The Role of Toll-Like Receptors and Nuclear Factor κB p65 Protein in the Pathogenesis of Otitis Media

The role of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor κB p65 (NF-κB p65) proteins in the pathogenesis of otitis media is explored. In recent years, the incidence of otitis media has been rising globally, becoming a significant threat to human health. More and more studies have found that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), as a member of the Toll-like receptor family, can promote the generation of inflammatory factors and is closely related to the body’s immune response and inflammatory response. Nuclear factor-κB p65 (NF-κB p65) is a nuclear transcription factor that can interact with various cytokines, growth factors, and apoptotic factors, participating in processes such as oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation in the body [1]. This article elaborates on the structure, function, and signaling pathways of TLR4 and NF-κB p65 proteins in the pathogenesis of otitis media, aiming to provide more precise targets and better therapeutic efficacy for the diagnosis and treatment of otitis media. The role of inflammation in disease.

IL-17/NF-κB p65通路促进COPD小鼠气道发生上皮间质转化

目的探究白细胞介素17(IL-17)/核因子κB亚基p65亲和肽(NF-κB p65)通路在慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)气道发生上皮间质转化中的作用。方法将小鼠随机分为对照组和COPD组,每组8只。采用香烟诱导的方法建立小鼠COPD模型。取小鼠支气管肺组织制作石蜡切片,通过苏木素-伊红(HE)染色后观察支气管肺组织的病理改变,并分析肺泡破坏指数和肺平均内衬间隔。采用免疫荧光染色法观察E-cadherin和Vimentin的表达情况。采用免疫组织化学染色法观察IL-17和NF-κB p65的表达情况。结果COPD组小鼠肺泡破坏指数和肺平均内衬间隔均较对照组明显增大,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),提示病理组织学符合COPD的改变。与对照组相比,COPD组小鼠支气管肺组织中E-cadherin表达明显减少,而Vimentin表达明显增强(P<0.05),提示COPD组小鼠支气管肺组织存在上皮间质转化增强的现象。COPD组小鼠支气管肺组织中IL-17和NF-κB p65的表达均增强(P<0.05),并且分别与E-cadherin的表达水平呈负相关,与Vimentin的表达水平呈正相关。结论COPD小鼠气道IL-17/NF-κB p65通路促进气道上皮发生上皮间质转化。本研究结果有助于进一步认识COPD气道重构的机制,为改善COPD炎症治疗的困境以及预防COPD患者合并发生肺癌,均可提供新的思路。

归原疏筋合剂治疗腰椎间盘突出症的临床疗效及对血清NF-κB p65表达水平的影响

【目的】探究归原疏筋合剂治疗腰椎间盘突出症(LDH)患者的临床疗效及其可能的作用机制。【方法】将68例气滞血瘀证LDH患者随机分为试验组和对照组,每组各34例。对照组给予塞来昔布及甲钴胺片内服治疗,试验组在对照组的基础上加用归原疏筋合剂内服治疗,疗程为4周。观察2组患者治疗前后腰痛和下肢痛视觉模拟量表(VAS)评分、Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)评分、改良日本骨科协会(JOA)评分以及血清炎症因子[肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)、白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)]和血清核因子κB p65(NF-κB p65)水平的变化情况,并评价2组患者的临床疗效和用药安全性。【结果】(1)脱落情况方面,研究过程中,试验组脱落1例,对照组脱落3例,最终试验组33例、对照组31例纳入疗效统计。(2)疗效方面,治疗4周后,试验组的总有效率为96.97%(32/33),对照组为87.10%(27/31);组间比较(秩和检验),试验组的疗效明显优于对照组(P<0.05)。(3)量表评分方面,治疗后,2组患者的腰痛及下肢痛VAS评分、ODI评分均较治疗前降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),改良JOA评分均较治疗前升高(P<0.01),且试验组对腰痛及下肢痛VAS评分、ODI评分的降低幅度及对改良JOA评分的升高幅度均明显优于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。(4)血清炎症相关指标方面,治疗后,2组患者血清TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β、NF-κB p65水平均较治疗前降低(P<0.01),且试验组的降低幅度均明显优于对照组(P<0.01)。(5)安全性方面,治疗过程中,试验组的不良事件发生率为2.94%(1/34),对照组为8.82%(3/34),组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。【结论】归原疏筋合剂治疗气滞血瘀证LDH患者疗效确切,可有效缓解患者疼痛症状,改善患者腰椎功能,降低血清炎症因子及NF-κB p65表达水平,其作用机制可能与降低炎症因子水平,抑制NF-κB信号通路的活化有关。

