Comparative Analysis of Codon Usage Patterns Among Mitochondrion, Chloroplast and Nuclear Genes

In many organisms, the difference in codon usage patterns among genes reflects variation in local base compositional biases and the intensity of natural selection. In this study, a comparative analysis was performed to investigate the characteristics of codon bias and factors in shaping the codon usage patterns among mitochondrion, chloroplast and nuclear genes in common wheat （Triticum aestivum L.）. GC contents in nuclear genes were higher than that in mitochondrion and chloroplast genes. The neutrality and correspondence analyses indicated that the codon usage in nuclear genes would be a result of relative strong mutational bias, while the codon usage patterns of mitochondrion and chloroplast genes were more conserved in GC content and influenced by translation level. The Parity Rule 2 （PR2） plot analysis showed that pyrimidines were used more frequently than purines at the third codon position in the three genomes. In addition, using a new alterative strategy, 11, 12, and 24 triplets were defined as preferred codons in the mitochondrion, chloroplast and nuclear genes, respectively. These findings suggested that the mitochondrion, chloroplast and nuclear genes shared particularly different features of codon usage and evolutionary constraints.

The Clam Cyclina sinensis (Gmelin) Phylogeography Study with 28S rRNA Gene and Potential of Nuclear rRNA Genes in Genetic Assessments of Molluscs

Intraspecific diversity of molluscan species is usually studied based on maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA,from which only part of the evolutionary history can be reflected.Some nuclear ribosomal RNA genes such as 28S rRNA represent poten-tial candidates that can be easily applied in phylogeography because of lacking intraindividual variation.However,considering their low polymorphism,genetic appraisals on whether and how they can be used in population studies are necessary.Here,we applied a short 28S rRNA to assess genetic patterns of the clam Cyclina sinensis along the coast of China and compared the results with a for-mer study based on COI and ITS-1 analyses.The results revealed the 28S rRNA data set was characterized by an extremely low level of variation,with only seven haplotypes defined for 93 individuals.Haplotype and nucleotide diversity for each population was al-most the lowest when compared with the other two markers.However,the distribution of two dominant haplotypes showed clear geo-graphic patterns,and significant population differentiation was revealed between the East China Sea and the South China Sea.These patterns were highly concordant with findings of the former study that populations of C.sinensis were historically separated by land bridges among sea basins.Our study suggested that although the nuclear rRNAs have shortcomings such as low variation,they have advantages including lack of intraindividual variation and high amplification rates.Applying rRNA genes can enrich the toolbox of nuclear markers in molluscan phylogeographic studies.

Chloroplast DNA Underwent Independent Selection from Nuclear Genes during Soybean Domestication and Improvement

The chloroplast is one of the most important organs in plants because of its essential role in photosynthesis.Studies have shown that the chloroplast was once a free-living cyanobacteria and was integrated into the host species through endosymbiosis（Goksoyr.1967）.after which a large number of its genes had been donated to the host nuclear genome（Heins and Soll, 1998）.

A peep into mitochondrial disorder： multifaceted from mitochondrial DNA mutations to nuclear gene modulation

Mitochondrial genome is responsible for multiple human diseases in a maternal inherited pattern, yet phenotypes of patients in a same pedigree frequently vary largely. Genes involving in epigenetic modification, RNA processing, and other biological pathways, rather than ＂threshold effect＂ and environmental factors, provide more specific explanation to the aberrant phenotype. Thus, the double hit theory, mutations both in mito- chondrial DNA and modifying genes aggravating the symptom, throws new light on mitochondrial dysfunc- tion processes. In addition, mitochondrial retrograde signaling pathway that leads to reconfiguration of cell metabolism to adapt defects in mitochondria may as well play an active role. Here we review selected examples of modifier genes and mitochondrial retrograde signaling in mitochondrial disorders, which refine our understanding and will guide the rational design of clinical therapies.

Cloning and Expression of the vp39 Gene of Bombyx mori Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus in E.coli

The nuclear capsid protein gene (vp39) ofBombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV) was amplified successfully by PCR technique and inserted into pGEM 3zf(+). The 5′ and 3′ terminal area of the amplified vp39 gene were sequenced with silver-staining dideoxy method. Bmvp39 gene was sub-cloned into the expression vector pRSET-A, and transformed intoE. coli BL21. This gene was highly expressed by IPTG induction. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the expressed protein is about 38 kd, and the expressed amount reached maxium in 4 h with IPTG induction.

