Evolving National Security: A Roadmap from Present to Future in Renewable and Nonrenewable Energy Policies (A Technical Review)

This comprehensive exploration delves into the intricate dynamics of national security policies in the realm of renewable and nonrenewable energy sources.From the present landscape characterized by the diversification of energy portfolios to the long-term vision encompassing nuclear fusion,this article navigates through the nuanced interplay of technology,resilience,and environmental responsibility.The synthesis of established nuclear fission technologies and evolving renewable sources forms the cornerstone of a strategic approach,addressing challenges and opportunities to ensure a secure,sustainable energy future.

Enhancing Nuclear Security System of Irradiation Facility SIBO INRA/Tangier Morocco

Around the world, radioactive sources have been widely used for decades to benefit humankind; industry food; health, etc. However, the malicious use of radiological sources poses a significant threat globally. As Irradiation facility for research the goal of this paper is to show a case study of application of nuclear security and nuclear security culture code of contact in irradiation facility using cobalt 60. And it will show the necessary work done to achieve the goal of protection of radioactive material and continue working in safe conditions. This objective could not be achieved without the collaboration of all department involved in security and nuclear safety. In this work we applied the nuclear security and nuclear security culture procedures in order to define the type of system used to achieve the global objective in accordance with Global Threat Reduction Program to reduce the threat of a RDD （Radiological Dispersion Device） in collaboration with The United States Department of Energy＇s NNSA （National Nuclear Security Administration）. The objective of this paper is to share a local experience in upgrading security with return of experience in practice and very good collaboration with general direction of national security and all departments involved in security and nuclear safety.

Recommendations on legislative and regulatory framework and regulatory body of nuclear security in China

This paper describes the definition of nuclear security that has been changing from the cold war age to the post-911 period, and clarifies the close relationship and yet a clear distinction between nuclear security, nuclear safety and nuclear safeguard. Based on analyses of the current state of nuclear security activities in China as well as the requirements and the law infrastructure, a legislative and regulatory framework of nuclear security and the mandate of a regulatory body in China are recommended.

The Information Security of Digital Control Systems for Nuclear Power Plants

The NPP （nuclear power plant） being vital objects of an energy infrastructure must be protected against malicious actions affecting their safety, and cyber security plays a key part in attaining this goal. The paper considers, implemented by the authors within the project of advanced digital control system for NPP with the reactor VVER-1000, a system of unauthorized access protection, partially built up on the technology of AA （active audit） and expert system. The AA technology is based on response of the system on deviation of current signature of the automated process control system from stable state rather than on a certain signature of attack and relies on the estimation of the behavioral models of the particular digital control system. The advent of active audit reflects the current situation in the digital control systems where complex distributed platforms are used to construct automated process control system. The active audit allows one to make the digital control system functionally closed, provided that it is determinate. The methodology of the active audit does not give u external （barrier） and traditional （password, antivirus） methods of unauthorized access protection. These methods can be used when it is appropriate to achieve a required protection level.

Nuclear Security: Africa Makes Progress

KEY issues that were discussed at the Summit included how stockpiles of hazardous nuclear material can be reduced, how nuclear material, facilities and radioactive sources can be secured and how international coopera-tion can be enhanced. As with previous summits, the 2014 Summit produced a communiqu6, which sets out meas-ures that states should implement in order to strengthen global nuclear security.

Management of Schemes and Threat Prevention in ICS Partner Companies Security

An analysis of the recent major security incidents related to industrial control systems,revealed that most had been caused by company employees.Therefore,enterprise security management systems have been developed to focus on companies’personnel.Nonetheless,several hacking incidents,involving major companies and public/financial institutions,were actually attempted by the cooperative firms or the outsourced manpower undertaking maintenance work.Specifically,institutions that operate industrial control systems(ICSs)associated with critical national infrastructures,such as traffic or energy,have contracted several cooperative firms.Nonetheless,ICT’s importance is gradually increasing,due to outsourcing,and is the most vulnerable factor in security.This paper proposes a virtualized security management scheme for the resident cooperative firms in the industrial control infrastructure.Since such companies often cannot afford adequate investment in security,the scheme is to let an ICS company provide the virtualized system.One of its merits is the convenience of controlling a VDI server at the center.The cooperative firms were classified,based on their respective security levels,and statistics were collected throughout a four-year period for the results.This paper analyzes the policies and virtualization systems that have been applied to the security of the partner companies,which engaged in ICS security.A suitable model for ICS security was then proposed by analyzing their effects on the system efficiencies,based on the comparisons of the security inspection results obtained before and after virtualization.The proposed system is expected to contribute to industrial safety.

