This paper reviews the studies and research on climate change impacts on the forest ecosystems in Northeast China.The results show that in the context of global and regional warming,the growing season of coniferous fo...This paper reviews the studies and research on climate change impacts on the forest ecosystems in Northeast China.The results show that in the context of global and regional warming,the growing season of coniferous forests has been increasing at an average rate of 3.9 d per decade.Regional warming favors the growth of temperate broad-leaved forests and has a detrimental efect on the growth of boreal coniferous forests.Over the past hundred years,the forest edge of the cool temperate zone in the southern Daxing’anling region has retreated 140 km northward.From 1896 to 1986,the northern boundary of broad-leaved forests in Heilongjiang province has extended northwestward about 290 km.Future climatic changes(until 2060)may lead to the northern deciduous needle forests moving out of China’s territory altogether.The occurrence cycles of pests and diseases have shortened;their distribution ranges have expanded.The life cycle of tent caterpillars(Malacosoma neustria testacea Motschulsky)has shortened from 14–15 years in the past to8–10 years now.The pine caterpillar(Dendrolimus tabulaeformis Tsai et Liu),which has spread within western Liaoning province and the nearby areas,can now be found in the north and west.Lightning fires in the Daxing’anling region have significantly increased since 1987,and August has become the month when lightning fires occur most frequently.Overall,the net primary productivity(NPP)of forest in Northeast China has increased.The NPP in 1981 was around 0.27 Pg C,and increased to approximately 0.40 Pg C in 2002.With the current climate,the broad-leaved Korean pine forest ecosystem acts as a carbon sink,with a carbon sink capacity of 2.7 Mg C hm 2.Although the carbon sink capacity of the forest ecosystems in Northeast China has been weakened since 2003,the total carbon absorption will still increase.The forest ecosystems in Northeast China are likely to remain a significant carbon sink,and will play a positive role in the mitigation of climate change.展开更多
The most common scientific approach to numerical landscape-level forest management planning is combinatorial optimization aimed at finding the optimal combination of the treatment alternatives of stands. The selected ...The most common scientific approach to numerical landscape-level forest management planning is combinatorial optimization aimed at finding the optimal combination of the treatment alternatives of stands. The selected combination of treatments depends on the conditions of the forest, and the objectives of the forest landowners. A two-step procedure is commonly used to derive the plan. First, treatment alternatives are generated for the stands using an automated simulation tool. Second,the optimal combination of the simulated treatment schedules is found by using mathematical programming or various heuristics. Simulation of treatment schedules requires models for stand dynamics and volume for all important tree species and stand types present in the forest.A forest planning system was described for Northeast China. The necessary models for stand dynamics and tree volume were presented for the main tree species of the region. The developed models were integrated into the simulation tool of the planning system. The simulation and the optimization tools of the planning system were described. The optimization tool was used with heuristic methods, making it possible to easily solve also spatial forest planning problems, for instance aggregate cuttings.Finally, the use of the system is illustrated with a case study, in which nonspatial and spatial management plans are developed for the Mengjiagang Forest District.展开更多
The role of remote sensing in phenological studies is increasingly regarded as a key to understand large area seasonal phenomena. This paper describes the application of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (...The role of remote sensing in phenological studies is increasingly regarded as a key to understand large area seasonal phenomena. This paper describes the application of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) time series data for forest phenological patterns. The forest phenological phase of Northeast China (NE China) and its spatial characteristics were inferred using 1-km 10-day MODIS normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) datasets of 2002. The threshold-based method was used to estimate three key forest phenological variables, which are the start of growing season (SOS), the end of growing season (EOS) and growing season length (GSL). Then the spatial patterns of forest phenological variables of NE China were mapped and analyzed. The derived phenological variables were validated by the field observed data from published papers in the same study area. Results indicate that forest phenological phase from MODIS data is comparable with the observed data. As the derived forest phenological pattern is related to forest type distribution, it is helpful to discriminate between forest types.展开更多
