Spatiotemporal variability of rain-on-snow events in the arid region of Northwest China

Rain-on-snow(ROS)events involve rainfall on snow surfaces,and the occurrence of ROS events can exacerbate water scarcity and ecosystem vulnerability in the arid region of Northwest China(ARNC).In this study,using daily snow depth data and daily meteorological data from 68 meteorological stations provided by the China Meteorological Administration National Meteorological Information Centre,we investigated the spatiotemporal variability of ROS events in the ARNC from 1978 to 2015 and examined the factors affecting these events and possible changes of future ROS events in the ARNC.The results showed that ROS events in the ARNC mainly occurred from October to May of the following year and were largely distributed in the Qilian Mountains,Tianshan Mountains,Ili River Valley,Tacheng Prefecture,and Altay Prefecture,with the Ili River Valley,Tacheng City,and Altay Mountains exhibiting the most occurrences.Based on the intensity of ROS events,the areas with the highest risk of flooding resulting from ROS events in the ARNC were the Tianshan Mountains,Ili River Valley,Tacheng City,and Altay Mountains.The number and intensity of ROS events in the ARNC largely increased from 1978 to 2015,mainly influenced by air temperature and the number of rainfall days.However,due to the snowpack abundance in areas experiencing frequent ROS events in the ARNC,snowpack changes exerted slight impact on ROS events,which is a temporary phenomenon.Furthermore,elevation imposed lesser impact on ROS events in the ARNC than other factors.In the ARNC,the start time of rainfall and the end time of snowpack gradually advanced from the spring of the current year to the winter of the previous year,while the end time of rainfall and the start time of snowpack gradually delayed from autumn to winter.This may lead to more ROS events in winter in the future.These results could provide a sound basis for managing water resources and mitigating related disasters caused by ROS events in the ARNC.

Hydrological and water cycle processes of inland river basins in the arid region of Northwest China

The increasing shortage in water resources is a key factor affecting sustainable socio-economic development in the arid region of Northwest China(ARNC). Water shortages also affect the stability of the region's oasis ecosystem. This paper summarizes the hydrological processes and water cycle of inland river basins in the ARNC, focusing on the following aspects: the spatial-temporal features of water resources(including air water vapor resources, runoff, and glacial meltwater) and their driving forces; the characteristics of streamflow composition in the inland river basins; the characteristics and main controlling factors of baseflow in the inland rivers; and anticipated future changes in hydrological processes and water resources. The results indicate that:(1) although the runoff in most inland rivers in the ARNC showed a significant increasing trend, both the glaciated area and glacial ice reserves have been reduced in the mountains;(2) snow melt and glacier melt are extremely important hydrological processes in the ARNC, especially in the Kunlun and Tianshan mountains;(3) baseflow in the inland rivers of the ARNC is the result of climate change and human activities, with the main driving factors being the reduction in forest area and the over-exploitation and utilization of groundwater in the river basins; and(4) the contradictions among water resources, ecology and economy will further increase in the future. The findings of this study might also help strengthen the ecological, economic and social sustainable development in the study region.

Analysis on the Correlated Characteristics between Spring Precipitation in the Arid Region of Northwest China and Global Sea Surface Temperature

[Objective] The research aimed to study the correlated characteristics between spring precipitation in the arid region of Northwest China and global sea surface temperature. [Method] Based on GPCP global monthly precipitation data and NOAA ERSST sea surface temperature data during 1979-2008, the precipitation characteristics in the arid region of Northwest China in 30 years and its correlated distribution characteristics with the global sea surface temperature were analyzed by using the correlation and composite analysis methods. [Result] Spring rainfall presented the fluctuation increasing in the arid region of Northwest China during 1979-2008. The sea surface temperature of Indian Ocean in 15° S-22° N, 45°-105° E had the continuous influence on spring precipitation in the arid region of Northwest China. It could be as a stable factor for forecasting spring precipitation in the arid region zone of Northwest China. When the sea surface temperature was higher in Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea, maybe spring precipitation in the arid region of Northwest China was more. If the sea surface temperature in the equatorial Eastern Pacific Ocean in prior summer, autumn and winter was higher, it was favorable for spring precipitation in the arid region of Northwest China in the next year. The sea surface temperature field in Arabian Sea, Central Indian Ocean and Western Pacific Ocean was the key factor which affected spring precipitation in the arid region of Northwest China. [Conclusion] The research provided the theory basis for the prediction and forecast of precipitation in the arid region.