核电厂安全级数字化仪控系统故障缺省值的验证与确认

安全级数字化仪控系统中故障缺省值的设置对核电厂安全具有至关重要的作用,但其验证与确认的难点在于具体实施时缺乏明确的细则指导。基于IEEE Std 1012,结合对法规标准、缺省值设计原则及以往项目实施经验的分析,同时考虑到漳州核电一期项目数字化仪控系统平台及设计开发流程的特点,提出了一套针对安全级数字化仪控系统故障缺省值的验证与确认策略和方法。经过漳州核电一期的实践验证,这套策略和方法能够充分、高效地验证缺省值设计的正确性和完整性,有效缓解了验证与确认过程中缺乏详尽标准、理论及相关成熟经验可借鉴的困境。对于后续核电安全级数字化仪控系统故障缺省值的验证与确认工作,该策略和方法具有一定的参考价值。

气候能源复合危机背景下法国核能复兴战略:路径、影响与挑战

俄乌冲突爆发后,极端气候事件频发叠加能源供需失衡,致使能源安全成为欧盟能源政策的优先议题。作为欧洲民用核能领域的领导者,法国在核能复兴战略框架下,通过重启核电建设,加强自主供电能力并强化能源安全,同时助力2050年碳中和目标实现。马克龙政府通过机构改革、政策调整、立法保障、资金投入和技术创新等途径,推动核能重振计划有序开展,展现出作为核能复兴“领跑者”的坚定决心。核能复兴战略的实施对能源地缘政治产生了复合型影响,即法国核能政策某种程度上弱化了高比例可再生能源规划前景,且法德围绕核能的分歧阻碍了欧盟能源一体化步伐,法国力求在欧盟核能制氢战略中发挥区域领导性角色,并加速核能外交以建构区域核能联盟和全球核能伙伴关系。但在具体实施过程中,该战略仍面临多重挑战,目前核反应堆存在老化、腐蚀及低效例检的问题,国内分歧所导致的政策不确定性使得法国核电成本不断攀升,核设施在气候危机面前的韧性安全治理能力亟待提高,核能关键矿产的外部依赖也存在产业链供应风险。

规制日本向海洋处置核污染水的相关国际法理剖析

日本向海洋处置核污染水问题,违反了《伦敦倾废公约》及其《1996年议定书》有关风险预防、防止与减少及控制海洋环境污染、加强国际合作、开展海洋环评、可持续发展等规定,也暴露出国际法中相关规定在应对此类问题上存在规则不严密、适用局限性以及约束力度不足等缺陷。为了全面、有效规制日本向海洋处置核污染水,《伦敦倾废公约》及其《1996年议定书》需要进一步做出有针对性的修订与完善,切实加强履约工作,充分发挥国际法作用,以维护海洋生态环境安全。

基于海洋放射性核素时空演化体系的海洋核安全评估技术

本文指出全面构建海洋中放射性核素本底基线的时空演化体系是海洋核安全评估的基石,提出本底基线法、活度限值法和剂量限值法三种海洋核安全评估技术,并应用于福岛核事故后污染最严重的核心海区——港口区,定量剖析港口区的海洋核污染历史与现状,有利于评估过去12年以来日本福岛核电站修复进程中相关修复措施的有效性。之后,本文在利用海洋数字孪生技术的基础上,针对上述三种海洋核安全评估技术对应提出从寻找人类核活动历史的可靠“档案馆”、健全海洋放射性核素的基准/标准限值和探索长期低剂量生物辐射效应与风险三个角度展望未来海洋核安全评估技术需求与发展方向,以期为国内外新形势下我国海洋核安全评估与管理提供一定借鉴。

核能发展新形势下我国铀资源保障研究

铀资源是重要的战略资源和能源矿产,同时也是核工业发展的粮食。随着我国核能的规模化发展,铀资源的安全保障是行业越来越关注的问题。通过分析国内外核能发展的态势及其对铀资源的需求,阐述国内外铀资源的基本状况和发展前景,并在此基础上就如何保障我国铀资源安全,从科技创新、勘查技术突破和加强海外铀资源勘查开发等方面提出保障措施,建议进一步加快国内铀资源突破进程,加强海外铀资源勘查找矿力度,积极推动一体化快堆商用化,大幅提高铀资源利用率,确保铀资源供应安全。

日本核污水排海凸显的核安全治理困境与应对方略

日本政府将福岛核事故产生的核污水直接排放进入太平洋的行径,使核安全又一次成为热点话题。核安全属于交织性安全,主要包括核保障、核安全和核安保三个层面的内涵,而日本核安全事故及核污水排海事件主要涉及的是核安全层面。日本核污水排海这种多源性非传统安全威胁具有多种特征,当前针对性的综合治理机制:一方面,是以联合国及其分属机构国际原子能机构为代表的国际组织;另一方面,是包括《核安全公约》在内的系列国际条约或公约。然而,日本核污水排海的行为,揭示了当前核安全治理机制面临着约束力不足、治理失灵的困境。人类将来需要从价值契合、理念融合和行动联合等方面强化核安全治理,共同构建“核安全命运共同体”。

