially and temporally different.In detail,in the regions north of the PaleoTian Shan and Paleo-Qilian Mts.the tectonic deformation and climatic condition were stronger and wetter than in regions south of the Paleo-Tian Shan and Paleo-Qilian Mts.during the Late Triassic-Jurassic.Whereas in the Cretaceous,the tectonic movement was intensive in the west but steady in the east,and climate was dry in the south but wet in the north of NTP.The formation of the tectonic and climatic patterns in NTP were the consequence of either global climate change or regional tectonics,including the Paleo-Asian Ocean closure and the Qiangtang block,Lhasa block and India plate collision subsequently to Asia.Furthermore,the regional tectonic events occurred before any global climate change and drove the climatic change in the NTP.

Geographical and Botanical Variation in Concentrations of Molybdenum in Natural Pasture Plants and Surface Water and Yak Molybdenum Ingestion in North Tibet,China

The North Tibet plateau is the world highest plateau with a unique alpine grassland and water environment. To obtain a better understanding of the correct supply of Molybdenum（Mo） to livestock in north Tibet,we investigated the content and geographical variation of Mo in different families of pasture plants（n=1017） and water（n=40）,then discuss the Cuprum（Cu）：Mo ratio in different plant families,and calculate the total Mo intake of the yak in north Tibet. The average Mo concentration in five families preferred for grazing are： Compositae（2.71 μg g^（-1））,Leguminosae（2.70 μg g^（-1））,Gramineae（2.48 μg g^（-1））,Cyperaceae（1.63 μg g^（-1））,and Rosaceae（1.51 μg g^（-1））. There was a strong geographical variation in Mo concentration（p 0.001）. The mean value of Mo in north Tibet surface water from 15 sites is 0.89 μg L^（-1）. The Mo ingestion by yak through these plants and water in north Tibet is about 9586 μg day^（-1） which means the toxicity of Mo does not exist in the average daily diet. However,the large geographical variation found may cause some toxicity of Mo in the average daily intake of north Tibet pasture plants in some areas. The Cu：Mo ratio of 2：60 is considered the limit for risk of Mo hyperactivity,while extremely high Cu：Mo ratios may lead to chronic copper poisoning. Our survey of plant samples found 43.29% below and 29.3% above the limiting Cu：Mo ratio of 60 indicating some risk to north Tibet livestock.

ISOTOPIC GEOCHRONOLOGY OF GRANITOIDS FROM THE NORTHWESTERN TIBET

This study area is located in the western North Tibetan Plateau, lying between the western Kunlun Mountains to the north and the Gangdise Mountains to the south, and covers an area of about 230000km\+2. Granitoid rocks occur widely in the area and mainly consist of huge intermediate\|acid intrusive rock\|bodies, which locally are accompanied by ultrabasic to basic rocks.Eight granite bodies from the locations were chosen for this study. Determinations of U\|Pb age on zircon and Rb\|Sr age on whole rock or mineral of these rock units were made using a Finnigan MAT\|261 mass spectrometer fitted with multi\|collector. The total procedural Pb,Sr blank were always in the 2～4 ng range and insignificant in comparison to the sample(milligram range). K\|Ar data were previously published and are reported again here in order to compare them with the Pb and Sr results. The results for the eight granite bodies reveal a complex age pattern. This area may be divided on the basis of these radiometric dates into 5 rock zones. These zones defined are, from north to south, the southern Kunlun, the Qiangtang, the Anglonggangri, the Gangdise and the Himalaya rock zones.

Distribution of the low velocity bulk in the middle-to-lower crust of southern Tibet: implications for formation of the north–south trending rift zones

We conducted the ambient noise tomography to image the shallow crustal structure of southern Tibet. The2D maps of phase velocity anomalies at the periods of10–16 s show that the low velocities are mainly confined along or near some of the rift zones. While the maps at the periods of 18–25 s show that the coherent patterns that the low velocities expand outside of the rift zones. It means that the low velocities are prevailing in the middle crust of southern Tibet. According to the previous study of surface wave tomography with teleseismic data,we find that the low velocities from the lower crust to the lithospheric mantle are also restricted to the same rift zones. Thus,the integrated knowledge of the distribution of the low velocities in southern Tibet provides some new insight on the formation of the north–south trending rift zones. Compiling the multidiscipline evidences,we conclude that the rifting was an integrated process of the entire lithosphere in the early stage（＊26–10 Ma）,but mainly occurred within the upper crust due to the weakening a decoupling in the low velocity middle crust in the late stage（later than ＊8 Ma）.