Polymorphism of Methionine Synthase Gene in Nuclear Families of Congenital Heart Disease

Objective To investigate the relation of methionine synthase (MS) gene variation with congenital heart disease (CHD) phenotype. Methods One hundred and ninety three CHD patients (94 males and 99 females) and their biological parents (nuclear families) in Liaoning Province were selected as the case group, and another 104 normal persons (60 males and 44 females) and their parents without family history of birth defects as the control group. For all subjects the polymorphism of MS gene A2756G locus was examined by PCR-RFLP method. Results In offspring of the control group the frequencies of MS genotype (+/ -) and allele (+) were 10.7% and 5.3%, without existence of homozygote. The MS genotype distribution and allele frequencies of CHD patients and their mothers were not significantly different from the control (P > 0.05). The frequency of allele (+) in case fathers (5.0 %) was apparently lower than that in the control (9.1%, P=0.060), and the odds ratio (OR) was 0.53 (95% CI: 0.25-1.09). There was no difference in parents' genotype combination between the two groups, and in genotype distribution among different types of CHD. Analysis of genetic transmission indicated that mutation allele (+) existed transmission disequilibrium in CHD nuclear families. The percentage of allele (+) transmitted from parents was lower than that allele (-) with OR 0.26 (95% CI: 0.11-0.60). Conclusion MS gene variation in parents is associated with occurrence of CHD in offspring, and mutation allele (+) in parents may be related with the decrease of CHD risk in offspring.

Effects of tamoxifen citrate on gene expression during nuclear chromatin condensation in male rats

Aim： To evaluate the effects of tamoxifen citrate on gene expression during nuclear chromatin condensation in male rats. Methods： The effects of an oral dose of 0.4 mg/（kg·d） tamoxifen citrate on rates of in vitro chromatin decondensation, acridine orange （AO） dye uptake, concentration of thiol-groups, levels and/or expression of transition proteins 1, 2 （TP1, TP2）, protamine 1 （P1）, cyclic AMP response element modulator-τ （CREMτ）, androgenbinding protein （ABP） and cyclic adenosine 3＇, 5＇ monophosphate （cAMP） were evaluated after 60 days of exposure in adult male rats. Controls received the vehicle. Results： Tamoxifen citrate enhanced the rates of chromatin decondensation, increased AO dye uptake and reduced free thiols in caput epididymal sperms and reduced the levels of TP1, TP2, P1, and CREMτ in the testis, while cAMP was unaffected. P1 deposition was absent in the sperm. The transcripts of TP1, TP2 were increased, of P1 and ABP decreased, while those of CREMτ unaffected in the testis. Conclusion： Tamoxifen citrate reduced caput epididymal sperm chromatin compaction by reducing the testicular levels of proteins TP1, TP2 and P1 and the CREMτ involved in chromatin condensation during spermiogenesis. Tamoxifen citrate affects the expression of these genes at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. （Asian J Androl 2005 Sep; 7： 311-321）

Cloning and characterization of proliferating cell nuclear antigen gene of Alexandrium catenella (Dinoflagellate) with respect to cell growth

Harmful algal blooms （HABs） have been affecting negatively the shellfish and aquaculture industries around the world. Though a lot of efforts have been made to disclose the changes of environmental factors involved and their effects on the HABs events, the molecular mechanism of this process remains unclear. To address this problem, proliferating cell nuclear antigen gene （pcna） was isolated and characterized from Alexandrium catenella. It showed high homology to those of other dinoflagellates （89% and 91% homology to Pfiesteria piscicid and Pyrocystis lunula, respectively）, and also 42%–43% homology to those of plant and animals. The expression level of pcna revealed by quantitative real time PCR was the lowest at the late lagging cell growth phase, increased to the highest at the late exponential phase, and then decreased at the stationary phase. Though the cell growth rate was also changing, no positive correlation between pcna expression level and cell growth rate was displayed throughout the whole cell growth stages （r 2 =0.024 6）. However, the pcna expression level had the similar trend with the change of cell growth rate throughout the whole growing process, e.g., from increasing at the earlier cell growth stage to decreasing at the following stages, though slightly lagging to the latter.