Progress and Prospect of Extreme Climate Events in Arid Northwest China

Extreme climate events have significant influences on ecological systems and social economic systems. The global climate is becoming warmer and warmer, so extreme climate events will probably increase in both frequency and intensity, and the Northwest arid region of China is situated in the middle latitudes, all of which combine to make this area be come the most sensitive region to global climate change. For this reason, based on home and broad literature of research in extreme climate events, this paper mainly discusses those scientific problems which are waiting for resolved and we should strength work that those need research in future from extreme climatic events concept, their change regular, the discussion of theory reasons, and review from mode and simulate, as well as sum up some research results related ex treme climatic change.

2005-2020年亚洲中部干旱区生态站月潜在蒸散量数据集

潜在蒸散表征大气蒸发能力,是衡量区域蒸发能力的重要指标,也是评价气候干旱程度变化、水资源供需平衡、植被耗水量等的关键参数。在收集中亚生态系统监测网络12个生态站和中国生态系统研究网络(CERN)11个位于西北干旱区生态站的气象观测数据基础上,经过数据质量控制与插补,采用Penman-Monteith模型计算潜在蒸散量,生成了2005-2020年亚洲中部干旱区生态站月潜在蒸散量数据集。本数据集时间序列较长、覆盖多种生态系统类型,可作为亚洲中部干旱问题研究的基础数据、模型输入数据、模拟结果验证数据等,也可为该区域水资源的合理开发与利用、生态环境保护等方面研究提供数据支撑。

西北干旱区藓类结皮覆盖下土壤多功能性特征及影响因子

生物土壤结皮是由干旱区重要的活性地被物组成,可显著影响地表土壤的物质循环与能量交换,改善表层土壤的物理、化学和生物学性质,从而影响土壤多功能性(Soil Multifunctionality,SMF)。藓类结皮是生物土壤结皮的重要类型之一,本研究旨在探究西北干旱区荒漠藓类结皮覆盖下土壤与裸沙的SMF差异性,探究两者SMF变化的主要驱动因素。通过分析土壤的8个干旱区关键生态系统功能指标,运用平均值法和因子分析法计算SMF,运用最小二乘回归分析和结构方程模型(SEM)等探究SMF变化的主要驱动因素。研究发现:(1)藓类结皮覆盖下土壤的单一和多功能性显著高于裸沙。(2)裸沙和藓类结皮覆盖下SMF变化的驱动要素具有差异性,裸沙SMF的主要驱动因素为干旱(Aridity)和土壤含水量(SWC),而藓类结皮覆盖下SMF驱动要素为土壤砂粒含量。(3)年均温(MAT)对裸沙和藓结皮覆盖土壤SMF的变化均呈现最大的间接效应。因此,藓类结皮发育显著增加了荒漠土壤SMF,同时也调节SMF的相关驱动因素。以上研究结果对深入理解荒漠裸沙和结皮覆盖下SMF的差异性及驱动因素具有重要意义。

