Three Dimensional Numerical Modeling of Flow and Pollutant Transport in a Flooding Area of 2008 US Midwest Flood

This paper presents the development and application of a three-dimensional numerical model for simulating the flow field and pollutant transport in a flood zone near the confluence of the Mississippi River and Iowa River during the US Midwest Flood in 2008. Due to a prolonged precipitation event, a levee along the Iowa River just upstream of Oakville, Iowa broke, and the small town was completely flooded for a couple of weeks. During this period, the high water level in the flood zone reached about 2.5 metersabove the ground, and wind was the major force for the flow circulation. It was observed that some pollutants were leaked from the residential and farming facilities and transported into the flood zone. Leaking of pollutants from these facilities was reported by different news media during the flood and was identified using high resolution satellite imagery. The developed 3D numerical model was first validated using experimental measurements, and then applied to the flood inundated zone in Oakville for simulating the unsteady hydrodynamics and pollutant transport. The simulated pollutant distributions were generally in good agreement with the observed data obtained from satellite imagery.

Numerical simulations of flow and sediment transport within the Ning-Meng reach of the Yellow River,northern China

Effective management of a river reach requires a sound understanding of flow and sediment transport generated by varying natural and artificial runoff conditions. Flow and sediment transport within the Ning-Meng reach of the Yellow River（NMRYR）, northern China are controlled by a complex set of factors/processes, mainly including four sets of factors：（1） aeolian sediments from deserts bordering the main stream;（2） inflow of water and sediment from numerous tributaries;（3） impoundment of water by reservoir/hydro-junction; and（4） complex diversion and return of irrigation water. In this study, the 1-D flow ＆ sediment transport model developed by the Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research was used to simulate the flow and sediment transport within the NMRYR from 2001 to 2012. All four sets of factors that primarily control the flow and sediment transport mentioned above were considered in this model. Compared to the measured data collected from the hydrological stations along the NMRYR, the simulated flow and sediment transport values were generally acceptable, with relative mean deviation between measured and simulated values of 〈15%. However, simulated sediment concentration and siltation values within two sub-reaches（i.e., Qingtongxia Reservoir to Bayan Gol Hydrological Station and Bayan Gol Hydrological Station to Toudaoguai Hydrological Station） for some periods exhibited relatively large errors（the relative mean deviations between measured and simulated values of 18% and 25%, respectively）. These errors are presumably related to the inability to accurately determine the quantity of aeolian sediment influx to the river reach and the inflow of water from the ten ephemeral tributaries. This study may provide some valuable insights into the numerical simulations of flow and sediment transport in large watersheds and also provide a useful model for the effective management of the NMRYR.

A Numerical Model for Natural Backfill of Pipeline Trenches Subjected to Unidirectional/Oscillatory Flows

A numerical model for the self-burial of a pipeline trench is developed. Morphological evolutions of a pipeline trench under steady-current or oscillatory-flow conditions are simulated with/without a pipeline inside the trench. The oscillatory flow in this study represents the action of waves. The two-dimensional Reynolds-averaged continuity and Navier-Stokes equations with the standard k-ε turbulence closure, as well as the sediment transport equations, are solved with the finite difference method in a curvilinear coordinate system. Both bed and suspended loads of sediment transport are included in the morphological model. Because of the lack of experimental data on the backfilling of pipeline trenches, the numerical model is firstly verified against three closely-relevant experiments available in literature. A detailed measurement of the channel migration phenomenon under steady currents is employed for the assessment of the integral performance of the model. The two experimental results from U-tube tests are used to validate the model's ability in predicting oscillatory flows. Different time-marching schemes are employed for the morphological computation under unidirectional and oscillatory conditions. It is found that vortex motions within the trench play an important role in the trench development.

Numerical linear analysis of the effects of diamagnetic and shear flow on ballooning modes

The linear analysis of the influence of diamagnetic effect and toroidal rotation at the edge of tokamak plasmas with BOUT++ is discussed in this paper. This analysis is done by solving the dispersion relation, which is calculated through the numerical integration of the terms with different physics. This method is able to reveal the contributions of the different terms to the total growth rate. The diamagnetic effect stabilizes the ideal ballooning modes through inhibiting the contribution of curvature. The toroidal rotation effect is also able to suppress the curvaturedriving term, and the stronger shearing rate leads to a stronger stabilization effect. In addition,through linear analysis using the energy form, the curvature-driving term provides the free energy absorbed by the line-bending term, diamagnetic term and convective term.