DEFINITING AND ITS GEOLOGIC MEANING OF SOUTH-NORTH TREND FAULTED STRUCTURE BELT IN QIANGTANG BASIN, NORTH PART OF TIBET

There were more expounding to north—west (west) trend fault and north\|east trend fault within Qiangtang Basin, North Part of Tibet, in the past literature. With increasing of geophysical exploration data, nearly east\|west trend structure began to be taken note to. Since the year of 1995, by a synthetic study to geophysical and geological data, that south\|north trend faulted structures are well developed. These structures should be paid much more attention to, because they have important theoretical meaning and practical significance.1 Spreading of south\|north faulted structure belt According to different geological and geophysical data, the six larger scale nearly south\|north faulted structure belt could be distinguished within the scope of east longitude 84°～96° and near Qiangtang Basin. The actual location of the six belts are nearly located in the west of the six meridian of east longitude 85°,87°,89°,91°,93°,95° or located near these meridian. The six south\|north faulted structure belts spread in the same interval with near 2° longitude interval. The more clear and much more significance of south\|north trend faulted structure belts are the two S—N trend faulted structure belts of east longitude 87° and 89°. There are S—N trend faulted structure belts in the west of east longitude 83°,81°, or near the longitudes. The structure belts spreading features,manifestation,geological function and its importance, and inter texture and structure are not exactly so same. The structure belts all different degree caused different region of geological structure or gravity field and magnetic field. There is different scale near S—N trend faulted structure belt between the belts.

Subduction of Continental Crust in the Early Palaeozoic North Qaidam Ultrahigh-Pressure Metamorphic Belt, NW China:Evidence from the Discovery of Coesite in the Belt

Coesite was discovered as inclusions in zircon separates from pelitic gneissassociated with a large eclogite body in the North Qaidam ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) terrane. Somegraphite inclusions were also found. This finding suggested the occurrence of in-situ UHPmetamorphism and that the terrane was most likely recrystallized at pressures below the diamondstability field. It supported other previous indirect UHP evidence, such as polycrystalline quartzinclusions in eclogitic garnet, quartz lamellae in omphacite and P-T estimates for both eclogite andgarnet peridotite. The U-Pb and Sm-Nd ages of the North Qaidam eclogite indicated that subductionof continental crust occurred in the Early Palaeozoic, which probably recorded a collision betweenthe Sino-Korean and Yangtze plates.

Tibetan Plateau Relict Snakes of the Genus Thermophis and Their Relationship to New World Relict Snakes

The complete mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2(ND2) gene sequences of two species of Thermophis, T. baileyi and T. zhaoermii, were sequenced and compared to those of 86 sequences from other snakes(74 from Caenophidia and 12 from Henophidia). By using Bayesian inference(BI) and maximum likehood(ML) approaches, Thermophis was demonstrated as the sister group to the North American relicts of Dipsadinae, and rooted in Central and South American members of this subfamily. The results suggest that the closest relatives of Thermophis are the North American relicts, and thus support the hypothesis for an Asian-North American origin of xenodontine snakes as suggested by Vidal et al.(2000). Extensive sampling of Asian snakes and American dipsadines is needed to further test this hypothesis in the future.