Nuclear Factor kappa B p65 Expression in Mouse Cochlea

Nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB) is one of the best-characterized transcription factors playing important roles in many cellular responses to a large variety of stimuli,including inflammatory cytokines, phorbol esters, growth factors, and bacterial and viral products. The aim of this study is to demonstrate NF-κB expression in the mouse cochlea and its enhancement in response to lipopolysaccharides(LPS) and kanamycin(KA) treatment. Methods KA treatment consisted of subcutaneous KA injections at 700 mg/kg twice a day with an eight-hour interval between the two injections for 3 or 7 days. For animals in the LPS treatment group, a single dose of 0.3 mg LPS dissolved in 0.2 ml sterile saline were injected into both bullae through the tympanic membrane and kept there for 3 hours. Animals in the control group received subcutaneous saline injection for 7 days. Following immmunohistochemichal processing with rabbit polyclonal anti-NF-κB p65 antibodies, cryosections of the cochlea were examined for expression of NF-κB p65 in various structures in the cochlea. Results NF-κB p65 expression, identified by presence of brown reaction products characteristic of DAB immunohistochemistry, was visible in the spiral ligament, spiral prominence, tectorial membrane(TM), spiral ganglion and nerve fibers. Relatively weak NF-κB p65 expression was also visualized in the organ of Corti. Within the organ of Corti, the inner hair cells(IHC), outer hair cells(OHC), inner pillar cells(IP), outer pillar cells (OP), Deiter’s cells(DC), and Boettcher’s cells exhibited stronger staining than the inner sulcus cells, Hensen’s cells(HC) and Claudius’cells. No NF-κB p65 expression was seen in the nucleus of the IHC and OHC. NF-κB p65 expression was increased in animals exposed to LPS or KA, demonstrating significant differences in the staining between control animals and LPS/KA-treated animals. NF-κB p65 expression was not significantly different between LPS treated and KA treated animals or between 3 and 7 days in KA-treated animals. Conclusion LPS and KA exposure increases expression of NF-κB p65 in the mouse cochlea.

氧化苦参碱对实验性结肠炎大鼠肠黏膜细胞因子和核因子-κB p65表达的影响

目的:观察氧化苦参碱注射液对大鼠实验性结肠炎的治疗效果,探讨其作用机制.方法:将40只SD大鼠随机分为4组:正常对照组、模型组、美沙拉嗪组和氧化苦参碱(OMT)组,每组10只.正常对照组未行造模,其余3组大鼠均采用TNBS造模.模型组给予生理盐水肌注,美沙拉嗪组给予美沙拉嗪混悬液灌胃,氧化苦参碱组给予氧化苦参碱注射液肌注.治疗15d后观察大鼠的腹泻、便血症状和结肠病理组织学改变,用ELISA法检测结肠黏膜组织IL-2、IL-10的变化,并用免疫组化技术检测大鼠结肠黏膜核因子(NF)-κBp65的表达.结果:OMT组大鼠腹泻、黏液脓血便症状得到较快控制,大鼠黏膜组织损伤显著改善.与模型组比较,OMT组IL-2减少(102.93±21.10ng/L vs 231.48±40.78ng/L,P<0.05),IL-10增多(50.13±1.40ng/L vs 18.64±0.65ng/L,P<0.05),NF-κB p65显著降低(16.02%±7.27% vs 43.05%±13.80%,P<0.01).与正常组相比,模型组结肠黏膜IL-2升高,IL-10减少,NF-κBp65表达增多,差异均有显著性意义(102.93±21.10ng/L vs 30.44±12.03ng/L,50.13±1.40ng/L vs 58.92±3.70ng/L,16.02%±7.27% vs 9.57%±4.31%,均P<0.01).OMT组与美沙拉嗪组比较,IL-2、IL-10和NF-κB p65的表达无显著性差异.结论:氧化苦参碱注射液治疗大鼠实验性结肠炎有明显效果,其作用机制可能是通过减少IL-2的生成、促进IL-10分泌和抑制NF-κB p65的激活发挥治疗作用.