Numerical Modeling of Sediment Transport and Its Effect on Algal Biomass Distribution in Lake Pontchartrain Due to Flood Release from Bonnet CarréSpillway

In order to protect the city of New Orleans from the Mississippi River flooding, the Bonnet Carré Spillway (BCS) was constructed from 1929 to 1936 to divert flood water from the river into Lake Pontchartrain and then into the Gulf of Mexico. During the BCS opening for flood release, large amounts of freshwater, nutrients, sediment, etc. were discharged into Lake Pontchartrain, and caused a lot of environmental problems. To evaluate the environmental impacts of the flood water on lake ecosystems, a two-dimensional numerical model was developed based on CCHE2D and applied to simulate the flow circulation, sediment transport and algal biomass distribution in Lake Pontchartrain. The effect of sediment concentration on the growth of algae was considered in the model. The numerical model was calibrated using field measured data provided by USGS, and then it was validated by the BCS Opening Event in 1997. The simulated results were generally in good agreement with filed data and satellite imagery. The field observation and numerical model show that during the spillway opening for flood release, the sediment concentration is very high, which greatly restricts the growth of algae, so there is no algal bloom observed in the lake. After the closure of BCS, the sediment concentration in the lake reduces gradually, and the nutrient concentration of the lake is still high. Under these conditions, numerical results and satellite imagery showed that the chlorophyll concentration was high and algal bloom might occur.

A Higher-Efficient Non-Hydrostatic Finite Volume Model for Strong Three-Dimensional Free Surface Flows and Sediment Transport

In order to accurately simulate strong three-dimensional （3-D） free surface flows and sediment transport, the fully 3- D non-hydrostatic pressure models are developed based on the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations and convection-diffusion equation of sediment concentration with the mixing triangle and quadrilateral grids. The governing equations are discretized with the unstructured finite volume method in order to provide conservation properties of mass and momentum, and flexibility with practical application. It is shown that it is first-order accurate on nonuniform plane two-dimensional （2-D） grids and second-order accurate on uniform plane grids. A third-order approximation of the vertical velocity at the top-layer is applied. In such a way, free surface zero stress boundary condition is satisfied maturely, and very few vertical layers are needed to give an accurate solution even for complex discontinuous flow and short wave simulation. The model is applied to four examples to simulate strong 3-D free surface flows and sediment transport where non-hydrostatic pressures have a considerable effect on the velocity field. The newly developed model is verified against analytical solutions with an excellent agreement.

Numerical simulation of wind-driven circulation and pollutant transport in Taihu Lake based on a quadtree grid

In this study,a two-dimensional flow-pollutant coupled model was developed based on a quadtree grid.This model was established to allow the accurate simulation of wind-driven flow in a large-scale shallow lake with irregular natural boundaries when focusing on important smallscale localized flow features.The quadtree grid was created by domain decomposition.The governing equations were solved using the finite volume method,and the normal fluxes of mass,momentum,and pollutants across the interface between cells were computed by means of a Godunov-type Osher scheme.The model was employed to simulate wind-driven flow in a circular basin with non-uniform depth.The computed values were in agreement with analytical data.The results indicate that the quadtree grid has fine local resolution and high efficiency,and is convenient for local refinement.It is clear that the quadtree grid model is effective when applied to complex flow domains.Finally,the model was used to calculate the flow field and concentration field of Taihu Lake,demonstrating its ability to predict the flow and concentration fields in an actual water area with complex geometry.

Hourly traffic flow forecasting using a new hybrid modelling method

Short-term traffic flow forecasting is a significant part of intelligent transportation system.In some traffic control scenarios,obtaining future traffic flow in advance is conducive to highway management department to have sufficient time to formulate corresponding traffic flow control measures.In hence,it is meaningful to establish an accurate short-term traffic flow method and provide reference for peak traffic flow warning.This paper proposed a new hybrid model for traffic flow forecasting,which is composed of the variational mode decomposition(VMD)method,the group method of data handling(GMDH)neural network,bi-directional long and short term memory(BILSTM)network and ELMAN network,and is optimized by the imperialist competitive algorithm(ICA)method.To illustrate the performance of the proposed model,there are several comparative experiments between the proposed model and other models.The experiment results show that 1)BILSTM network,GMDH network and ELMAN network have better predictive performance than other single models;2)VMD can significantly improve the predictive performance of the ICA-GMDH-BILSTM-ELMAN model.The effect of VMD method is better than that of EEMD method and FEEMD method.To conclude,the proposed model which is made up of the VMD method,the ICA method,the BILSTM network,the GMDH network and the ELMAN network has excellent predictive ability for traffic flow series.