Electrophoretic Analysis of Isozymes and Discussion about Species Differentiation in Three Species of Genus Gymnocypris

By using the method of electrophoresis,three isozymes (lactate dehydrogenase,malate dehydrogenase and esterase) of three species of genus Gymnocypris were described and analyzed from North Tibet in this paper. The results showed that all three isozymes presented interspecific difference and distinct differentiation among individuals in the same population,and there was no electrophorectic difference between males and females. Analysis of relationships among three naked carps indicated a high degree of similarity between G. selincuoensis and G. cuoensis ,whereas low degree between G. selincuoensis and G. namensis . Furthermore,three isozymes presented expression of null alleles,and the duplicate genes of LDH A 2,LDH B 2,s MDH A 2 and m MDH B 2 also expressed in some individuals. Compared to other tetraploid fishes,three naked carps retained more functional duplicate genes and null alleles. This suggests fishes of genus Gymnocypris are at the early stage of evolution after polyploidization than that of fishes of Catostomidae,it directly related to the later time of schizothoracine fishes originate as well as severe environment.

西藏库拉岗日穹窿次麦矽卡岩型锡铁铅锌多金属矿床的发现及其意义

库拉岗日穹窿位于西藏北喜马拉雅片麻岩穹窿带东段,毗邻北部的拉隆穹窿。通过1∶5万矿产地质填图和稀疏地表工程控制,在库拉岗日穹窿东部发现了一具有大型矿床潜力的次麦锡铁铅锌多金属矿床,其中Sn-Fe和Pb-Zn-Ag矿体主要赋存于矽卡岩中,属于矽卡岩型矿床。该矿床的矿体品位高,厚度大,主要金属矿物有锡石、磁铁矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿、黄铁矿、白钨矿和镜铁矿等;非金属矿物有石英、方解石、云母、绿帘石、绿泥石、透闪石、阳起石和符山石等。目前,稀疏的地表工程已控制2条Sn-Fe矿体和5条Pb-Zn-Ag矿体,且矿区内钨也显示出良好的成矿前景。综合评估表明,次麦矽卡岩型锡铁铅锌多金属矿床的资源潜力巨大,其矿化特点与成矿元素组合独特,以锡石和磁铁矿共生为特点,明显不同于北喜马拉雅成矿带其他矿床,是一种新的矿床类型。该矿床的发现对认识和理解北喜马拉雅成矿带稀有金属成矿作用与穹窿构造淡色花岗岩成矿系统有重要意义。

藏北新生代火山作用的时空演化与高原隆升

本文通过对藏北新生代火山岩的岩石化学和同位素年龄资料的综合分析,系统确定了火山岩的岩石系列组合及其生成时序。根据岩石系列的时空演化规律将藏北新生代火山活动划分为3个构造—岩浆亚旋回,火山活动自南向北依次形成羌塘(44～24 Ma)、中昆仑—可可西里(19～7 Ma)、西昆仑—玉门(约5 Ma以来)3条火山岩亚带。各岩带分别以高钾钙碱性或钾玄岩系列构成火山活动的主体,以碱性钾质火山活动而结束。构造—火山旋回与高原脉动隆升具有明显的耦合性,旋回间歇期与高原夷平期相对应。笔者认为这一火山作用规律是高原每次脉动隆升过程中,构造性质由挤压、增厚,向伸展滑移转化的结果,火山作用旋回受岩石圈水平挤压、增厚和深部地幔热物质沿构造薄弱带挤压上升两种作用的相互消长所制约。

西藏纳木错湖相沉积的铀系年代学研究

纳木错是西藏海拔最高的大湖 ,位于藏北内流区东南部。研究中应用铀系全溶样品的等时线技术所测定的纳木错西北岸 3个剖面的 8个富含碳酸盐湖相沉积物样品的年龄。其实验程序是 :先按矿物的粒径将样品分成若干子样品 ,全溶子样品并分别测试它们的2 3 0 Th/ 2 3 2 Th和2 3 4 U/ 2 3 2 Th比值 ,然后通过年龄等时线来校正由碎屑物带来的初始钍的影响 ,从而避免了常用的稀酸淋滤法难于验证的同位素分馏问题。测试结果显示 ,在等时线上所有数据都有良好的线性关系 ,表明所获得的年龄数据是合理的。由此可以初步认为 ,纳木错拔湖 4 7.5m以上的高位湖相沉积 ,形成于 90 .7± 9.9～ 71.8± 8.5kaBP间的晚更新世早期 ;而在拔湖 4 2 .8m、2 7.7m、2 3m、17m和 10 .7m的第六、五、四、三和二级阶地 ,则分别形成于 5 3.7± 4 .2kaBP、4 1.2± 4 .7kaBP、35 .2± 3.0kaBP、32 .3± 4 .4kaBP和 2 8.2± 2 .8kaBP左右的晚更新世中晚期。

