Magnetopause properties at the dusk magnetospheric flank from global magnetohydrodynamic simulations,the kinetic Vlasov equilibrium,and in situ observations--Potential implications for SMILE

We derived the properties of the terrestrial magnetopause(MP)from two modeling approaches,one global–fluid,the other local–kinetic,and compared the results with data collected in situ by the Magnetospheric Multiscale 2(MMS2)spacecraft.We used global magnetohydrodynamic(MHD)simulations of the Earth’s magnetosphere(publicly available from the NASA-CCMC[National Aeronautics and Space Administration–Community Coordinated Modeling Center])and local Vlasov equilibrium models(based on kinetic models for tangential discontinuities)to extract spatial profiles of the plasma and field variables at the Earth’s MP.The global MHD simulations used initial solar wind conditions extracted from the OMNI database at the time epoch when the MMS2 observes the MP.The kinetic Vlasov model used asymptotic boundary conditions derived from the same in situ MMS measurements upstream or downstream of the MP.The global MHD simulations provide a three-dimensional image of the magnetosphere at the time when the MMS2 crosses the MP.The Vlasov model provides a one-dimensional local view of the MP derived from first principles of kinetic theory.The MMS2 experimental data also serve as a reference for comparing and validating the numerical simulations and modeling.We found that the MP transition layer formed in global MHD simulations was generally localized closer to the Earth(roughly by one Earth radius)from the position of the real MP observed by the MMS.We also found that the global MHD simulations overestimated the thickness of the MP transition by one order of magnitude for three analyzed variables:magnetic field,density,and tangential speed.The MP thickness derived from the local Vlasov equilibrium was consistent with observations for all three of these variables.The overestimation of density in the Vlasov equilibrium was reduced compared with the global MHD solutions.We discuss our results in the context of future SMILE(Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer)campaigns for observing the Earth’s MP.

Numerical simulation on magnetohydrodynamic power generation channel of scramjet

The reverse magnetohydrodynamic(MHD)energy bypass technology is a promising energy redis⁃tribution technology in the scramjet system,in augmented with a power generation equipment to supply the neces⁃sary long-distance flight airframe power.In this paper,a computational model of the scramjet magnetohydrody⁃namic channel is developed and verified by using the commercial software Fluent.It is found that when the mag⁃netic induction intensity is 1,2,3,4 T,the power generation efficiency is 22.5%,22.3%,22.0%,21.5%,and decreases with the increase of the magnetic induction intensity,and the enthalpy extraction rate is 0.026%,0.1%,0.21%,0.34%,and increases with the increase of the magnetic induction intensity.The deceleration ef⁃fect of electromagnetic action on the airflow in the power channel increases with the increase of magnetic induc⁃tion intensity.The stronger the magnetic field intensity,the more obvious the decreasing effect of fluid Mach num⁃ber in the channel.The power generation efficiency decreases as the magnetic induction intensity increases and the enthalpy extraction rate is reversed.As the local currents gathering at inlet and outlet of the power generation area,total temperature and enthalpy along the flow direction do not vary linearly,and there are maximum and minimum values at inlet and outlet.Increasing the number of electrodes can effectively regulate the percentage of Joule heat dissipation,which can improve the power generation efficiency.

Numerical simulation of busbar configuration in large aluminum electrolysis cell

Various busbar configurations were built and modeled by the custom code based on the commercial package ANSYS for the 500 kA aluminum electrolysis cell.The configuration parameters,such as side riser entry ratio,number of cathode bars connected to each riser,vertical location of side cathode busbar and short side cathode busbar,distance between rows of cells in potline,the number of neighboring cells,ratio of compensation busbar carried passing under cell and its horizontal location under cell along with large magnetohydrodynamic(MHD) computation based on the custom evaluation function were simulated and discussed.The results show that a cell with riser entry ratio of 11:9:8:9:11 and cathode busbar located at the level of aluminum solution,50% upstream cathode current passing under cell for magnetic field compensation,the distance between rows of 50 m is more stable.