血必净对创伤弧菌脓毒症大鼠肺组织核因子-KBp65表达作用的研究

目的 观察创伤弧菌脓毒症大鼠肺组织核因子-κB（NF-κB）p65基因及蛋白表达,并探讨血必净对其的干预作用.方法 SD大鼠110只,随机分为正常组（A组,n＝10）、创伤弧菌脓毒症组（B组,n＝50,采用大鼠左下肢皮下注射创伤弧菌悬液制作大鼠创伤弧菌脓毒症模型）和血必净治疗干预组（C组,n＝50,感染后半小时腹腔注射血必净4 mL/kg）.B、C组于染菌后1、6、12、24、48 h活杀（各时间点n=10）,采用逆转录-聚合酶链式反应（RT-PCR） 法、Western blot法和双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）分别检测大鼠肺组织NF-κB p65的基因与蛋白表达及IL-10的含量,数据采用单因素方差分析.结果 与A组比较,B组大鼠肺组织创伤弧菌感染后6、12 h NF-κB p65 mRNA表达量与6、12、24和48 h肺组织NF-κB p65蛋白表达量均明显增高 （P〈0.05）;与B组相同时间点比较,C组6 h肺组织NF-κB p65 mRNA表达量与12、24及48 h肺组织NF-κB p65 蛋白表达量明显减少（P〈0.05）; 与A组比较,B组创伤弧菌菌感染12、24和48 h IL-10的含量明显增加（P〈0.05）,与B组相同时间点比较,C组24 h（52.444±9.605）肺组织IL-10的含量明显增高（P〈0.05）;感染后48 h,大鼠肺内血管明显充血,间质水肿并伴炎性浸润,肺泡腔塌陷,血必净干预后,肺组织损伤有所减轻.结论 NF-κB参与了创伤弧菌脓毒症肺损伤过程;血必净能抑制NF-κB p65的表达,从而起到保护创伤弧菌脓毒症大鼠肺组织的作用.

siRNA介导的NF-κB P65沉默诱导肝癌细胞SMMC7721凋亡

目的研究siRNA介导的NF-κBP65沉默诱导肝癌细胞凋亡相关机制。方法实验以肝癌SMMC7721细胞株为材料,分为空白对照(Con)、脂质体对照(LP)以及siRNA干扰实验(siRNA)3组。以体外转录法合成dsRNA,并用脂质体转染SMMC7721细胞株;Western blotting检测NF-#BP65表达水平,MTT检测细胞增殖情况,Annexin V-PI法检测细胞凋亡,免疫组化检测Bcl-2和Bax表达。结果与Con和LP组相比,siRNA具有抑制SMMC7721细胞NF-$BP65表达的作用,NF-%BP65表达抑制率分别达到64.74%和34.52%。siRNA明显抑制SMMC-7721细胞的增殖,并诱导细胞凋亡,晚期凋亡细胞分别是Con组和LP组的8倍和7倍。siRNA引起Bcl-2表达下调,而Bax表达上调。结论siRNA可以有效抑制NF-&BP65蛋白表达,并通过调节Bcl-2和Bax诱导SMMC7721细胞的凋亡。

死亡结构域沉默子和p65在儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病中的表达及与化疗的关系

目的探讨凋亡调控基因死亡结构域沉默子(SODD)在儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)中的表达、临床意义及与磷酸化-NF-κB-p65表达的相关性,研究ALL2种常用化疗药物对SODD表达的影响,试图寻找化疗新靶点。方法免疫组织化学SABC法检测25例儿童ALL骨髓细胞SODD、p65蛋白表达水平;长春新碱(VCR)处理Jurkat细胞后,Annexin-V-Fluorescence/PI双标记的流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡发生率,免疫印迹法检测SODD及p65在化疗药物作用下的表达变化。结果25例ALL中,SODD和p65表达的阳性率较健康对照组高,其中高危病例组SODD阳性表达率较标危病例组阳性表达率高,有显著性差异(Pa<0.05),且骨髓细胞中SODD与p65表达呈正相关(r=0.69P<0.01);VCR能有效诱导Jurkat细胞凋亡,在该凋亡过程中,SODD及p65表达下调,并呈时间依赖性,但柔红霉素(DNR)不能有效下调SODD的表达。结论SODD和p65均参与了ALL的发生发展,且存在一定的协同关系,SODD与ALL临床分型及预后有密切关系;VCR特异下调白血病细胞中SODD的表达及抑制NF-κB的活化,恢复白血病细胞的凋亡敏感性。