藏北查桑上三叠统复理石沉积大地构造背景的初步探讨

藏北羌塘地块的构造性质和构造格局是中国地学界长期争论的重要问题。这里人迹罕至 ,研究程度很低 ,基础地质资料缺乏。这是有关地质问题得不到解决的根本原因之一。本项研究的首要目的也就是为该地区的地质研究提供一份基础资料。羌塘地块腹地查桑地区的上三叠统肖茶卡组 ,下部为细碧岩、中基性火山岩、玄武质角砾岩夹灰岩和大理岩 ,上部主要为碎屑岩 (复理石 )和灰岩。我们在肖茶卡组上部的复理石中采集砂岩、粉砂岩样品 ,进行主量元素地球化学分析 ,并利用分析结果对其沉积大地构造背景物源区性质进行判别。研究结果表明 ,当时本区属于活动大陆边缘大洋岛弧环境 。

INDEPTH-Ⅲ地震层析成像——藏北印度岩石圈俯冲断落的证据

德庆 龙尾错剖面层析速度结构剖面揭示了在高原地壳发生缩短与增厚后 ,高速的印度大陆地幔岩石圈分为两层以不同角度向北伸展到羌塘盆地的中部 ( 33°N～ 34°N之间 )。上层在拉萨地块岩石圈 (速度为 7.9～ 8.0km/s)之下向北伸展过程中发生断裂 ,形成若干断块 ,并下沉 ;下层以较大角度向北俯冲下去 ,并在 32°N之下进入软流圈 ;发现北部有一浅一深 2条低速带 ,可能代表地幔内温度较高的热流体的流动通道 ,并产生强烈的各向异性。浅处低速带与深部低速带有联系 ;此低速带与东部Wittlinger发现的 34.5°N深部的高温低速体没有直接联系 ,后者呈NW—SE走向。

藏北高寒植被地上生物量与土壤环境因子的关系

用样带法研究藏北高寒植被地上生物量与土壤环境因子之间的关系,对高寒植被地上生物量和7个土壤指标进行相关性分析和回归分析,结果表明：高寒草原到高寒荒漠植被,群落组成逐渐趋于简单化。土壤环境因子影响高寒植被地上生物量,0~10cm土层的土壤有机碳、有效氮、全磷和速效磷与高寒植被地上生物量极显著正相关（P〈0.01）;10~20cm土层的土壤总有机碳和全磷与高寒植被地上生物量极显著正相关（P〈0.01）;20~30cm土层的土壤各环境因子与高寒植被地上生物量的关系均未达到显著水平。

藏北羌塘盆地中部莫霍面形态及其动力学成因

本文通过对羌塘盆地内49个临时宽频带地震观测台阵数据的接收函数分析,采用H_(-κ)叠加和CCP叠加成像两种方法,获得到了藏北羌塘中部莫霍面深度以及泊松比分布.作为羌塘盆地构造单元的南缘边界,班公湖一怒江缝合带下的Moho存在一个南深北浅、断距约10km的台阶;把羌塘盆地分为两部分的羌塘中央隆起带下存在一个3 km的Moho台阶;北羌塘盆地下的Moho平均深度约为60km,而南羌塘约为63km.羌塘高原下的近水平Moho结构可能是受到印度大陆北向俯冲作用下的青藏高原隆升过程中Moho再均衡所致或者与其构造演化有关.泊松比值具有明显的构造分区特征,如南羌塘下的泊松比平均为0.31,双湖缝合带下的泊松比接近正常值,为0.265,而北羌塘的泊松比平均为0.285.