A new hybrid method—combined heat flux method with Monte-Carlo method to analyze thermal radiation

A new hybrid method, Monte-Carlo-Heat-Flux （MCHF） method, was presented to analyze the radiative heat transfer of participating medium in a three-dimensional rectangular enclosure using combined the Monte-Carlo method with the heat flux method. Its accuracy and reliability was proved by comparing the computational results with exact results from classical ＂Zone Method＂.

Impacts of different radiation schemes on the prediction of solar radiation and photovoltaic power

The output power of a photovoltaic system largely depends on the amount of solar radiation that can be received by the photovoltaic panel, and the solar radiation energy reaching the ground is affected by the radiation transmission process. However, in engineering practice, numerical simulation prediction schemes tend to adopt a kind of radiation scheme, and the prediction of solar radiation and photovoltaic power cannot always meet the prediction accuracy. In this paper, NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data are used as the initial field, and a variety of radiation parameterization schemes are used to produce simulations for the Xinjiang area. Through analysis of examples, it is found that the simulation results differ greatly depending on the radiation parameterization scheme employed, with the maximum absolute error of the total radiation and the predicted power being 106.67 W m-2 and 3.5 MW, respectively. Meanwhile, the mean absolute percentage error of the total radiation ranges from 8.6% to 17.3%, and that of the predicted power from 11.3% to 20.2%. Having analyzed the simulation results of the different radiation parameterization schemes, we conclude that the RRTM/Dudhia and CAM （Community Atmospheric Model） schemes are the most appropriate when under clear-weather conditions.

Quantitative description of infrared radiation characteristics for solid materials subjected to external loading

Based on the thermodynamics theory and physical micro-properties of solid materials subjected to external loading at room temperature,a formula of calculating temperature difference of infrared radiation in terms of the sum of three principal strains was deduced to quantitatively investigate the infrared radiation characteristics in test. Two typical specimens,the three-point bending beam and the disc pressed in diameter,were tested and their principal strains were calculated by finite element method in order to obtain the temperature differences of infrared radiation. Numerical results are in a good agreement with test results,which verifies the validity of the formula of calculating temperature differences of infrared radiation and the model of quantitatively describing the infrared radiation characteristics of solid materials,and reveals the corresponding inner physical mechanism.

Estimation of Hourly Solar Radiation at the Surface under Cloudless Conditions on the Tibetan Plateau Using a Simple Radiation Model

In this study, the clear sky hourly global and net solar irradiances at the surface determined using SUNFLUX, a simple parameterization scheme, for three stations （Gaize, Naqu, and Lhasa） on the Tibetan Plateau were evaluated against observation data. Our modeled results agree well with observations. The correlation coefficients between modeled and observed values were 〉 0.99 for all three stations. The relative error of modeled results, in average was 〈 7%, and the root-mean-square variance was 〈 27 W m-2. The solar irradiances in the radiation model were slightly overestimated compared with observation data; there were at least two likely causes. First, the radiative effects of aerosols were not included in the radiation model. Second, solar irradiances determined by thermopile pyranometers include a thermal offset error that causes solar radiation to be slightly underestimated. The solar radiation absorbed by the ozone and water vapor was estimated. The results show that monthly mean solar radiation absorbed by the ozone is 〈 2% of the global solar radiation （〈 14 W m-2）. Solar radiation absorbed by water vapor is stronger in summer than in winter. The maximum amount of monthly mean solar radiation absorbed by water vapor can be up to 13% of the global solar radiation （95 W m-2）. This indicates that water vapor measurements with high precision are very important for precise determination of solar radiation.

An investigation of ionizing radiation damage in different SiGe processes

Different SiGe processes and device designs are the critical influences of ionizing radiation damage. Based on the different ionizing radiation damage in SiGe HBTs fabricated by Huajie and an IBM SiGe process, quantitatively numerical simulation of ionizing radiation damage was carried out to explicate the distribution of radiation-induced charges buildup in KT9041 and IBM SiGe HBTs. The sensitive areas of the EB-spacer and isolation oxide of KT9041 are much larger than those of the IBM SiGe HBT, and the distribution of charge buildup in KT9041 is several orders of magnitude greater than that of the IBM SiGe HBT. The result suggests that the simulations are consistent with the experiment, and indicates that the geometry of the EB-spacer, the area of the Si/SiO2 interface and the isolation structure could be contributing to the different ionizing radiation damage.