基于FLOW-3D软件的深井膏体管道自流输送性能

基于工程流体力学、统计学、管道自流输送等相关理论,结合金川龙首矿西部充填系统的实际情况,开发运用FLOW-3D软件,对膏体自流输送充填系统不同充填倍线条件下的管道工作特性进行数值模拟与分析。研究结果表明:随着充填倍线(N)的增加,充填系统管道进口、出口压力不断减少,而整个系统的总压力基本保持不变;当N<3.0时料浆出口剩余压力过大,N≥3.5时管道压力损失过大;当N>3.5时充填系统的流速比较接近膏体的临界流速;在稳定状态下,随着膏体流速的减慢,管道弯管连接处的局部压力损失逐步减小,而当N>3.0且流速继续减小时,压力损失却随之增加。因此,综合考虑各充填倍线在流速、压力损失、流量以及弯管处压力损失,以低成本、高效率为原则,最终确定西部膏体自流充填系统满管流状态下的最优充填倍线N=3.0。

Advances in rheology and flow assurance studies of waxy crude

Flow assurance is one of the core issues in safe and economical operation of waxy crude pipelines.Its essence lies in flow and heat transfer of the crude.In the past 10 years,the authors＇ team has achieved a lot of innovative results in aspects of waxy crude rheology,flow assurance assessment,and pipelining technologies on the basis of decades of studies.The rheological characteristics of waxy crude are much better understood,and a method for quantitatively simulating the effect of flow shear was developed based on some theoretical breakthroughs.Studies of the mechanism of waxy crude rheology have been deepened to the quantitative level.After successful development of efficient numericalalgorithms,accurate simulations have been achieved for various complex flow and heat transfer situations in waxy crude pipelining,and a reliability-based approach to flow assurance assessment has been set up.New pipelining technologies have been developed such as batching pour-point depressant-（PPD-） treated multiple-waxy-crudes,intermittent transport of waxy crudes through long-distance pipelines,and batching hot and cold crudes.By their application,a series of problems hindering safe,efficient and flexible operation of waxy crude pipelines were tackled,demonstrating that transportation technologies for waxy crude have advanced to a new and high level.

Numerical approach for modeling particle transport phenomena in a closed loop of a circulating fluidized bed

Numerical modeling of a large scale circulating fiuidized bed （CFB） imposes many complexities and difficulties. Presence of a dense solid phase, a variety of spatial and time scales as well as complex model geometries requires advanced numerical techniques. Moreover, the appropriate selection of a numerical model capable of solving granular flow, and geometrical model simplification can have a huge impact on the predicted flow field within the CFB boiler. In order to reduce the cost of the numerical simulations, the complex CFB boiler geometry is reduced to that of the combustion chamber. However, a question arises as to bow much one can simplify the geometrical model without losing accuracy of numerical simulations. To accurately predict the gas-solid and solid-solid mixing processes within subsequent sections of the CFB boiler （combustion chamber, solid separator, drain section）, a complete 3D geometrical model should be used. Nevertheless, because of the presence of various spatial and temporal scales within subsequent boiler sections, the complete model of the 3D CFB boiler is practically unrealizable in numerical simulations. To resolve the aforementioned problems, this paper describes a new approach that can be applied for complete boiler modeling. The proposed approach enables complex particle transport and gas flow problems within each of the boiler sections to be accurately resolved, It has been achieved by dividing the CFB boiler geometry into several submodels, where different numerical approaches can be used to resolve gas-solid transport. The interactions between computational domains were taken into account by connecting the inlets/outlets of each section using a set of user-defined functions implemented into the solution procedure. The proposed approach ensures stable and accurate solution within the separated boiler zones.

MHD Flow Layer Formation at Boundaries of Magnetic Islands in Tokamak Plasmas

Non-linear development of double tearing modes induced by electron viscosity is numerically simulated. MHD flow layers are demonstrated to merge in the development of the modes. The sheared flows are shown to lie just at the boundaries of the magnetic islands, and to have suffcient levels required for internal transport barrier （ITB） formation. Possible correlation between the layer formation and triggering of experimentally observed ITBs, preferentially formed in proximities of rational flux surfaces of low safety factors, is discussed.