不同生态区覆盖方式对玉米氮转运、产量与水氮利用效率的影响

[目的]明确覆盖方式对西北不同生态区玉米氮转运、产量与水氮利用效率的影响效果,为缓解旱作区作物生产同水资源短缺之间尖锐矛盾提供科学依据。[方法]于2022年在甘肃省兰州市榆中县、甘肃省定西市安定区和陕西省咸阳市长武县进行田间试验,设置干旱偏旱区(YZ)、半干旱区(DX)和半干旱偏湿润区(CW)3个不同降水条件生态区,分析地膜覆盖(FM)和秸秆覆盖(SM)对于玉米不同器官干物质和氮素积累、分配、转运、水氮利用效率及产量形成的影响。[结果](1)覆盖措施显著影响土壤环境,提高各生态区0—100 cm土壤含水率和表层土壤无机氮含量,FM提高了全生育期土壤表层温度,SM在生育后期具有保温作用。(2)各生态区吐丝期和成熟期农艺性状和干物质累积量总体表现为CW>YZ>DX,与CK相比覆盖处理提高了玉米吐丝期株高、茎粗和成熟期株高、茎粗、节数、穗位高及干物质累积量,尤其是FM处理。(3)CW的覆盖处理玉米籽粒和植株氮素积累总量在3个生态区中最高,覆盖促进茎叶氮素向籽粒运转,进而提高氮收获指数和水分利用效率,但DX的FM氮收获指数和YZ的FM水分利用效率较CK增加幅度最高,分别达6.91%和70.58%。(4)玉米籽粒产量在各生态区表现为CW>YZ>DX,覆盖处理对各生态区均有明显增产作用,增产效果FM>SM。其中DX和YZ的FM增产幅度高于CW,达52.33%和52.55%,但CW的SM增加幅度最高,达16.76%。[结论]地膜覆盖和秸秆覆盖通过改善土壤温度、水分和表层无机氮含量进而提高玉米水氮利用效率和产量,其中地膜覆盖效果最佳。而半干旱偏旱区地膜覆盖对产量的响应最显著,半干旱偏湿润区秸秆覆盖的响应最佳。

辽宁省半干旱区乡土草生态修复能力综合评价

辽西北地区气候干旱,土壤贫瘠,水土流失严重。现有研究尚未筛选出适合区域生态修复应用的草种,亟待建立科学的评价技术体系。本研究利用层次分析法构建了辽西北乡土草生态修复能力综合评价模型,并对15种优势乡土草种进行生态修复能力的评价。根据专家打分结果,选择环境适应性、水土保持能力和繁殖能力作为3个一级指标,选择抗旱性、抗寒性、广布性、耐盐性、根系生物量等14个指标作为二级指标。一级指标中,环境适应性权重最高,为0.4881,水土保持能力次之,繁殖能力最低;二级指标中,抗寒性、抗旱性、生长速度、分蘖/分枝数等的权重较高。基于待评乡土草各指标的表现,带入评价模型,筛选出铁杆蒿(Artemisia stechmanniana)、野古草(Arundinella hirta)、黄背草(Themeda triandra)、白羊草(Bothriochloa ischaemum)和羽茅(Achnatherum sibiricum)为较好的生态修复用草,为辽西北地区的生态修复提供了科学的草种选择依据。

西北干旱区荒漠植物叶片和细根碳、氮、磷化学计量特征

植物的叶片和细根是植物地上部分和地下部分最重要的营养器官,其碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)化学计量特征反映了植物的养分限制状况及叶片与细根间的协同作用,开展叶片与细根化学计量关系的研究,对认识植物养分利用策略及元素间平衡关系有重要意义。对西北干旱区21种荒漠植物叶片与细根C、N、P含量进行了测定,分析了C、N、P含量及其计量比在不同生活型及不同器官间的关系。结果表明:1)西北干旱区荒漠植物叶片与细根C含量相对稳定,叶N、P含量高于细根,说明在干旱生境中,植物对养分的分配侧重于地上部分,以完成其正常的生命活动;叶片与细根的N∶P无显著差异,有明显的保守性,表明植物地上与地下部分养分吸收策略与分配规律具有一致性;2)不同生活型植物叶片和细根的C、N、P含量及C∶N、C∶P存在显著差异,灌木与禾草具有较高的C∶N和C∶P,杂类草具有较高的N、P含量,说明灌木与禾草倾向于保守型养分适应策略,杂类草倾向于快速生长的资源竞争策略;3)21种荒漠植物叶片与细根N、P含量间均存在显著的正相关关系,表明西北干旱区荒漠植物体内N、P元素间存在相互作用;4)植物叶片与细根间C、N、P含量及C∶N、C∶P存在等速生长关系,表明植物光合产物和养分在地上与地下部分间的分配具有平行的比例关系,但这种关系受生活型影响。上述结果表明西北干旱区不同生活型植物在恶劣生境中存在不同的养分适应策略,且地上与地下部分的养分利用策略及分配规律存在协同作用,这为进一步认识西北干旱区荒漠植物的养分利用策略提供了试验基础。