Using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) as an indicator of vegetation growth, we explored the characteristics and differences in the response to drought of five vegetation biomes in Northeast China, ...Using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) as an indicator of vegetation growth, we explored the characteristics and differences in the response to drought of five vegetation biomes in Northeast China, including typical steppe, desert steppe, meadow steppe, deciduous coniferous forest and deciduous broad-leaved forest during the period 1982 2009. The results indicate that growing season precipitation may be the primary vegetation growth-limiting factor in grasslands. More than 70% of the temporal variations in NDVI can be explained by the amount of precipitation during the growing season in typical and desert steppes. During the same period, the mean temperature in the growing season could explain nearly 43% of the variations in the mean growing season NDVI and is therefore a dominant growth-limiting factor for forest ecosystems. Therefore, the NDVI trends differ largely due to differences in the vegetation growth-limiting factors of the different vegetation biomes. The NDVI responses to droughts vary in magnitude and direction and depend on the drought-affected areas of the five vegetation types. Specifically, the changes in NDVI are consistent with the variations in precipitation for grassland ecosystems. A lack of precipitation resulted in decreases in NDVI, thereby reducing vegetation growth in these regions. Conversely, increasing precipitation decreased the NDVI of forest ecosystems. The results also suggest that grasslands under arid and semi-arid environments may be more sensitive to drought than forests under humid environments. Among grassland ecosystems, desert steppe was most sensitive to drought, followed by typical steppe; meadow steppe was the least sensitive.展开更多
Forests have significant economic and ecological value as a provider of ecosystem services, being home to much of the world’s biodiversity and supporting the livelihoods of many people. Reducing emissions from defore...Forests have significant economic and ecological value as a provider of ecosystem services, being home to much of the world’s biodiversity and supporting the livelihoods of many people. Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries (REDD) is a critical component of the overall greenhouse gas emission reductions and now the significance of REDD+ (which is not only about reducing emissions but halting and reversing forest loss), in delivering climate change mitigation benefits along with co-benefits, is increasingly being recognized in global climate negotiations. Northeast India provides a tremendous potential for harnessing REDD+ activities with about 66% of the total geographical area of the region being covered by forests. This paper attempts to explore this potential besides estimating the area available for different options under REDD+ as well as the mitigation potential using COMAP model, overcoming limitations of existing studies or a lack of them. Within this, the status of forests and biodiversity along with drivers of deforestation in north east India are documented and an assessment of the potential for taking up reducing deforestation and degradation and enhancement of carbon stocks and afforestation is conducted both at the state as well as district level. It was found that northeastern states have been experiencing net forest loss during the last few years along with significant scale forest degradation, with Nagaland followed by Arunachal Pradesh offering maximum potential for “reducing deforestation” option under REDD and the total incremental annual mitigation potential of the four REDD+ activities in northeast India being 29.2 MtCO2 for 2030.展开更多
We studied the perception of forest-dependent communities on climate change with its associated risk and their adaptation strategies in Mizoram, Northeast India. A total of 360 respondents (household heads) were rando...We studied the perception of forest-dependent communities on climate change with its associated risk and their adaptation strategies in Mizoram, Northeast India. A total of 360 respondents (household heads) were randomly selected from 24 villages across the three different agro-climatic zones prevalent. The community perceived awareness of climate change phenomena in the region with a positive correlation between age, education and occupation of the respondents. The overall perception of climate change in temperature was medium (0.49), while low for change in precipitation (0.26) and seasonal durability (0.23). The community showed over-all low score of perception on risk of climate change (0.10) where risk on livelihood and socio-economic factors was higher than risk to environment or forest. Perception on impact of climate change was high for forest abi-otic ecological factors (0.66) and flora and fauna (0.62), while medium on livelihood of forest-dependent communities (0.44). The majority (more than 75%) of the respondents agreed that human beings are involved and responsible for climate change. Adoption of adaptive strategies to cope climate change ranged from 0.07 to 0.91, amongst which zero tillage, use of traditional knowledge, forest fire prevention, soil and water conservation techniques, agroforestry practices and social forestry are popular. However, rain water harvesting and investments for crop insurance were adopted on low scores clearly implied by the educational and socio-economic status of the farmers in the majority. The study brings out the knowledge and perceptions to climate change by forest-dependent communities and their adaptive strategies to cope had been assessed. The finding results seek the attention of researchers and policy makers to integrate technological and financial interventions in supporting farmer’s effort to cope with climate change with a long term objective for improving their livelihood and climate sensitive resources at the same time.展开更多
Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii Rupr.) Rupr is one of the dominant species in bothnatural and man-made forests in northeast China.Effects of site factors,including topography,soilproperties and nutrient elements(P,Ca,K...Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii Rupr.) Rupr is one of the dominant species in bothnatural and man-made forests in northeast China.Effects of site factors,including topography,soilproperties and nutrient elements(P,Ca,K,Mg,Mn,Zn,Cu,Ag,Co and Ni)on the growth of larchwere analyzed in detail,qualitatively and quantitatively.The ordination technique was used to groupthe site factors and to classify sites for larch.Analysis indicated that height growth,diameter(DBH)and volume of the larch varied among site types and this will be of theoretical and practical signifi-canee in developing larch plantations.展开更多
Stratification in lowland rainforests of Meghalaya,India,which represent the westernmost limit of the rainforests north of the Tropic of Cancer,was studied in horizontal and vertical planes to elucidate the patterns i...Stratification in lowland rainforests of Meghalaya,India,which represent the westernmost limit of the rainforests north of the Tropic of Cancer,was studied in horizontal and vertical planes to elucidate the patterns in stacking of species diversity and community attributes,and to draw comparisons with rainforests of‘Indo-Malaya’ecozone(biogeographical realm).All individuals≥10 cm GBH(girth at breast height)were enumerated in six transects of 10 m width and up to 500 m length covering 2.45 ha area.The stratification of whole assemblage of species in vertical plane is referred to as‘storey structure’(=height class distribution),which explains structural complexity.In horizontal plane,it is typically referred to as‘stand structure’(=girth class distribution),which explains structural heterogeneity.The stratification of an individual species in vertical plane is referred to as‘loftiness’and in horizontal plane,it is frequently referred to as‘population structure’.The stand structure was characterized by a negative exponential relationship or a reverse J-shaped curve,which is typical of a well regenerating forest stand.The storey structure was characterized by the low stature of the rainforest(<30 m),subtle layering in the canopy with dearth of discrete multi-stories,narrower widths of the stories and a thick understory.The cluster analysis and‘candlestick charts’showed that the dominant species spatially segregated in canopy height to profile three strata,viz.,an understory of juveniles and shrubs below 5 m,a middle-storey of intermediate trees between 5 and 15 m,and an overstory of large trees between 15 and 25 m.Emergent trees of a few species may reach up to 30 m.The individuals tended to scatter in increasingly wider range of height classes from a lower to the next higher girth class,creating a‘torchlight scatter’pattern,with a tendency to concentrate towards smaller height classes due to stochastic factors,which potentially influence vertical growth proportionate to diametric growth.In comparison to equatorial rainforests of Malaysia and seasonal rainforests of southwestern China,the rainforests of Meghalaya are short-statured at the geographic extremity of the occurrence of rainforest biome in Asiae Pacific region,owing to floristic composition,site quality factors,excessively higher quantities of rainfall and high differential of precipitation and potential evapotranspiration.Despite limited diversity of megaphanerophytes,these rainforests deserve concerted conservation efforts as they stack high diversity of meso-,micro-and nano-phanerophytes.展开更多
基金the Public Research Institute Fun-damental Research Foundation of the Institute of Atmospheric Environment of ChinaChina Meteororlgical Administration(No.2011IAE-CMA01)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41171199)the Special Climate Change Research Program Foundation of China Meteororlgical Administration(No.062700s010c01)for providing supports
文摘This paper reviews the studies and research on climate change impacts on the forest ecosystems in Northeast China.The results show that in the context of global and regional warming,the growing season of coniferous forests has been increasing at an average rate of 3.9 d per decade.Regional warming favors the growth of temperate broad-leaved forests and has a detrimental efect on the growth of boreal coniferous forests.Over the past hundred years,the forest edge of the cool temperate zone in the southern Daxing’anling region has retreated 140 km northward.From 1896 to 1986,the northern boundary of broad-leaved forests in Heilongjiang province has extended northwestward about 290 km.Future climatic changes(until 2060)may lead to the northern deciduous needle forests moving out of China’s territory altogether.The occurrence cycles of pests and diseases have shortened;their distribution ranges have expanded.The life cycle of tent caterpillars(Malacosoma neustria testacea Motschulsky)has shortened from 14–15 years in the past to8–10 years now.The pine caterpillar(Dendrolimus tabulaeformis Tsai et Liu),which has spread within western Liaoning province and the nearby areas,can now be found in the north and west.Lightning fires in the Daxing’anling region have significantly increased since 1987,and August has become the month when lightning fires occur most frequently.Overall,the net primary productivity(NPP)of forest in Northeast China has increased.The NPP in 1981 was around 0.27 Pg C,and increased to approximately 0.40 Pg C in 2002.With the current climate,the broad-leaved Korean pine forest ecosystem acts as a carbon sink,with a carbon sink capacity of 2.7 Mg C hm 2.Although the carbon sink capacity of the forest ecosystems in Northeast China has been weakened since 2003,the total carbon absorption will still increase.The forest ecosystems in Northeast China are likely to remain a significant carbon sink,and will play a positive role in the mitigation of climate change.