美国太空核能战略对太空安全的影响

阐释美国发展太空核能的必然性和可行性,研判美国太空核能战略对其他国家太空实力、太空资产、太空利益和太空军事的安全影响,提出部署太空核能计划、加强太空装备防护、构建“三位一体”太空发展格局、制定太空核能国际规则等对策,为有效应对太空安全挑战提供决策参考。近期,美国全面启动太空核动力与推进战略,大力发展太空核能技术,利用核能为航天器提供热源、电源和推进动力。此举将重新划定未来太空领域的发展范式和竞争模式,主要航天大国与美国的太空领域实力差距存在被拉大甚至形成鸿沟的严重风险。

IEC 63096核电厂仪控系统网络安全管控标准与国内等级保护相关标准的协调分析

伴随着全球工业数字化、网络化和智能化的发展,传统基于物理隔离的保护方式已无法确保核电厂仪控系统的网络安全。核电厂仪控系统遭受网络攻击不仅可能导致生产过程中断,还可能引起核安全事件,因此核电厂仪控系统网络安全已引起世界各国及相关国际组织的高度关注。国际电工委员会于2020年发布了关于核电厂仪控系统网络安全防范管控的国际标准IEC 63096,为核电厂仪控系统各相关方提供了基于网络安全防范等级和生命周期阶段的具体指引,用于指导核电厂实施网络安全管控措施,以预防、检测和处置网络攻击。同时,等级保护制度作为我国网络安全的基础制度,是国内各核电厂必须开展的规定工作。为此,本文分别对IEC 63096以及等级保护系列标准进行了介绍,重点对二者在安全等级及管控措施方面的协调性进行了分析,从而帮助核电厂在进行网络安全管控措施的部署时有效降低时间成本和投资成本。

核能船舶保安探讨

随着核能船舶在全球航运领域的不断发展,保障其安全运营成为一项至关重要的任务。通过对国际、国内核安保标准进行总结分析,说明了核安保的独特安保需求,分析了核能船舶保安面临的挑战,并总结了英国核能船舶条例相关内容,提出了核能船舶保安措施和建议。希望能为核能船舶保安的未来研究和实践提供有益启示,促进核能船舶领域的可持续发展和国际海上安全的不断提升。

核电站数字化仪控系统信息安全风险分析和应对

仪控系统是核电机组的重要组成部分,只有保证仪控系统的信息安全,才能确保核电机组可靠运行。针对数字化仪控系统的信息安全问题,采用文献总结法、案例分析法,从仪控系统的结构组成出发,分析了信息安全风险点并提出应对措施,最后阐述了信息安全管理方案。研究表明,数字化仪控系统的信息安全风险较多,通过风险点的识别与评估,从管理、技术两个层面制定应对措施,才能保证信息安全,提高数字化仪控系统的运行质量。

美日韩强化三边安全合作的趋势及影响

日本和韩国是美国在东北亚地区最重要的盟友。长期以来,与日韩建立紧密三边合作关系是美国外交政策的重要战略目标。拜登政府重视同盟关系重塑,致力于修复日韩关系并强化美日韩三边协调,以求在地缘战略竞争中充分发挥盟友作用。日韩政府也试图改善两国关系,以所谓“民主价值观”为基础积极参与美国主导的联合,但影响两国矛盾的因素依然存在。日韩历史矛盾及三国利益冲撞作为美日韩合作障碍的现实不会改变。未来一段时间,美日韩三边合作仍会继续局限于某些特定领域。

福岛核污染水排海引发的两次舆情事件分析研究

本文针对福岛核污染水排海事件进行长期跟踪研究,以事件在公布和正式实施两次时间节点所引发的舆情事件为切入点,梳理归纳了排海事件的进程,以及我国、日本、韩国等国家的应对和舆情变化,基于舆情态势进行了深入分析,提出了应对建议。本文可为进一步的研究提供基础和线索。

核电厂ICT供应链安全风险研究

核电厂信息通信技术(ICT)供应链面临严峻的安全挑战。基于风险管理概念,以核电厂仪控系统供应链安全为例,建立风险分析模型。介绍了核电厂ICT供应链相关概念和安全要素。从供应链生命周期的角度,全面梳理了核电厂ICT供应链存在的脆弱性和面临的安全威胁,勾勒出核电厂ICT供应链安全风险全景,并就进一步加强核电厂ICT供应链安全建设提出对策和建议。该研究为正确认识和全面理解核电厂ICT供应链安全风险、提高供应链安全意识、系统做好核电厂ICT供应链安全风险管理工作奠定基础。

核安保国际合作:现状、问题及未来发展趋势

介绍了在联合国、国际原子能机构、欧盟、北约以及相关国际倡议合作框架下的核安保国际合作现状,分析了当前核安保国际合作的主要特点及存在的问题。分析认为:以美国为主导的核安保国际合作模式在后核安全峰会时代逐渐失效,核安保国际合作热度显著下降;我国倡导的打造人类核安全命运共同体,是核安保国际合作理念的创新,充分考虑了有核国家和无核国家的诉求,关注从根本上解决核安保面临的问题和核恐怖主义威胁,有利于核安保国际合作持续、健康发展。