西北干旱区城市水资源绿色效率及节水减排研究

运用包含非期望产出的SBM模型测度2011—2020年西北干旱区34个地级市的水资源绿色效率,利用自然断点法探究西北干旱区水资源绿色效率的时空演变特征,并在此基础上分析西北干旱区各地级市的节水减排潜力。结果表明:2011—2020年西北干旱区34个地级市有88.2%的市水资源绿色效率未达到生产前沿面;水资源绿色效率总体呈现出南部、中部、北部逐渐递增的空间分布态势;城市之间的节水减排潜力差异显著,区域之间呈现“中部>南部>北部”的发展格局;从节水减排技术、产业结构、水资源管理等角度提出相关对策建议,以期推动西北干旱区各城市水资源绿色效率的提升。

1981—2019年西北干旱区暖湿化分析

[目的]探究我国西北干旱区20世纪80年代以来的暖湿气候变化情况。[方法]利用国家气象数据中心发布的1981—2019年0.5°×0.5°气温和降水量月值格点资料,采用线性倾向率、Mann-Kendall检验、累积距平法,对近39年来该地区气温和降水时空演变特征进行研究。[结果]近39年来西北干旱区平均气温呈现显著上升趋势,气温倾向率为0.377℃/10 a(P<0.01),天山亚区增温趋势最大;各季节平均气温均呈显著增高趋势,春季增温趋势最大,冬季增温趋势最小,气温倾向率仅为0.121℃/10 a(P>0.05);年平均气温在1997年发生增温突变,进入21世纪增温趋势减缓。西北干旱区年降水量整体呈增加趋势,降水量倾向率为9.509 mm/10a(P<0.01),天山亚区增湿趋势最大,降水量倾向率为25.673 mm/10 a(P<0.01);四季均呈降水量增加趋势,夏季增加趋势最大,冬季降水量增加趋势相对较小;年降水量在2001年发生突变,降水量增加趋势明显。[结论]西北干旱区整体处于暖湿阶段,尤其天山亚区暖湿化最显著。

西北干旱区气候变化对灌溉春玉米生产的影响

基于河西走廊中部1984-2022年灌溉春玉米定位观测试验,结合同期气象资料,采用线性回归、相关分析和M-K突变检验等方法,分析气候变化对西北干旱区灌溉春玉米生育期和产量的影响。结果表明:春玉米全生育期平均气温以0.76℃·10a^(-1)的速率呈极显著上升趋势(P<0.01)。≥10℃活动积温呈显著增加趋势,平均每10a增加135.80℃·d。全生育期降水量增加趋势不显著,但乳熟-成熟期以4.50mm·10a^(-1)的速率显著增加(P<0.05)。1984-2004年日照时数以126.88h·10a^(-1)的速率显著增多,近19a以109.38h·10a^(-1)的速率显著减少。1984-2004年春玉米生长期长度以9.86d·10a^(-1)的速率显著延长,近19a以7.39d·10a^(-1)的速率显著缩短。播种-出苗期和七叶-拔节期长度与气温呈显著负相关;播种-出苗期、三叶-七叶期和吐丝-乳熟期长度与降水量呈显著正相关;各生育期长度均与日照时数呈显著正相关。研究期内春玉米产量呈波动变化,气候产量与全生育期内降水量呈显著负相关。综上所述,西北干旱区气候变化对当前灌溉方式下的春玉米生产不利。

中国西北旱区砂田表层土壤养分效应对连作响应的整合分析

为明确砂田表层土壤养分对连作的响应规律,深入揭示砂田性能逐年退化机理,文章基于国内外已发表的16篇相关文献的586组有效数据,借助Meta-analysis方法进行整合定量研究,定量分析覆砂1—3年农田与其他连作年限砂田(4—6年、7—9年、10—12年、13—15年、16—20年)在表层土壤水分状况(SWC)、养分特性(有机质SOM、全氮TN、全磷TP、全钾TK、碱解氮AN、速效磷AP、速效钾AK、全盐TSS)和酸碱环境(pH)方面的差异效应,系统阐释砂田表层土壤养分特性逐年变异的发生路径及驱动因素,进而综合评估其肥力水平。结果表明:伴随种植年限的增加,砂田表层土壤水分储量和养分强度整体呈现下降态势(P<0.05),4—20年的土壤SWC、SOM、TN、TP、TK、AN、AP、AK含量分别较1—3年减少39.06%、14.21%、14.96%、10.06%、8.20%、15.87%、37.01%、18.60%(P<0.05)。表层土壤SOM、TN、TP、TK、AN、AP、AK主要于10—12年开始大幅流失(P<0.05),而4—6年土壤SOM、TP、TK、AK含量的相对变化则不显著(P>0.05)。砂田在耕作12年内具有显著压盐效果,12年以后的表层土壤TSS含量则开始呈现逐年增加的发展趋向(P<0.05),其土壤pH整体增加1.29%(P<0.05)。连作年限是砂田表层土壤TN、TP和AK变异的关键因子;SWC则为土壤SOM、AP和TSS演化的主导要素。总体而言,砂田在连作10年左右即可出现明显的养分亏缺状态。因此,亟需提出科学合理的农田管理措施,以有效提升退化砂田的土壤肥力水平。