核因子-κB p65在肝炎相关性肝细胞癌中的表达及意义

目的:探讨核因子 κBp65(p65)、IκB a(inhibitoryκB α)在肝炎相关性肝细胞癌(HCC)中的表达、相互关系及其与临床病理的关系。方法:采用免疫组织化学染色法检测 83例肝炎相关性HCC组织石蜡标本中P65、IkB a蛋白; 应用免疫印迹法、免疫组织化学法检测 34例冰冻肝炎相关性HCC组织、配对癌旁组织、9例正常肝脏组织中P65、IkB a的蛋白,并结合肝癌的临床病理特点进行分析。结果:免疫组织化学结果与免疫印迹结果具有一致性(P>0. 05);P65在癌组织中的阳性率 71. 8% (84 /117)高于癌旁组织 20. 5% (24 /117) (P<0. 01),正常组织不表达;IkB a在癌组织中的阳性表达率 25. 6%,低于癌旁组织 55. 5% (65 /117) (P<0. 05),正常组织无表达;P65在C型肝炎相关性HCC(C HCC)和B、C混合型肝炎相关性HCC(BC HCC)中的阳性表达率 83. 9% ( 26 /31 )、89. 4% (17 /19),分别高于B型肝炎相关性HCC(B HCC) 61. 2% (41 /67) (P<0. 05);同时免疫印迹法证明,P65在HCC组织中阳性率增加、而IkB a表达减少。HCC中P65蛋白阳性与其组织学类型、组织分级、包膜状况、AFP值之间差异均无显著性(P>0. 05),P65蛋白阳性在转移组高于非转移组,有显著差异(P<0. 05),并且P65蛋白阳性与肿块大小有关(P<0. 05)。结论:肝炎相关性HCC中P65被激活,

Homer1a reduces inflammatory response after retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury

Elevated intraocular pressure(IOP)is one of the causes of retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury,which results in NRP3 inflammasome activation and leads to visual damage.Homerla is repo rted to play a protective role in neuroinflammation in the cerebrum.However,the effects of Homerla on NLRP3inflammasomes in retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury caused by elevated IOP remain unknown.In our study,animal models we re constructed using C57BL/6J and Homer1^(flox/-)/Homerla^(+/-)/Nestin-Cre^(+/-)mice with elevated IOP-induced retinal ischemia/repe rfusion injury.For in vitro expe riments,the oxygen-glucose deprivation/repe rfusion injury model was constructed with M uller cells.We found that Homerla ove rexpression amelio rated the decreases in retinal thickness and Muller cell viability after ischemia/reperfusion injury.Furthermore,Homerla knockdown promoted NF-κB P65^(Ser536)activation via caspase-8,NF-κB P65 nuclear translocation,NLRP3 inflammasome formation,and the production and processing of interleukin-1βand inte rleukin-18.The opposite results we re observed with Homerla ove rexpression.Finally,the combined administration of Homerla protein and JSH-23 significantly inhibited the reduction in retinal thickness in Homer1^(flox/-)Homer1a^(+/-)/Nestin-Cre^(+/-)mice and apoptosis in M uller cells after ischemia/reperfusion injury.Taken together,these studies demonstrate that Homer1a exerts protective effects on retinal tissue and M uller cells via the caspase-8/NF-KB P65/NLRP3 pathway after I/R injury.

轴突生长抑制因子A、核因子-kB p65对急性高血压脑出血患者病情及预后的评估

目的探究轴突生长抑制因子A(Nogo-A)、核因子-kB p65(NF-kB p65)对急性高血压脑出血(AHCH)患者病情及预后的评估价值。方法选取本院2017年4月至2019年7月收治的108例AHCH患者作为研究组,另随机选取同期健康体检者108例作为对照组。检测对比两组、研究组不同病情患者血清Nogo-A、NF-kB p65水平,分析血清Nogo-A、NF-kB p65与AHCH患者病情程度的关系。研究组随访3个月,比较不同预后患者血清Nogo-A、NF-kB p65水平,分析血清Nogo-A、NF-kB p65对预后的预测价值,并采用卡普兰-迈耶曲线进行生存分析。结果研究组重度患者血清Nogo-A、NF-kB p65水平>中度患者>轻度患者>对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);AHCH患者病情程度与血清NogoA、NF-kB p65表达水平显著相关(P<0.05);研究组预后不良患者血清Nogo-A、NF-kB p65高于预后良好患者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);AHCH患者GOS评分与血清Nogo-A、NF-kB p65间存在负相关关系(P<0.05);血清Nogo-A、NF-kB p65联合预测AHCH患者预后的曲线下面积(AUC)为0.842,大于血清Nogo-A、NF-kB p65单独预测的AUC(0.790、0.772),联合预测的最佳敏感度为72.73%,特异度为88.00%(P<0.05);研究组血清Nogo-A、NF-kB p65高危者生存率低于低危者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论AHCH患者血清Nogo-A、NF-kB p65表达水平与患者病情程度显著相关;其表达水平明显升高,可能增加患者不良预后发生风险;它们能辅助临床判断患者病情及预后情况。