Lipopolysaccharide triggers nuclear import of Lpcat1 to regulate inducible gene expression in lung epithelia

AIM:To report that Lpcat1 plays an important role in regulating lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inducible gene tran-scription. METHODS:Gene expression in Murine Lung Epithelial MLE-12 cells with LPS treatment or Haemophilus influenza and Escherichia coli infection was analyzed by employing quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction techniques. Nucleofection was used to deliver Lenti-viral system to express or knock down Lpcat1 in MLE cells. Subcellular protein fractionation and Western blotting were utilized to study Lpcat1 nuclear relocation. RESULTS:Lpcat1 translocates into the nucleus from thecytoplasm in murine lung epithelia (MLE) after LPS treatment. Haemophilus influenza and Escherichia coli , two LPS-containing pathogens that cause pneumonia, triggered Lpcat1 nuclear translocation from the cytoplasm. The LPS inducible gene expression profile was determined by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction after silencing Lpcat1 or overexpression of the enzyme in MLE cells. We detected that 17 out of a total 38 screened genes were upregulated, 14 genes were suppressed, and 7 genes remained unchanged in LPS treated cells in comparison to controls. Knockdown of Lpcat1 by shRNA dramatically changed the spectrum of the LPS inducible gene transcription, as 18 genes out of 38 genes were upregulated, of which 20 genes were suppressed or unchanged. Notably, in Lpcat1 overex-pressed cells, 25 genes out of 38 genes were reduced in the setting of LPS treatment.CONCLUSION:These observations suggest that Lpcat1 relocates into the nucleus in response to bacterial infection to differentially regulate gene transcriptional repression.

Production of homeobox A10 gene transgenic pigs by somatic cell nuclear transfer

Homeobox A10(Hoxa10) gene is one of the most important candidate genes associated with the reproductive performance of humans and mice. Overexpression of Hoxa10 in mouse endometrium can increase litter size. Moreover, Hoxa10 plays a key role in regulating the embryo implantation of sows. This study aimed to generate transgenic pigs using Hoxa10 via somatic cell nuclear transfer(SCNT). We established seven Hoxa10-transgenic cell lines, and two of the cell lines were selected as nuclear donors for the transfer. A total of 1 270 cloned embryos were generated and transferred to five surrogate mothers(Landrace×Yorkshire). Eight cloned male piglets were produced including one with cryptorchidism. Six transgenic piglets grew up healthy and produced 56 offspring. Finally, we obtained six transgenic male pigs and 26 transgenic positive offspring that can be used to further study the regulatory mechanism of Hoxa10 on the reproductive performance of pigs.

Construction of the Antisense Eukaryotic Vector for Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen Gene and Its Expression in Bladder Cancer EJ Cell Line

To explore a novel strategy for antisense gene therapy of cancer,the coding sequence of hum an proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA) c DNA was reversely inserted into the eukaryotic vector p L XSN by molecular cloning techniques and transferred into bladder cancer EJcells with li- posome. The PCNA expression in transferred cells was dynamically detected by immunofluo- rescence and RT- PCR techniques. Changes of proliferation activities of cancer cells were assayed by MTT colorim etric and cloning formation m ethods.In the experiment,the antisense eukaryotic vector was successfully constructed and nam ed as p L APSN.After transfection with it for1- 7 days,PCNA protein and m RNA levels in cancer cells were blocked by16 .74 % - 84 .2 1% (P< 0 .0 5 ) and2 3.2 7% - 86 .15 % (P<0 .0 5 ) respectively.The proliferation activities of transferred cells were inhibited by 2 7.91% - 6 2 .0 7% (P<0 .0 1) ,with cloning formation abilities being de- creased by 5 0 .81% (P<0 .0 1) . Itwas concluded that the in vitro proliferation activities of cancer cells could be effectively inhibited by blocking PCNA expression with antisense technique,which could serve as an ideal strategy for gene therapy of bladder cancer.