Climatic Warming and Humidification in the Arid Region of Northwest China: Multi-Scale Characteristics and Impacts on Ecological Vegetation

The climatic warming and humidification observed in the arid region of Northwest China(ARNC) and their impacts on the ecological environment have become an issue of concern. The associated multi-scale characteristics and environmental responses are currently poorly understood. Using data from satellite remote sensing, field observations, and the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6, this paper systematically analyzes the process and scale characteristics of the climatic warming and humidification in the ARNC and their impacts on ecological vegetation. The results show that not only have temperature and precipitation increased significantly in the ARNC over the past 60 years, but the increasing trend of precipitation is also obviously intensifying. The dryness index, which comprehensively considers the effects of precipitation and temperature, has clearly decreased, and the trend in humidification has increased. Spatially, the trend of temperature increase has occurred over the entire region, while 93.4% of the region has experienced an increase in precipitation, suggesting a spatially consistent climatic warming and humidification throughout the ARNC. Long-term trends and interannual changes in temperature and precipitation dominate the changes in climatic warming and humidification. Compared to interannual variations in temperature, the trend change of temperature contributes more to the overall temperature change. However, the contribution of interannual variations in precipitation is greater than that of the precipitation trend to the overall precipitation change. The current climatic warming and humidification generally promote the growth of ecological vegetation. Since the 1980 s,82.4% of the regional vegetation has thrived. The vegetation index has a significant positive correlation with precipitation and temperature. However, it responds more significantly to interannual precipitation variation, although the vegetation response varies significantly under different types of land use. The warming and humidification of the climate in the ARNC are probably related to intensifications of the westerly wind circulation and ascending air motions.They are expected to continue in the future, although the strength of the changes will probably be insufficient to significantly change the basic climate pattern in the ARNC. The results of this study provide helpful information for decision making related to China's "Belt and Road" development strategies.

Response of runoff to change of atmospheric 0℃ level height in summer in arid region of Northwest China

Based on the daily observed data from eight sounding stations and the daily mountain runoff data from nine rivers in summer from 1960 to 2009 in four typical study areas located in arid region of Northwest China(ARNC),the change trends,abrupt change points,and their significance of runoff and 0℃ level height(FLH) were analyzed in ARNC in the last 50 years by using Mann-Kendall(MK) nonparametric test,and the quantitative relationship between runoff and FLH in summer was also analyzed with the linear regression and elastic coefficient methods.The results are indicated as follows:(1) in recent 50 years,there is a similar changing trend between the summer runoff and FLH in ARNC and each region has its own unique feature.The summer runoff has been significantly ascending in the Tianshan Mountains and on the northern slope of the Qilian Mountains(NSQM) compared to that of the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains(NSKM).Likewise,the FLH has been taking on a markedly rising trend on the northern slopes of the Tianshan and Qilian Mountains(NSTM and NSQM) in comparison with the southern slope of the Tianshan Mountains(SSTM).However,the FLH on NSKM has been decreasing with the speed of 2.33 m every year.(2) Abrupt change analysis indicates that the period of abrupt change happened for summer runoff and FLH is totally different among the four typical study regions,and even in same region.(3) There is a positive significant relation between the summer runoff and FLH in ARNC(NSQM P <0.05;other three regions P <0.01).Therefore,the ascending and descending of the summer FLH is a vital factor inducing the change of summer runoff in ARNC.(4) The elastic coefficient of summer runoff to the change of summer FLH on NSKM,NSTM,NSQM,and SSTM are 7.19,3.80,2.79,and 6.63,respectively,which indicates that there exists the regional difference in the sensibility of summer runoff to the change of summer FLH in ARNC.The distinct proportion of glacial meltwater runoff is an important cause resulting in the regional difference of sensibility.