Role of nuclear factor kappa B in central nervous system regeneration

Activation of nuclear factor kappa B （NF-κB） is a hallmark of various central nervous system （CNS） pathologies. Neuron-specific inhibition of its transcriptional activator subunit RelA, also referred to as p65, promotes neuronal survival under a range of conditions, i.e., for ischemic or excitotoxic insults. In macro- and microglial cells, post-lesional activation of NF-κB triggers a growth-permissive program which contributes to neural tissue inflammation, scar formation, and the expression of axonal growth inhibitors. Intriguingly, inhibition of such inducible NF-~B in the neuro-glial compartment, i.e., by genetic ablation of RelA or overexpression of a trans- dominant negative mutant of its upstream regulator IκBa, significantly enhances functional recovery and promotes axonal regeneration in the mature CNS. By contrast, depletion of the NF-κB subunit p50, which lacks transcriptional activator function and acts as a transcriptional repressor on its own, causes precocious neuronal loss and exacerbates axonal degeneration in the lesioned brain. Collectively, the data imply that NF-κB orchestrates a multicellular pro- gram in which κB-dependent gene expression establishes a growth-repulsive terrain within the post-lesioned brain that limits structural regeneration of neuronal circuits. Considering these subunit-specific functions, interference with the NF-κB pathway might hold clinical potentials to improve functional restoration following traumatic CNS injury.

Oxymatrine Improves TNBS-induced Colitis in Rats by Inhibiting the Expression of NF-κB p65

Inflammatory bowel disease is thought to be regulated by the balance between Th1 and Th2 cytokines secreted by T cells, and NF-κB p65 also plays a predominant role in the intestinal inflammation. We evaluated the potency of oxymatrine, one of active components of Sophora Root, in inhibiting the immune responses and inflammation in 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid （TNBS）-induced colitis. The inflammation was markedly ameliorated in the oxymatrine-treated rats. The level of IL-2 was increased and that of IL-10 was decreased in colon tissue in the rat model, which was reversed by the treatment of oxymatrine. Moreover, the elevated expression of NF-κB p65 in colon tissue in the model was also improved by oxymatrine treatment. Our results suggest that oxymatrine might be beneficial for the abnormal immune responses and inflammation by regulating the unbalance of Th1 and Th2 cytokines secretion and inhibiting the expression of NF-κB p65 in colon tissue.

Clinical significance of SQSTM1/P62 and nuclear factor-κB expression in pancreatic carcinoma

BACKGROUND Overexpression of SQSTM1(sequestosome 1,P62)and nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB)plays an important role in the invasion and metastasis of a variety of malignant tumors.AIM To explore the expression of P62 and NF-κB in pancreatic cancer and their relationship with clinicopathological features.METHODS The expression levels of P62 and NF-κB were analyzed by immunohistochemistry with a tissue chip containing 40 cases of human pancreatic carcinoma.Then we analyzed the correlation among P62 expression,phospho-P65 expression,and clinicopathological features of pancreatic carcinoma samples.RESULTS P62 expression was mainly observed in the cytoplasm of pancreatic carcinoma cells.Phosphorylated P65(phospho-P65)was mainly expressed in the nucleus and cytoplasm of pancreatic carcinoma cells.There was a significant difference in P62 expression among T stages.And a significant difference in phosphor-P65 expression among pathology types was noted.In the cases with strongly positive P62 expression,significant differences were found in age.And there were significant differences in T stage and tumor-node-metastasis stage in the cases with strongly positive phosphor-P65 expression.CONCLUSION In pancreatic carcinoma,P62 expression is significantly correlated with T stage.It may be a valuable malignant indicator for human pancreatic carcinoma.