过表达NRF1减轻阿尔茨海默病模型小鼠的线粒体和认知功能障碍

目的探讨核呼吸因子1(NRF1)对阿尔茨海默病疾病(AD)模型小鼠线粒体及和认知功能障碍的影响。方法以5×FAD小鼠作为AD模型小鼠,并用脑立体定位注射稀疏标记的过表达NRF1的AAV病毒(AAV-NRF1)。Western blot法测定海马中NRF1的表达;用透射电镜观察海马中线粒体形态;用激光共聚焦显微镜观察CA1区稀疏标记神经元的树突棘并计数;Morris水迷宫实验评估小鼠认知和记忆功能;电生理法检测突触效能的长时程增强效应(LTP)。结果脑立体注射AAV-NRF1后,海马中NRF1表达升高(P<0.001),海马神经元中线粒体形态明显改善,小鼠的认知和记忆功能提高(P<0.01),海马CA1区神经元的树突棘密度增加(P<0.001)并产生持久稳定的LTP且fEPSP斜率增高(P<0.01)。结论在5×FAD小鼠AD模型中,NRF1过表达触发了线粒体功能障碍的修复,并改善了突触可塑性,推测这些改变参与到了过表达NRF1对AD认知功能障碍改善的治疗效果中。

β-紫罗兰酮通过NF-κB途径抑制乳腺癌细胞增殖

目的探讨β-紫罗兰酮(β-Ionone,BI)通过调节核因子-κB(Nuclear factor kappa-B,NF-κB)对乳腺癌细胞增殖过程的抑制作用及其可能的机制。方法采用亚甲基蓝(Methylene blue,MB)法和MTT法测定人乳腺癌BT549细胞和MCF-7细胞活性,孔雀石绿磷酸盐法检测蛋白磷酸酶2A(Protein phosphatase 2A,PP2A)活性、免疫印迹法检测磷酸化P65(p-P65)(s536和s311)、PP2A(A、B和C)和磷酸化共济失调毛细血管扩张突变基因(Phosphorylation-ataxia telangiectasia-mutated gene,p-ATM)(s1981)蛋白水平。结果BI可明显抑制人乳腺癌BT549细胞和MCF-7细胞的增殖,且呈时间和剂量依赖性,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。MCF-7细胞经BI处理后,NF-κB活性被显著抑制,表现为磷酸化P65(s536和s311)的蛋白水平显著降低,PP2A的蛋白水平升高,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。此外,BI还显著地降低PP2A抑制剂冈田酸(Okadaic acid,OA)对MCF-7细胞中P65蛋白和ATM蛋白的磷酸化作用。结论该研究表明BI通过抑制NF-κB活性来抑制乳腺癌细胞的增殖,其机制可能是BI通过增加PP2A活性调节NF-κB通路。

辣椒雄性不育分子研究进展

为对辣椒雄性不育分子研究取得的进展有更直观、系统、深入的了解,梳理已鉴定的辣椒核雄性不育(NMS)基因及部分NMS基因分子标记开发,重点阐述近年来核雄性不育基因精细定位及候选基因探究工作;同时回顾辣椒胞质雄性不育(CMS)相关的线粒体不育基因及其关联分子标记和CMS恢复基因分子标记开发,重点概述近年来恢复基因精细定位研究取得的进展。研究指出,精细定位NMS基因,明确候选基因并开发功能标记是辣椒NMS研究的重点,既能为探明辣椒NMS机理奠定基础又可为育种提供高效利用的分子标记。而CMS相较于NMS更为复杂,表现在遗传机制多样且更易受环境影响等方面,因此,从对CMS育性恢复基因的精细定位到基因克隆以及功能研究并探明CMS分子机制还有很长的一段路要走。