Powder transport behavior in RH degasser with powder injection through up snorkel: a transient numerical model

A transient numerical model was established to predict the dispersion,distribution,and circulation behavior of the powder injected through the up snorkel in a Ruhrstahl–Heraeus(RH)degasser.The effects of the powder diameter,the lifting gas flow rate,and the powder injection rate on the powder transport were investigated.Local powder concentration was measured by a cold model.The results showed that the predicted powder concentration agreed well with the measured.The powder injection process is divided into three periods,named dispersion period,aggregation and circulation period,and dynamically stable period according to the powder transport behavior.The powder diameter has a great effect on the particle dispersion.When the particles size changes from 30 to 500μm,the powder dispersion characteristic index changes from 0.110 to 0.741,and the ladle top zone powder mass ratio changes from 0.118 to 0.685.The powder circulation mass flow rate increases to 101.0 kg min^(-1)(150μm)and then decreases to 46.6 kg min^(-1)(500μm).Powders with a diameter of more than 220μm can change the steel flow mode in the RH degasser.Increasing the lifting gas flow could slightly improve the powder dispersion.Variation in the powder injection rate has almost no effect on the powder dispersion.

APPLICATION OF CONVECTION-DIFFUSION EQUATION TO THEANALYSES OF CONTAMINATION BETWEEN BATCHESIN MULTI-PRODUCTS PIPELINE TRANSPORT

Contamination between batches in multi-products pipeline transport is studied. The influences of convection and diffusion on the contamination are studied in detail. Diffusion equations, which are mainly controlled by convection, are developed under turbulent pipe flow. The diffusion equation is separated into a pure convection equation and a pure diffusion equation which are solved by characteristics method and finite difference method respectively to obtain numerical solutions. The results of numerical computation explain the forming and developing of contamination very well.

考虑延误特征的航站楼离港聚集客流预测方法

为满足航班延误下航站楼内资源规划与旅客管理对聚集客流预测所提出的高精度和高效率要求,本文提出一种融合延误特征的离港聚集客流预测方法。通过引入航班延误特征量化表征航站楼离港聚集客流的波动情况,探究航班延误下离港聚集客流波动规律和分布特征,构建基于自适应噪声完全集合经验模态分解(CEEMDAN)、排列熵算法(PE)以及鲸鱼优化算法(WOA)优化的长短期记忆神经网络(LSTM)的短期航站楼聚集客流预测模型。首先,应用CEEMDAN将聚集客流数据序列分解为若干模态分量(Intrinsic Mode Function, IMF)和残差量(Residual, Res),降低原序列中数据的复杂性和非平稳性影响;其次,为减小模型计算规模,同时提高预测效率和精度,采用PE算法对IMF分量进行熵值重构;最后,建立WOA-LSTM聚集客流预测模型,利用鲸鱼优化算法优化LSTM超参数,叠加重构分量的预测结果,得到最终的聚集客流预测值。将模型应用于长三角某枢纽机场进行实例验证。结果表明:CEEMDAN-PE-WOA-LSTM预测模型性能最优,相较单一的LSTM模型,候机大厅聚集客流预测的均方根误差、平均绝对误差以及百分比误差分别降低42.78%、44.00%及45.62%;相较CEEMDAN-WOA-LSTM模型,预测效率提高41.64%。本文所提模型能够有效拟合存在显著非线性和非平稳性特征的候机大厅聚集客流,具有较高的预测精度和运算效率。

基于模流平衡的U型材挤出口模结构优化

应用Polyflow软件分别建立了U型件模型、带内外气体辅助层厚度不同的U型件模型和U型件开口有倾角的模型。针对传统挤出、不同内外层辅助气体厚度、不同开口倾角下3种情况进行了数值模拟计算,并用Origin软件对部分结果进行了分析。研究发现,使用气体辅助技术比型腔结构优化更有利于模流平衡;当内外气体辅助层厚度不同时,内层气体层厚度偏大、外层气体层偏薄时,更有利于抑制U型件开口收缩的变形;而对口模开口臂倾斜角度的修正更有利于减小或调整U型件开口收缩的变形。