不同浮动覆盖条件下水面蒸发消减效果及节水效益研究

为探究不同浮动覆盖条件下水面蒸发消减效果及节水效益,以PE瓶、HDPE球、塑膜板为供试材料,设置3种不同水面覆盖率,在宁夏中部干旱带开展连续2个年度非冰期大型蒸发池试验,对比分析不同覆盖材料和覆盖率的蒸发消率、水面温度、水质变化、节水成本及效益。结果表明:覆盖材料的蒸发消减率4-6月呈趋于升高,7-10月趋于降低;同等条件下HDPE球3种覆盖率的非冰期蒸发消减率分别为42.14%、56.56%、70.15%,明显高于PE瓶和塑膜板;随着材料覆盖率增加,水体升温较为明显,且塑膜板对水温影响最大,HDPE球次之,PE瓶最小;覆盖水体中未发现毒害物质,水质稳定趋好;相同覆盖率下,HDPE球节水成本最低,塑膜板最高,相同覆盖材料下,50%覆盖率的最低,75%覆盖率的最高;3种材料消减水面蒸发直接效益均为负值,但考虑间接效益的情况下,采用HDPE球覆盖1万m^(2)的水面,寿命期50%、75%、90%覆盖率可分别实现25.94万元、27.41万元、36.60万元的正收益。综合节水效果、节水成本和效益,HDPE球是可供干旱地区选用的消减水面蒸发节水材料。

A Study of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Structure During a Clear Day in the Arid Region of Northwest China

The local climate and atmospheric circulation pattern exert a clear influence on the atmospheric boundary layer （ABL） formation and development in Northwest China. In this paper, we use field observational data to analyze the distribution and characteristics of the ABL in the extremely arid desert in Dunhuang, Northwest China. These data show that the daytime convective boundary layer and night time stable boundary layer in this area extend to higher altitudes than in other areas. In the night time, the stable boundary layer exceeds 900 m in altitude and can sometimes peak at 1750 m, above which the residual layer may reach up to about 4000 m. The daytime convective boundary layer develops rapidly after entering the residual layer, and exceeds 4000 m in thickness. The results show that the deep convective boundary layer in the daytime is a pre-requisite for maintaining the deep residual mixed layer in the night time. Meanwhile, the deep residual mixed layer in the night time provides favorable thermal conditions for the development of the convective boundary layer in the daytime. The prolonged periods of clear weather that often occurs in this area allow the cumulative effect of the atmospheric residual layer to develop fully, which creates thermal conditions beneficial for the growth of the daytime convective boundary layer. At the same time, the land surface process and atmospheric motion within the surface layer in this area also provide helpful support for forming the particular structure of the thermal ABL. High surface temperature is clearly the powerful external thermal forcing for the deep convective boundary layer. Strong sensible heat flux in the surface layer provides the required energy. Highly convective atmosphere and strong turbulence provide the necessary dynamic conditions, and the accumulative effect of the residual layer provides a favorable thermal environment.

西北干旱区荒漠戈壁两次极端沙尘事件的对比研究

为深入理解极端沙尘暴事件的演变过程和驱动因子,结合多源卫星遥感及再分析数据,挑选2007年3月31日(“3·31”事件)和2021年3月14日(“3·14”事件)爆发于西北干旱区荒漠戈壁的两次沙尘暴事件,对比分析了其时空演变、高低空环流配置、近地面气象要素的变化。结果表明:(1)两次极端事件分别爆发于塔克拉玛干沙漠及戈壁荒漠,均受高低层天气系统影响。其中,“3·31”事件受地面冷锋和高空脊控制,脊前西北冷空气与地面冷锋引起的垂直运动配合,将沙尘往下游输送;而“3·14”事件则受蒙古气旋和高空槽影响,气旋后的偏北风和气旋引发的垂直运动将沙尘卷起至高层大气,并通过槽后西北风将其往下游输送;(2)两次极端沙尘事件均有持续时间长的特点,区别在于“3·31”事件主要受高压脊、均压场和周边地形影响,大气层结稳定,沙尘不易沉降和输送,而“3·14”事件则因中国北部持续性高压导致的偏南风和偏东风阻止了沙尘向下游扩散;(3)两次极端沙尘事件爆发前,塔克拉玛干和戈壁荒漠均出现了高温、降水减少及土壤水分枯竭现象,即强风和干燥土壤。为极端沙尘事件的爆发创造了有利的动力条件和物质基础。