BmNPV侵染对家蚕β-N-乙酰葡萄糖苷酶活性及其相关基因转录水平的影响

为了深入解析β-N-乙酰葡萄糖苷酶(GlcNAcases)在病毒感染过程中的作用机制,将家蚕核型多角体病毒(BmNPV)经口感染5龄起家蚕,在感染后3、6、9、12、24 h提取家蚕血淋巴、脂肪体和中肠,采用荧光定量PCR方法检测GlcNAcases基因的表达水平,同时利用GlcNAcases测试盒测定GlcNAcases活性变化情况。结果显示,经口感染BmNPV后,家蚕血淋巴、脂肪体和中肠组织中GlcNAcases活性整体呈现先逐渐升高后急剧降低的趋势;而家蚕机体4个GlcNAcases编码基因的转录水平在不同组织中存在一定差异。在感染BmNPV后3~12 h,血淋巴中BmGlcNAcase1和BmGlcNAcase2的表达量均明显上调,BmGlcNAcase3和BmGlcNAcase4表达量与对照组(未感染)无差异;在感染后24 h,血淋巴中4个GlcNAcases基因表达量均开始下调,且表达量明显低于对照组。脂肪体组织中BmGlcNAcase2和BmGlcNAcase3在感染BmNPV后其表达量呈现先上调后下调的趋势,其中BmGlcNAcase2的表达量在感染BmNPV后3 h就开始上调,BmGlcNAcase3的表达量在9 h才开始上调,BmGlcNAcase1和BmGlcNAcase4的表达量无明显变化。感染BmNPV后,中肠BmGlcNAcase2和BmGlcNAcase4的表达量整体先逐渐上调,增高至一个峰值,随后急剧减弱,表达受到明显抑制;而BmGlcNAcase1和BmGlcNAcase3在感染BmNPV后其表达量呈现下调趋势,表达量逐渐降低。综上,BmGlcNAcase2编码的GlcNAcases在家蚕抵御BmNPV的侵染过程中发挥了一定的免疫防御功能。

一个新的水稻黄绿叶突变体ygl-9108的鉴定与基因定位

本研究旨在对水稻黄绿叶突变体ygl-9108进行表型分析和基因定位,为后续图位克隆该叶色相关基因奠定基础。以黄绿叶突变体ygl-9108为试材,利用突变体ygl-9108和‘五山丝苗’杂交的F2群体进行基因定位。结果表明,与野生型相比,突变体的株高、有效穗数、穗长、每穗粒数、结实率、粒宽、千粒重和单株谷重均显著下降,下降比例分别为21.5%、21.2%、14.6%、19.2%、11.0%、10.2%、12.9%和52.2%。透射电镜观察显示,突变体叶肉细胞的叶绿体数量大量减少,类囊体结构异常。遗传分析表明,突变体的表型由一个隐性核基因控制。利用图位克隆方法,ygl-9108被定位于水稻第11号染色体两InDel标记11Y39和11Y45之间,物理距离约为147 kb,该区间内未见有叶色相关基因的报道,表明ygl-9108是一个新的黄绿叶调控基因。本研究结果为ygl-9108的克隆和功能分析奠定了坚实的基础。

基于单拷贝核基因的差不嘎蒿谱系地理与遗传结构研究

为揭示我国东北部重要固沙植物差不嘎蒿(Artemisia halodendron)的群体遗传结构与种群历史动态,本研究利用2个直系同源单拷贝核基因对来自呼伦贝尔沙地和科尔沁沙地的8个种群154个个体进行分析。结果表明,2个核基因c7847和c9002分别检测到38和47个单倍型,单倍型多样性(H d)分别为0.9474和0.9158,各种群均在0.8以上,反映出差不嘎蒿有着高的遗传多样性。2个基因的分子变异分析(AMOVA)显示,差不嘎蒿96.524%和96.985%的遗传变异来自种群内,种群间和2个沙地间分化很小;种群遗传分化系数N st均大于G st,但差异不显著,表明差不嘎蒿没有明显的谱系地理结构。中性检验显示,2个核基因的Tajima’s D值均不显著,而Fu’s Fs值显著(P<0.05),结合歧点分布分析,该种在中性模式下经历有限的种群扩张,其中分布区北部的呼伦贝尔沙地的新巴尔虎左旗(DQ)和海拉尔(HLR)种群最为明显。

Phylogenetic relationship of Podocopida (Ostracoda: Podocopa) based on 18S ribosomal DNA sequences

Nucleotide sequences from 18S rDNA of 11 ostracodes, which represent four suborders and six superfamilies of podocopidan, were determined. The phylogenetic relationships were analyzed based on three kinds of methods (maximum-likelihood, maximum-parsimony, and neighbor-joining), and the three topologies gained were basically similar. The results have showed that (1) a monophyletic Podocopida was supported strongly; (2) the phylogenetic relationships of four suborders were (Darwinulocopina plus (Bairdiocopina plus (Cytherocopina plus Cypridocopina))), which indicated that a close relationship between Cytherocopina and Cypridocopina, and Darwinulocopina had separated early from the main podocopinan; (3) Cypridocopinan formed a monophyletic group, among which the phylogenetic relationship of three superfamilies was (Cypridoidea plus (Macrocypridoidea plus Pontocypridoidea)).