Numerical Simulation of the Discharge Efficiency in Five-electrode AC PDP

A new type of AC PDP(alternating current plasma display panel) cell with a five-electrode structure is developed to improve the luminous efficiency of AC PDP.The discharge efficiency of this new cell structure is investigated by a 2D fluid simulation. Continuity equations and flux density equations for charged particles and excited atoms, energy balance equation for electrons are included in the model. The discharge gas is He+5%Xe. The reactions of ionization, excitation, recombination, and radiation are taken into account. The vacuum ultraviolet radiation efficiency of the five-electrode cell structure is about 20% higher than that of a conventional three-electrode cell structure.

Radiation heat transfer model for complex superalloy turbine blade in directional solidification process based on finite element method

For the sake of a more accurate shell boundary and calculation of radiation heat transfer in the Directional Solidification(DS) process, a radiation heat transfer model based on the Finite Element Method(FEM)is developed in this study. Key technologies, such as distinguishing boundaries automatically, local matrix and lumped heat capacity matrix, are also stated. In order to analyze the effect of withdrawing rate on DS process,the solidification processes of a complex superalloy turbine blade in the High Rate Solidification(HRS) process with different withdrawing rates are simulated; and by comparing the simulation results, it is found that the most suitable withdrawing rate is determined to be 5.0 mm·min^(-1). Finally, the accuracy and reliability of the radiation heat transfer model are verified, because of the accordance of simulation results with practical process.

Numerical Simulation of the Three-Dimensional Wave-Induced Currents on Unstructured Grid

By coupling the three-dimensional hydrodynamic model with the wave model, numerical simulations of the three- dimensional wave-induced current are carried out in this study. The wave model is based on the numerical solution of the modified wave action equation and eikonal equation, which can describe the wave refraction and diffraction. The hydrodynamic model is driven by the wave-induced radiation stresses and affected by the wave turbulence. The numerical implementation of the module has used the finite-volume schemes on unstructured grid, which provides great flexibility for modeling the waves and currents in the complex actual nearshore, and ensures the conservation of energy propagation. The applicability of the proposed model is evaluated in calculating the cases of wave set-up, longshore currents, undertow on a sloping beach, rip currents and meandering longshore currents on a tri-cuspate beach. The results indicate that it is necessary to introduce the depth-dependent radiation stresses into the numerical simulation of wave-induced currents, and comparisons show that the present model makes better prediction on the wave procedure as well as both horizontal and vertical structures in the wave-induced current field.

Cherenkov Radiation:A Stochastic Differential Model Driven by Brownian Motions

With the development of molecular imaging,Cherenkov optical imaging technology has been widely concerned.Most studies regard the partial boundary flux as a stochastic variable and reconstruct images based on the steadystate diffusion equation.In this paper,time-variable will be considered and the Cherenkov radiation emission process will be regarded as a stochastic process.Based on the original steady-state diffusion equation,we first propose a stochastic partial differential equationmodel.The numerical solution to the stochastic partial differential model is carried out by using the finite element method.When the time resolution is high enough,the numerical solution of the stochastic diffusion equation is better than the numerical solution of the steady-state diffusion equation,which may provide a new way to alleviate the problem of Cherenkov luminescent imaging quality.In addition,the process of generating Cerenkov and penetrating in vitro imaging of 18 F radionuclide inmuscle tissue are also first proposed by GEANT4Monte Carlomethod.The result of the GEANT4 simulation is compared with the numerical solution of the corresponding stochastic partial differential equations,which shows that the stochastic partial differential equation can simulate the corresponding process.