Effect of NF-κB p65 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide on transdifferentiation of normal human lens epithelial cells induced by transforming growth factor-β2

AIM：To study the inhibition of nuclear factor kappa-B p65（NF-κB p65）antisense oligodeoxynucleotide（ASODN）on transdifferentiation of normal human lens epithelial cells induced by transforming growth factor-β2（TGF-β2）.·M ETHODS：NF-κBp65ASODNand NF-κBp65missense oligodeoxynucleotide（MSODN）were designed and synthesized.Human lens epithelial cell line（HLE B-3）cells were prepared for study and divided into 7 groups.Control group was HLE B-3 cells cultured in dulbecco’s modified eagle medium（DMEM）.T1,T2,and T3 group were HLE B-3 cells cultured in DMEM with 10 ng/m L TGF-β2 for 6h,12h,24h respectively.A＋T group was HLE B-3 cells cultured with 10 ng/m L TGF-β2for 24h after transfected by NF-κB p65 ASODN for 24h.M＋T group was HLE B-3 cells cultured with 10 ng/m L TGF-β2 for 24h after transfected by NF-κB p65 MSODN for 24h.The negative control group was HLE B-3 cells cultured with 10 ng/m L TGF-β2 for 24h after cultured with transfer agent（Hi Per Fect）for 24h.Cell morphology was observed at different time points using an inverted microscope.The expression of NF-κB p65 m RNA was detected with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction（RT-PCR）,and the expression ofα-smooth muscle actin（α-SMA）protein was assayed with ELISA.·RESULTS：With the TGF-β2 stimulation prolongation,the expression of NF-κB p65 m RNA and a-SMA protein increased in T1,T2,T3 groups compared with the control group,and the difference was statistically significant（〈0.05）.NF-κB p65 ASODN lowered the expression of NF-κB p65 m RNA andα-SMA protein induced by TGF-β2.NF-κB p65 MSODN and Hi Per Fect did not lower the expression of NF-κB p65 m RNA andα-SMA protein induced by TGF-β2.The difference between control group and A＋T group was not statistically significant（〉0.05）,but the difference among A＋T group and other groups was statistically significant（〈0.05）.·CONCLUSION：NF-κB p65 ASODN could lower the expression of NF-κB p65 m RNA andα-SMA protein induced by TGF-β2,and antagonized TGF-β2-induced transdifferentiation of HLE B-3.NF-κB p65ASODN could be used as a new biological therapeutic target of posterior capsular opacification.

Isoflavone Attenuates the Nuclear Transcription Factor Kappa B (NF-<i>κ</i>B) Activation on MPP⁺-Induced Apoptosis of PC12 Cells

Objective: To explore the underlying molecular mechanisms of cellular response to the challenge by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-induced apoptosis of PC12 cells, an in vitro cell model for Parkinson’s disease, and the effect of NF-κB activation on the protection of Parkinson’s disease by Isoflavone (I). Methods: PC12 cells were used to establish the cell model of Parkinson’s disease, and are divided into five groups: control group;MPP+ group;I (Isoflavone) + MPP+ group;I group;SN-50 + MPP+ group. The content of NF-κB in PC12 cells was determined by immunocytochemistry;The viability of PC12 cells after treated with cell-permeable NF-κB inhibitor SN-50 and cell viability were measured by MTT assay;the expression levels of NF-κB p65 in cytoplasm and nuclear fractions were evaluated by western blot analysis;the mRNA expression of NF-κB p65 was analyzed by in situ hybridization (ISH). Results: Compared with the control group, the protein of NF-κB p65 both in cytoplasm and in nuclei was significantly higher than in I + MPP+ and MPP+ groups;similarly, the mRNA expression level of NF-κB p65 gene was also significantly higher;moreover, the protein expression of NF-κB p65 was much lower in I group (P + group, the protein of NF-κB p65 was significantly lower in I + MPP+ group, the mRNA expression level of NF-κB p65 gene was also significantly lower, and the protein expression level of NF-κB p65 was much lower in I + MPP+ group (P + group (P > 0.05). Conclusion: NF-κB activation is essential to MPP+-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells;but Isoflavone can inhibit the cell damage to some extent to execute its protective function, which may be involved in nigral neurodegeneration in patients with Parkinson’s disease.