肝细胞癌相关的核编码线粒体基因及临床信息的综合预后模型

目的·建立一个基于线粒体基因和临床信息的肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)总生存率(overall survival,OS)的预后模型。方法·从癌症基因组图谱(The Cancer Genome Atlas,TCGA)下载369例HCC患者和50例肝脏正常对照的基因表达谱和临床数据。核编码的线粒体基因(nuclear encoded mitochondrial gene,NEMG)从MitoCarta3.0数据库获得。使用“DEseq2”R包和单变量Cox分析选择与HCC患者OS相关并参与氧化磷酸化、三羧酸循环和细胞凋亡通路的NEMG[(泛素细胞色素C还原酶铰链蛋白(ubiquinol cytochrome C reductase hinge protein,UQCRH)、腺苷三磷酸柠檬酸裂解酶(ATP citrate lyase,ACLY)、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶2(phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 2,PCK2)、Bcl-2同源拮抗剂1(Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer 1,BAK1)、Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bcl-2-associated X protein,BAX)和Bcl-2/腺病毒E1B相互作用蛋白3样(Bcl-2/adenovirus E1B interacting protein 3-like,BNIP3L)]。应用多变量Cox回归来确定HCC OS的独立危险因素。建立一个基于独立危险因素(6个NEMG风险特征和TNM分期)的综合预后模型和预后列线图,计算中位预后评分。以中位预后评分作为分界点,将HCC患者分为高风险组和低风险组。进行Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析,并进行对数秩检验来评估低风险组和高风险组患者OS的差异。使用“timeROC”软件包计算受试者操作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)。用基因表达数据库(Gene Expression Omnibus,GEO)下载HCC队列(GSE14520)验证综合预后模型对1、3、5年OS的预测性能。通过实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction,qPCR)在来自上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院的34例HCC临床样本中验证6-NEMG的相对表达水平。结果·ROC分析结果显示,与仅6-NEMG风险特征(1、3、5年AUC分别为0.77、0.66、0.65)或仅TNM分期(1、3、5年AUC分别为0.66、0.67、0.63)相比,该综合预后模型对1年(AUC,0.78)、3年(AUC,0.73)和5年(AUC,0.69)HCC OS显示出更好的预测性能。Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析结果显示高风险组患者的OS明显比低风险组差(P=0.001)。此外,在GEO外部队列中发现该预后模型的预测性能较好(1、3、5年AUC分别为0.67、0.66、0.74),高、低风险组患者的预后差异有统计学意义(P=0.001),与TCGA数据的结果一致。在临床HCC队列中,与癌旁肝脏组织相比,除BNIP3L外,其他5个NEMG在肿瘤组织的表达水平上调或者下调。相关性分析显示,在GSE14520与临床HCC队列中预后评分与HCC肿瘤的大小和数量呈正相关。结论·构建并验证了一个将6-NEMG风险特征与TNM分期相结合的HCC预后预测模型。该模型可能有助于HCC患者的预后预测。

干细胞在牛羊遗传改良中的应用研究进展

干细胞技术是当前动物生物技术的热门研究之一,不仅在再生医学和人类疾病治疗方面优势突出,还在动物遗传资源保存及品种改良等方面有着巨大的应用潜力。干细胞作为一种新型实验材料,可以与基因编辑技术、体细胞核移植技术、体外受精技术及高通量测序等技术相结合,在家畜遗传改良中有着极大的科研潜力和应用价值。本文总结了干细胞分离培养技术,以及近年来干细胞技术在牛、羊遗传育种中的研究进展,并对其应用及发展前景进行了展望。