高空核爆炸磁流体动力学电磁脉冲

高空核爆炸产生的磁流体动力学(晚期)电磁脉冲对电力系统等国家重要基础设施具有严重影响。由于晚期电磁脉冲产生的机理复杂,依赖因素众多,包括爆炸当量、爆高、爆炸方位、爆炸时间、观察点位置以及土壤电导率等,因此,目前还没有成熟的代码可以模拟整个晚期电磁脉冲的产生过程。介绍晚期电磁脉冲的产生机理,讨论晚期电磁脉冲电场随核装置爆炸当量、爆高和大气状况的变化关系。E3A电场峰值随爆炸当量线性增加,而E3B电场峰值则随爆炸当量增加出现明显的饱和效应。分析了当前晚期电磁脉冲模拟代码现状,为进一步研究晚期电磁脉冲数值模拟方法和代码研发提供参考。

石蜡与低熔点合金双级联相变材料强化板翅式散热器换热性能的数值模拟

相变散热技术可以通过相变材料的物态变化,有效吸收或释放热量,从而实现被动式热管理。本文建立了一种板翅式相变散热器的结构模型,研究级联相变技术的相变传热过程及优化传热性能的措施,重点分析了相变材料(PCM)的组合方式、翅片结构以及不同的PCM体积比工况对相变散热器传热性能的影响。研究结果表明,改变PCM的组合方式对相变材料传热过程有显著影响,对于采用双PCM的级联相变散热器,PCM1和PCM2呈相变温度递减排列具备更优的热管理性能;当翅片数为16时,具备更低的工作温度,并且相比于四翅片结构的相变散热单元,两种级联PCM组合的相变散热单元的凝固时间分别缩短了25.3%和22.5%。因此,当翅片数为16及翅片厚度为0.5 mm时,热管理性能较优;采用石蜡和低熔点合金材料,当PCM体积比为1∶2时,两个临界温度下的热管理时间分别延长了17.2%和15%,温升速率也随着低熔点合金所占体积增多而逐渐减小,综合考虑热管理时间和温升速率,可知PCM体积比为1∶2时级联相变散热器的热管理性能较优。

含端壁涡轮导叶红外测温的误差影响机理研究

由于涡轮叶片所处的工作环境复杂,受到壁面及燃气辐射干扰,导致测温十分困难。为进一步分析涡轮叶片表面在端壁影响下的温度分布情况,采用数值模拟结合自定义编程的方式进行了含端壁涡轮导叶的温度误差验证计算。利用自定义编程对经典同心球模型进行了角系数,有效辐射等可靠性验证计算,验证方法可靠。基于该方法进行了端壁与涡轮导叶各网格单元的角系数,叶片表面间的辐射换热计算,输出涡轮导叶的表面辐射特性分布,运用玻耳兹曼定律反推导出该工况涡轮导叶所受到的辐射能流分布情况;计算分析了不同误差影响机理下,含端壁的涡轮导叶温度误差分布情况,探明了热辐射环境下对叶片表面辐射特性的影响。结果表明:当进口黑体辐射温度在1 400~1 800 K之间,进口辐射强度是对叶片换热影响最大的因素;利用有效辐射和所计算的误差分布可知,进口辐射温度影响区域主要是叶片前缘区域,最大计算误差不超过2.82%;通过有效辐射及误差分布可见,出口黑体辐射温度的变化对于涡轮导叶的影响较小,受温度影响区域也主要为叶片前缘区域,最大计算误差不超过2.35%;叶片表面发射率与温度成正相关,当叶片表面发射率增大时,叶片表面温度随之均匀升高,在真实工况下,叶片材料物性的改变较小,在发动机设计中可以近似忽略由于叶片温度变化导致物性参数改变带来的影响。

人体组织液特性对SAR值的影响及修正模型

比吸收率(specific absorption ratio,SAR)值测量所使用的组织液特性与规范标准中给出的组织液目标值会有一定偏差。此时,需要对SAR值的测量结果进行修正。针对此问题,提出了一种修正模型,修正模型基于电磁仿真的方法建立。通过在835 MHz频点与IEC 62209\IEEE 1528标准中的数据进行比较,对建模方法进行了验证。基于此建模方法,给出了3.5 GHz及28 GHz这2个下一代移动通信备选频段下的SAR值修正模型。使用此修正模型将减小SAR值测量的不确定度,进而提升各测量实验室间SAR符合性评定结果的一致性。使用此修正模型的另一个好处在于,该修正模型允许更大的组织液特性偏差,这将有助于降低SAR值测量的成本。

壁面热辐射对车内温度场影响的分析

高原地区空气稀薄,空气导热和对流换热降低,而辐射换热增强.文中通过数值模拟的方法研究了中国高原地区夏季条件下汽车壁面热辐射对整车温度场的影响.应用整体求解法从瞬态和稳态两种角度讨论了车内热辐射对温度场的影响并与平原情况作对比.结果表明在高原地区,考虑壁面辐射的车内空气整体平均温度比不考虑壁面辐射的低8.93 K,稳态时车身的总传热量中的辐射传热占比为41.16%,前玻璃的辐射传热的占比为23.59%,后玻璃的占比为35.94%,发动机罩的为29.91%,椅子为61.96%.因此,在高原地区,固体壁面的辐射换热是一种重要换热形式,不可被忽略.