The hydrological linkage of mountains and plains in the arid region of northwest China

Mountain regions supply a large amount of fresh water for the people in arid and semiarid regions, however, there is great uncertainty of the water quantification from mountains to lower areas. In order to assess the hydrological significance of mountains and the hydrological linkage of mountains and plains, the measured and simulated hydrological data of the arid region in northwest China were used in the present research which followed a catchment-based approach. Firstly, the Heihe River Basin, a well-documented area, was selected as a specific watershed to reveal the hydrological relationship between highlands (mountains) and lowlands (plains); and then, the significance and disproportion of mountain runoff of 8 river basins as cases in the arid region of northwest China were analyzed and compared following the above analysis. The results of the study showed that the proportion of mountain runoff in total basinal runoff (PMR) of most rivers is above 50%. The PMR are between 50%-95% in the rivers originated in the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains where the aqueous vapor is relatively sufficient. And that, almost all the flow of the rivers originating from the Qilian Mountains, the southern slope of the Tianshan Mountains, and the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains come from mountain regions. Also the PMR gradually increases from west to east in northwest China. The hydrological significance and disproportion of mountains water in the arid region of northwest China were given a systematic and thorough assessment, and the results could give potential guides for the scientific utilization of water resources in these regional areas for relieving the more and more serious shortage of water resources due to climate warming and population expansion.

半干旱区不同覆膜时期、方式与膜色对土壤水分及马铃薯水分利用效率的影响

在宁夏中部干旱区,通过两年田间试验研究了不同覆膜时期、方式及膜色处理对马铃薯农田土壤水分、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:与裸地栽培相比较,各处理均能提高土壤水分。早春双垄全膜0~100cm土壤水分含量沟内白膜18.10%和黑膜19.73%,节水18.66mm和38.46mm,半膜覆盖白膜17.94%和黑膜16.70%,节水16.77mm和1.89mm;马铃薯苗期—现蕾期—开花期—块茎生长期生育阶段,2010—2011年各处理0~200cm土壤贮水量较裸地高,早春白膜双垄全覆膜处理节水39.23~40.65、24.51~31.08mm和21.75~30.88mm,早春黑膜双垄全覆膜处理节水56.85~20.21、37.81^-4.72mm和29.06^-3.26mm,播期白膜双垄全覆膜处理节水84.04、88.46mm和58.87mm,播期黑膜双垄全覆膜处理节水94.90、60.59mm和71.94mm,早春白膜半膜平覆处理节水45.53^-12.25、22.95~6.28mm和44.97~32.45mm,早春黑膜半膜平覆处理节水-7.42~18.15、-15.83~16.53mm和15.85^-17.12mm,播期白膜半膜平覆处理节水24.03、-3.79mm和20.32mm,播期黑膜半膜平覆处理节水-5.2、-40.42mm和-3.34mm。各处理0~200cm土壤水分垂直变化,0~40cm土壤水分最活跃层次,无明显变化规律,40~80cm土壤水分变化呈现出规律变化,土壤水分含量表现为高—低—高—低,水分蓄墒层,80~120cm土层水分缺墒层,120~200cm深墒稳定层。地膜栽培能提高马铃薯产量,早春白膜双垄全覆膜模式马铃薯鲜薯产量35007.85kg·hm-2,较裸地增产29.31%,降水生产效率116.35kg·hm-2·mm-1,提高36.15%,早春黑膜双垄全覆膜模式33823.75kg·hm-2,增产24.9%,降水生产效率105.7kg·hm-2·mm-1,提高25%。在干旱地区应推广提早覆膜、双垄全覆膜、膜色黑膜或白膜的抗旱节水栽培模式,该模式节水、增产、生态效益明显。