基金financially supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China(2015BAD09B01)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of the People’s Republic of China(2572014BA09)
文摘The most common scientific approach to numerical landscape-level forest management planning is combinatorial optimization aimed at finding the optimal combination of the treatment alternatives of stands. The selected combination of treatments depends on the conditions of the forest, and the objectives of the forest landowners. A two-step procedure is commonly used to derive the plan. First, treatment alternatives are generated for the stands using an automated simulation tool. Second,the optimal combination of the simulated treatment schedules is found by using mathematical programming or various heuristics. Simulation of treatment schedules requires models for stand dynamics and volume for all important tree species and stand types present in the forest.A forest planning system was described for Northeast China. The necessary models for stand dynamics and tree volume were presented for the main tree species of the region. The developed models were integrated into the simulation tool of the planning system. The simulation and the optimization tools of the planning system were described. The optimization tool was used with heuristic methods, making it possible to easily solve also spatial forest planning problems, for instance aggregate cuttings.Finally, the use of the system is illustrated with a case study, in which nonspatial and spatial management plans are developed for the Mengjiagang Forest District.
基金Major State Basic Research D evelopm ent Program of China,No.2002CB412507 Know ledge Innovation Project ofCA S,N o.K ZCX -2-308
文摘The role of remote sensing in phenological studies is increasingly regarded as a key to understand large area seasonal phenomena. This paper describes the application of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) time series data for forest phenological patterns. The forest phenological phase of Northeast China (NE China) and its spatial characteristics were inferred using 1-km 10-day MODIS normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) datasets of 2002. The threshold-based method was used to estimate three key forest phenological variables, which are the start of growing season (SOS), the end of growing season (EOS) and growing season length (GSL). Then the spatial patterns of forest phenological variables of NE China were mapped and analyzed. The derived phenological variables were validated by the field observed data from published papers in the same study area. Results indicate that forest phenological phase from MODIS data is comparable with the observed data. As the derived forest phenological pattern is related to forest type distribution, it is helpful to discriminate between forest types.
基金supported financially by the National Basic Research Program of China under Grant No. 2010CB950504the General Program from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No. 41175125)
文摘Using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) as an indicator of vegetation growth, we explored the characteristics and differences in the response to drought of five vegetation biomes in Northeast China, including typical steppe, desert steppe, meadow steppe, deciduous coniferous forest and deciduous broad-leaved forest during the period 1982 2009. The results indicate that growing season precipitation may be the primary vegetation growth-limiting factor in grasslands. More than 70% of the temporal variations in NDVI can be explained by the amount of precipitation during the growing season in typical and desert steppes. During the same period, the mean temperature in the growing season could explain nearly 43% of the variations in the mean growing season NDVI and is therefore a dominant growth-limiting factor for forest ecosystems. Therefore, the NDVI trends differ largely due to differences in the vegetation growth-limiting factors of the different vegetation biomes. The NDVI responses to droughts vary in magnitude and direction and depend on the drought-affected areas of the five vegetation types. Specifically, the changes in NDVI are consistent with the variations in precipitation for grassland ecosystems. A lack of precipitation resulted in decreases in NDVI, thereby reducing vegetation growth in these regions. Conversely, increasing precipitation decreased the NDVI of forest ecosystems. The results also suggest that grasslands under arid and semi-arid environments may be more sensitive to drought than forests under humid environments. Among grassland ecosystems, desert steppe was most sensitive to drought, followed by typical steppe; meadow steppe was the least sensitive.
文摘Forests have significant economic and ecological value as a provider of ecosystem services, being home to much of the world’s biodiversity and supporting the livelihoods of many people. Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries (REDD) is a critical component of the overall greenhouse gas emission reductions and now the significance of REDD+ (which is not only about reducing emissions but halting and reversing forest loss), in delivering climate change mitigation benefits along with co-benefits, is increasingly being recognized in global climate negotiations. Northeast India provides a tremendous potential for harnessing REDD+ activities with about 66% of the total geographical area of the region being covered by forests. This paper attempts to explore this potential besides estimating the area available for different options under REDD+ as well as the mitigation potential using COMAP model, overcoming limitations of existing studies or a lack of them. Within this, the status of forests and biodiversity along with drivers of deforestation in north east India are documented and an assessment of the potential for taking up reducing deforestation and degradation and enhancement of carbon stocks and afforestation is conducted both at the state as well as district level. It was found that northeastern states have been experiencing net forest loss during the last few years along with significant scale forest degradation, with Nagaland followed by Arunachal Pradesh offering maximum potential for “reducing deforestation” option under REDD and the total incremental annual mitigation potential of the four REDD+ activities in northeast India being 29.2 MtCO2 for 2030.