褶曲翼部区煤层倾角变化诱发冲击地压机理及其防治研究

以宝积山煤矿七采区内褶曲翼部影响区为工程地质背景,采用现场调研统计、理论计算分析、数值模拟运算等方法,对开采煤层倾角变化诱冲机理进行研究,提出协同控制防治冲击地压方案并进行了现场工业性试验。结果表明:随着煤层倾角增大,煤柱侧内高集中静载呈现出逐渐增大的规律,实体煤侧内高集中静载呈现出逐渐减小的规律;在煤层倾角较小的条件下,厚硬关键层更容易在采空区两侧边界位置发生破断,诱使其悬空段中部区域瞬间发生破断进而形成扰动强度较大的远场应力扰动;关键块体B在煤层倾角较小且埋深较大的条件下极易发生回转失稳,进而形成扰动强度较小的近场应力扰动。该方法对于冲击地压的防治效果显著。

高超声速飞行器流场电磁场松耦合数值模拟

在高超声速再入式飞行器通信黑障问题众多解决方案中,电磁调控方法是最具可行性的方法之一.一个细致可靠的电磁调控方案不仅需要准确考虑外加电磁场对导电流体作用,还需要考虑因流体高速运动产生的感生电磁场对导电流体的作用.对于高超声速飞行器典型飞行状态,全磁流体力学方法因数值刚性问题很难直接用于流场和电磁场耦合模拟,而低磁雷诺数近似方法无法考虑感生磁场对导电流体作用.针对磁流体力学两种经典方法应用于高超声速飞行器电磁调控方案设计时存在的困难和不足,文章在数值求解流动控制方程N-S方程和电磁控制方程双曲Maxwell方程的基础上,将两者结合起来松耦合迭代求解,建立适用于高超声速飞行器流场和电磁耦合的数值模拟方法.通过磁流体激波反射和二维超声速磁流体喷管两个典型算例,对文章的数值方法进行验证.基于数值方法对外加偶极子磁场作用下某高超声速飞行器典型飞行状态下流场电磁耦合问题进行了研究,数值模拟结果表明,磁雷诺数为0.7557时,不考虑感生磁场对流体运动影响时激波脱体距离相对于考虑感生磁场作用时大11.11%,此误差已不容忽视,对于该飞行状态,应完整考虑流场和磁场相互作用而不是仅考虑外加磁场对流场运动影响.

磁等离子体推进器阳极半径对阳极功率沉降的影响

随着人类航天事业的发展,需要研发适用于不同空间任务的推进系统,与磁约束核聚变原理类似的磁等离子体动力推进器(MegnetoPlasmaDynamic Thruster,MPDT)在推力功率比和比冲方面具有优越性能。阳极功率沉降是MPDT运行过程中等离子体与壁面相互作用的结果,占总功率的40%~90%,严重降低推进器效率。针对该问题,本文从阳极功率沉降的角度探究了阳极半径对推进器效率的影响。基于磁流体力学方程(MagnetoHydroDynamic,MHD),利用数值计算方法建立径向放电参数数值模型和阳极功率沉降物理模型,研究计算了阳极半径对放电参数和阳极功率沉降的影响规律,并建立热仿真模型对阳极水冷散热结构进行了热仿真。研究结果表明:增大阳极半径,电子密度及离子速度得到提高,阳极功率沉降增大,但阳极功率沉降分数降低,推进器效率得到提升。热仿真结果显示,水冷结构阳极在输入阳极功率沉降约为3 kW时,对应的阳极冷却水温差为5 K。本研究验证了阳极功率沉降物理模型的可靠性,并指出增大阳极半径是提升推进器效率的有效手段。