核因子κB亚基65及细胞色素C氧化酶-Ⅱ在大鼠急性肝衰竭模型中的变化及意义

目的观察核因子κB亚基65(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB p65)及细胞色素C氧化酶-Ⅱ(cytochrom eCoxidase-Ⅱ,COX-Ⅱ)在大鼠急性肝衰竭(acute liver failure,ALF)模型中的变化。方法 Sprague-Dawley雄性大鼠40只随机分为5组:对照组、ALF4h组、ALF8h组、ALF12h组和ALF24h组。ALF组采用D-氨基半乳糖(800mg/kg)和脂多糖(100g/kg)联合腹腔注射构建ALF模型,对照组注射同等体积的0.9%氯化钠溶液。分别检测各组的ALT、AST、TBIL、ALB、PT、PTA及观察各时间点肝脏病理变化;实时荧光定量PCR法检测各组大鼠肝脏内NF-κBp65的mRNA水平,分光光度法检测各组大鼠肝脏线粒体中的COX-Ⅱ活性。结果光镜结果显示,ALF8h组可见明显肝细胞凋亡,而12h组和24h组可见明显肝细胞坏死。ALF组中8h、12h及24h肝脏NF-κBp65的mRNA水平明显低于对照组(P均<0.001),24h最低。COX-Ⅱ的活性在ALF4h开始升高,8h达到高峰(与对照组比较,P=0.008),12h开始下降,24h下降更为明显。结论 ALF大鼠肝脏NF-κBp65的mRNA水平降低,肝脏线粒体COX-Ⅱ活性在凋亡阶段升高,后期降低。二者均参与了ALF中肝细胞凋亡的发生,同时NF-κBp65还可能抑制了ALF过程中肝细胞的再生。

Curcumin suppresses gastric NF-κB activation and macromolecular leakage in Helicobacter pylori-infected rats

AIM:To investigate whether curcumin could attenuate nuclear factor(NF)-κB p65 expression and macromolecular leakage in the gastric mucosa of Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)-infected rats.METHODS:Twenty-five male Sprague-Dawley rats were equally divided into five groups:control rats(Control),control rats supplemented with 600 mg/kg curcumin,H.pylori-infected rats(Hp),H.pylori-infected rats supplemented with 200 mg/kg curcumin(Hp + curIn H.pylori-infected groups,rats were inoculated with H.pylori suspension twice a day at an interval of 4 h for 3 d.Two weeks later,200 or 600 mg/kg curcumin was given once daily to curcuminsupplemented groups for 7 d.On the day of the experiment,macromolecular leakage in gastric mucosa was examined by intravital fluorescence microscopy.The stomach tissue was removed to examine NF-κB p65 expression in gastric epithelial cells by immunohistochemistry.RESULTS:The expression of NF-κB p65 in gastric epithelial cells and the macromolecular leakage from gastric mucosal microcirculation significantly increased in the Hp group compared with the Control group.The percentages of NF-κB p65 immunoreactive cells in Control and Hp groups were 10.72% ± 2.10% vs 16.02% ± 2.98%,P = 0.004,respectively.The percentages of macromolecular leakage in Control and Hp groups were 10.69% ± 1.43% vs 15.41% ± 2.83%,P = 0.001,respectively.Curcumin supplementation in Hp + cur-CONCLUSION:H.pylori-induced gastric inflammation in rats is associated with increased NF-κB activation and macromolecular leakage which can be reduced by curcumin supplementation.

Role of moxibustion in inflammatory responses during treatment of rat ulcerative colitis