基于颗粒级配的尾砂料浆管输模式判据与输砂效率计算模型研究

目的:以云南某锡矿选矿厂排放的尾砂为对象,通过试验研究与数值模拟分析尾砂料浆管输模式与输砂效率的影响因素。方法:通过水筛试验测得尾砂级配分布规律,以及料浆流变试验测得料浆流变特性,并结合ANSYS-FLUENT对料浆管输模型模拟计算。结论:对比分析Wasp等判据不足,提出了基于颗粒级配的管输模式新判据,并结合级配模型与流变参数计算了输砂效率,结果与实测值的误差绝对值在5%以内,表明了新判据合理,同时构建了输砂效率计算新模型。意义:研究内容为尾砂料浆管输模式提供了新判据,可为相似情况的矿山尾砂料浆管输应用提供一定的参考价值。

考虑加速度衰减效应的网联车跟驰建模与仿真

为研究未来道路上存在的由网联车(CVs)和普通人工驾驶车辆组成的混合交通流跟驰特性,在智能驾驶员模型(IDM)的基础上,考虑接收到的前车加速度信号衰减效应,类比信号塔信号强度与距离的反比关系,构建基于V2V的网联跟驰车辆间的信号传输模型。基于IDM模型对网联车构建加速度信号衰减的跟驰(AACF)模型,利用V2V环境下的城市道路跟驰数据对模型中参数进行标定以及修正。此研究选取优化速度模型(OVM)作为人工车跟驰模型,AACF作为网联车车跟驰模型,设计数值仿真试验。为了能够测试网联人工混合车流的队列稳定性,在数值仿真试验中人工加入了头车的速度扰动。此研究在头车速度随机扰动的情况下,对于不同网联车渗透率随机分布的混合交通流队列跟驰稳定性进行了测试。利用了MATLAB进行数值仿真试验,并通过X-T与V-T图像进行不同网联车渗透率情况下的队列跟驰行为分析。结果表明:在头车进行相同扰动的前提下,不论头车在加速还是减速过程中,AACF跟驰队列的速度最大极差均比IDM的小,这表明AACF模型更能体现网联车的驾驶特性。对于混合交通流,随着网联车渗透率的增加,交通流的速度扰动减小,安全系数提高;且当网联车渗透率达到0.6时,混合交通流可以处于稳定的驾驶状态;且在网联车渗透率超过0.6后,混合交通流的稳定性趋于稳定。

平面膨胀偏流喷管流场特性和推力性能研究

采用数值模拟方法研究了平面膨胀偏流喷管在压力比10~150之间的流场特性和推力性能,并与同扩张比传统收敛-发散喷管进行比较。随着压力比不断增大,ED喷管内超声速流动区域面积增大,剪切层向轴线靠近,产生再附着激波,粘性再循环区逐渐与外界大气隔离,流动模式由“开尾流”转变为“闭尾流”。2种流动模式发生转换的标志是基底压力发生突降。所设计的ED喷管在所有计算条件下性能均优于CD喷管,在较低压力比下性能优势更为明显。ED喷管性能提升的原因主要有2点:①不发生壁面流动分离,减少了过膨胀损失;②在压力比较低的条件下,从中心体发出的第一道激波到达喷管壁面时,大量流动发生压缩转向,导致内壁面压力升高,进而导致性能提升。

基于动力学模态分解的空化水射流非定常流场演化分析

空化水射流具有流速高、湍流强等特点,其空化流动结构十分复杂。因此,准确、快速地从非定常流场的海量数据中提取关键信息,并分析空化水射流的流动特性十分必要。基于FBDCM模型对RNG模型的湍流黏度进行修正,并考虑剪切应力对空泡形成的影响,对空化模型进行修正,与试验结果进行对比;采用动力学模态分解(DMD)方法对空化流场的空泡体积分数场进行模态分解。结果发现:1阶模态为平均流场,是流场的主要结构;2阶模态与空化云周期性脱落、溃灭的动力学行为有关;3、4阶模态表现出流场的高频行为;随着进口压力的增大,空泡脱落与溃灭的演变程度越来越剧烈,空泡尺寸与空穴长度逐渐增加,而2阶模态的频率逐渐降低,使得空化射流的流动周期变长。最后,将DMD重构流场与真实流场进行对比发现,随着进口压力的增加,DMD重构流场的误差增大,不过重构流场的最大误差仍低于1%,表明DMD方法能够准确地提取空化流场的流动特征。