文摘We studied the perception of forest-dependent communities on climate change with its associated risk and their adaptation strategies in Mizoram, Northeast India. A total of 360 respondents (household heads) were randomly selected from 24 villages across the three different agro-climatic zones prevalent. The community perceived awareness of climate change phenomena in the region with a positive correlation between age, education and occupation of the respondents. The overall perception of climate change in temperature was medium (0.49), while low for change in precipitation (0.26) and seasonal durability (0.23). The community showed over-all low score of perception on risk of climate change (0.10) where risk on livelihood and socio-economic factors was higher than risk to environment or forest. Perception on impact of climate change was high for forest abi-otic ecological factors (0.66) and flora and fauna (0.62), while medium on livelihood of forest-dependent communities (0.44). The majority (more than 75%) of the respondents agreed that human beings are involved and responsible for climate change. Adoption of adaptive strategies to cope climate change ranged from 0.07 to 0.91, amongst which zero tillage, use of traditional knowledge, forest fire prevention, soil and water conservation techniques, agroforestry practices and social forestry are popular. However, rain water harvesting and investments for crop insurance were adopted on low scores clearly implied by the educational and socio-economic status of the farmers in the majority. The study brings out the knowledge and perceptions to climate change by forest-dependent communities and their adaptive strategies to cope had been assessed. The finding results seek the attention of researchers and policy makers to integrate technological and financial interventions in supporting farmer’s effort to cope with climate change with a long term objective for improving their livelihood and climate sensitive resources at the same time.
文摘Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii Rupr.) Rupr is one of the dominant species in bothnatural and man-made forests in northeast China.Effects of site factors,including topography,soilproperties and nutrient elements(P,Ca,K,Mg,Mn,Zn,Cu,Ag,Co and Ni)on the growth of larchwere analyzed in detail,qualitatively and quantitatively.The ordination technique was used to groupthe site factors and to classify sites for larch.Analysis indicated that height growth,diameter(DBH)and volume of the larch varied among site types and this will be of theoretical and practical signifi-canee in developing larch plantations.
基金the Department of Biotechnology,Ministry of Science and Technology,Government of India,New Delhi through grant number BT/PR7928/NDB/52/9/2006 to the authorFinancial support for visit to China was received under the INSA-CAS Bilateral Exchange Programme 2018 from the Indian National Science Academy,New Delhi and Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing vide grant number INT/CAS/2017/01
文摘Stratification in lowland rainforests of Meghalaya,India,which represent the westernmost limit of the rainforests north of the Tropic of Cancer,was studied in horizontal and vertical planes to elucidate the patterns in stacking of species diversity and community attributes,and to draw comparisons with rainforests of‘Indo-Malaya’ecozone(biogeographical realm).All individuals≥10 cm GBH(girth at breast height)were enumerated in six transects of 10 m width and up to 500 m length covering 2.45 ha area.The stratification of whole assemblage of species in vertical plane is referred to as‘storey structure’(=height class distribution),which explains structural complexity.In horizontal plane,it is typically referred to as‘stand structure’(=girth class distribution),which explains structural heterogeneity.The stratification of an individual species in vertical plane is referred to as‘loftiness’and in horizontal plane,it is frequently referred to as‘population structure’.The stand structure was characterized by a negative exponential relationship or a reverse J-shaped curve,which is typical of a well regenerating forest stand.The storey structure was characterized by the low stature of the rainforest(<30 m),subtle layering in the canopy with dearth of discrete multi-stories,narrower widths of the stories and a thick understory.The cluster analysis and‘candlestick charts’showed that the dominant species spatially segregated in canopy height to profile three strata,viz.,an understory of juveniles and shrubs below 5 m,a middle-storey of intermediate trees between 5 and 15 m,and an overstory of large trees between 15 and 25 m.Emergent trees of a few species may reach up to 30 m.The individuals tended to scatter in increasingly wider range of height classes from a lower to the next higher girth class,creating a‘torchlight scatter’pattern,with a tendency to concentrate towards smaller height classes due to stochastic factors,which potentially influence vertical growth proportionate to diametric growth.In comparison to equatorial rainforests of Malaysia and seasonal rainforests of southwestern China,the rainforests of Meghalaya are short-statured at the geographic extremity of the occurrence of rainforest biome in Asiae Pacific region,owing to floristic composition,site quality factors,excessively higher quantities of rainfall and high differential of precipitation and potential evapotranspiration.Despite limited diversity of megaphanerophytes,these rainforests deserve concerted conservation efforts as they stack high diversity of meso-,micro-and nano-phanerophytes.