AIM: To investigate the efficacy of moxibustion in ulcerative colitis (UC) rats from morphological, immunological and molecular biological perspectives. METHODS: Thirty-two Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to a blank control group (normal rats, n = 6) and a model replication (MR) group (UC rats, n = 26). A UC model was established by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid/dextran sulfate sodium enema. Rats in the MR group were further randomly assigned to a 9-min moxibustion (9M) group (9 moxa-cone, n = 6), 6-min moxibustion (6M) group (6 moxa-cone, n = 6), 3-min moxibustion (3M) group (3 moxa-cone, n = 6), and a waiting list control (WLC) group (no moxibustion treatment, n = 6). Rats in the moxibustion treatment group were treated in 14 sessions over 28 d. Disease activity, local tissue morphology, serum level of interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-10, and expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR)9 as well as nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B p65 in colonic tissue were determined by disease activity index (DAI), hematoxylin and eosin staining, electron microscopy, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting, respectively. RESULTS: DAI was lowest in the 9M group and highest in the WLC group. The differences in DAI between the moxibustion treatment (3M, 6M, 9M) and no treatment groups were significant for all one-to-one comparisons (0.60 +/- 0.54 vs 1.20 +/- 0.44, 0.60 +/- 0.54 vs 1.80 +/- 0.45, 0.60 +/- 0.54 vs 3.0 +/- 0.45, respectively, P < 0.05). Light and electron microscopy showed that the neatness of the glandular arrangement in colonic mucosal epithelia gradually increased in the WLC, 3M, 6M to 9M groups. IL-8 level successively decreased while IL-10 level increased from the WLC to 3M, 6M and 9M groups. The differences among these groups were significant for all comparisons (105.46 +/- 8.75 vs 76.61 +/- 3.58, 105.46 +/- 8.75 vs 69.78 +/- 1.87, 105.46 +/- 8.75 vs 67.41 +/- 1.84, respectively, P < 0.01 for IL-8; and 30.83 +/- 1.29 vs 75.64 +/- 1.90, 30.83 +/- 1.29 vs 80.90 +/- 3.16, 30.83 +/- 1.29 vs 83.46 +/- 2.37, respectively, P < 0.01 for IL-10), except comparison of 6M vs 9M. Expression of TLR9 and NF-kappa B p65 decreased in order: highest in the WLC group and lowest in the 9M group. In addition, the differences among the WLC, 3M, 6M and 9M groups were significant for all comparisons (0.492 +/- 0.026 vs 0.380 +/- 0.022, 0.492 +/- 0.026 vs 0.355 +/- 0.005, 0.492 +/- 0.026 vs 0.327 +/- 0.015, respectively, P < 0.05 for TLR9; and 0.436 +/- 0.041 vs 0.326 +/- 0.022, 0.436 +/- 0.041 vs 0.293 +/- 0.006, 0.436 +/- 0.041 vs 0.265 +/- 0.017, respectively, P < 0.05 for NF-kappa B p65). CONCLUSION: Moxibustion repairs damaged colonic mucosa, suppresses serum IL-8, activates serum IL-10 level, and decreases expression of TLR-9 and NF-kappa B p65 in UC rats. (C) 2014 Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

Expression and signifi cance of TLR4 and HIF-1α in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

AIM:To investigate the expression of toll-like receptor(TLR) 4,nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB) p65 and hypoxiainducible transcription factor 1α(HIF-1α) in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and their clinical significance.METHODS:The mRNA of TLR4 and HIF-1α were investigated by real-time polymerase chain reaction in 30 cases of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and its adjacent tissues,and expression of TLR4,NF-κB p65 and HIF-1α protein were detected by immunohistochemistry in 65 cases of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma tissues and 38 cases of corresponding adjacent tissues.The relationship between TLR4 or HIF-1α and pathologic features,as well as the association between TLR4 and HIF-1α,were also analyzed.Kaplan-Meier method was used to assess the impact of expression of TLR4 and HIF-1α on survival of patients with pancreatic cancer.RESULTS:The relative quantif ication of TLR4 and HIF-1α mRNA in tumor tissues was 0.81±0.10 and 0.87±0.11,respectively,signif icantly higher than that in adjacent tissues(0.81±0.10 vs 0.70±0.16,P=0.002;0.87±0.11 vs 0.68±0.13,P=0.000).The protein expression of TLR4,NF-κB p65 and HIF-1α in tumor tissues was 69.20%,66.15% and 70.80%,respectively,being signif icantly higher than that in adjacent normal tissues(69.20% vs 39.50%,P=0.003;66.15% vs 31.58%,P=0.001;70.80% vs 36.80%,P=0.001).There was no signif icant correlation between TLR4 or HIF-1α expression and the age,gender,tumor location,the degree of tumor differentiation in the patients(P>0.05).However,there was signif icant correlation between the expression of TLR4 or HIF-1α and tumor size,lymph node metastasis,venous invasion and clinical staging(P<0.05).The expression of TLR4 and HIF-1α had a signif icant impact on survival of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma.CONCLUSION:TLR4,NF-κB p65 and HIF-1α are overexpressed in pancreatic adenocarcinoma,TLR4 may be partly involved in up-regulating HIF-1α,and both synergestically promote development of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.