Linear numerical calculation method for obtaining critical point,pore fluid,and framework parameters of gas-bearing media

Up to now, the primary method for studying critical porosity and porous media are experimental measurements and data analysis. There are few references on how to numerically calculate porosity at the critical point, pore fluid-related parameters, or framework-related parameters. So in this article, we provide a method for calculating these elastic parameters and use this method to analyze gas-bearing samples. We first derive three linear equations for numerical calculations. They are the equation of density p versus porosity Ф, density times the square of compressional wave velocity p Vp^2 versus porosity, and density times the square of shear wave velocity pVs^2 versus porosity. Here porosity is viewed as an independent variable and the other parameters are dependent variables. We elaborate on the calculation steps and provide some notes. Then we use our method to analyze gas-bearing sandstone samples. In the calculations, density and P- and S-velocities are input data and we calculate eleven relative parameters for porous fluid, framework, and critical point. In the end, by comparing our results with experiment measurements, we prove the viability of the method.

Temperature field calculation on cold crucible continuous melting and directional solidifying Ti50Al alloys

In order to optimize technological parameters and realize directional solidification,temperature fields of cold crucible continuous melting and directional solidifying Ti50Al（mole fraction,%） at different parameters were calculated.Continuous casting of the model is achieved by distinguishing the moving unit at different positions.The calculation results show that the feeding rod is entirely melted at 200 s,the melt of feeding rod has some superheat degree at 300 s under the conditions of 52 kW and 3.0 mm/min.Both the superheat degree and the molten zone of the feeding rod reduce,the solid-liquid interface becomes concave with increasing velocity from 1.2 mm/min to 6.0 mm/min when the power is 52 kW,and the outside layer of the rod cannot be melted at the velocity of 6.0 mm/min.Both superheat degree and the molten zone of the feeding rod increase,the solid-liquid interface descends and becomes concave with increasing power from 48 to 58 kW at velocity of 3.0 mm/min,and the rod cannot be melted entirely when the power is 48 kW.Cold crucible continuous melting and directional solidification of TiAl alloys will be achieved successfully when the pulling velocity and the power are matched appropriately.

Numerical Calculations and Cold Tests for Flow Fields of a 220t/h Retrofitted Oil-Boiler

In this paper, cold simulation experiments and numerical calculations are conducted to predict 3 D flow field aerodynamics for an oil furnace after being retrofitted due to its fuel variation. K ε model and SIMPLE program under body fit coordination (BFC) system, in which TTM non orthogonal method is used to control the irregular geometric boundary, are adopted to solve the control equations. Model tests are conducted to check the calculation results, showing that they are in agreement with each other. Three different alternatives with different side window locations are also calculated to optimize the designs. The field retrofitting results show that the combination of cold tests with numerical calculations has prosperous application in retrofitting or renewing medium and small boilers.

Application of Two-dimensional Viscous CE/SE Method in Calculation of Two-phase Detonation

The method of two-dimensional viscous space-time conservation element and solution element (CE/SE) can be used to calculate the gas-liquid two-phase interior flow field in pulse detonation engine (PDE). In this paper, the evolution of the detonation wave and the distribution of its physical parameters were analyzed. The numerical results show that the change of axial velocity of gas is the same as that of detonation pressure. The larger the liquid droplet radius is, the longer the time to get stable detonation wave is. The calculated results coincide with the experimented results better.

Numerical calculation of flow field inside TiAl melt during rectangular cold crucible directional solidification

Numerical investigations on the flow field in Ti-Al melt during rectangular cold crucible directional solidification were carried out. Combined with the experimental results, 3-D finite element models for calculating flow field inside melting pool were established, the characteristics of the flow under different power parameters were further studied. Numerical calculation results show that there is a complex circular flow in the melt, a rapid horizontal flow exists on the solid/liquid interface and those flows confluence in the center of the melting pool. The flow velocity v increases with the increase of current intensity, but the flow patterns remain unchanged. When the current is 1000 A, the vmax reaches 4 mm/s and the flow on the interface achieves 3 mm/s. Flow patterns are quite different when the frequency changes from 10 kHz to 100 kHz, the mechanism of the frequency influence on the flow pattern is analyzed, and there is an optimum frequency for cold crucible directional solidification.

Numerical Calculation of Seafloor Synthetic Seismograms Caused by Low Frequency Point Sound Source

Elastic wave on seafloor caused by low frequency noise radiated from ship is called ship seismic wave which can be used to identify ship target. In order to analyze the wave components and the propagating properties of ship seismic wave, the numerical calculation of synthetic seismograms on seafloor aroused by a low frequency point sound source is carried out using a wave number integration technique combined with inverse Fourier transform. According to the numerical example of hard seafloor, the time series of seismic wave on seafloor are mostly composed of interface waves and normal mode waves. Each normal mode wave has a well defined low cut-off frequency, while the interface wave doesn't have. The frequency dispersion of normal mode wave is obvious when frequency is lower than 100Hz, while the interface wave is dispersive only in the infra-sound frequency range. The time series of seismic wave is dominated by the interface wave when the source frequency is less than the minimal cut-off frequency of normal mode wave.

A BFG model for calculation of tidal current and diffusion of pollutants in nearshore areas

This study presents a boundary-fitted grid (BFG) numerical model with an aim to simulate the tidal currents and diffusion of pollutants in complicated nearshore areas. To suit the general model to any curvilinear grids, generalized 2-D shallow sea dynamic equations and the advection diffusion equation are derived in curvilinear coordinates, and the contravariant components of the velocity vector are adopted for easily realizing boundary conditions and making the equations conservational. As the generalized equations are not limited by a speCific coordinate transformation. a self-adaptive grid generation method is then proposed conveniently to generate a boundary-fitted and varying SPacing grid.The calculation in the Yangpu Bay and the Xinying Bay shows that this is an effective model for calculating tidal currents and diffusion of pollutants in the more complicated nearshore areas.

Numerical Calculation for Nonlinear Waves in Water of Arbitrarily Varying Depth with Boussinesq Equations

Based on the high order nonlinear and dispersive wave equation with a dissipative term, a numerical model for nonlinear waves is developed, It is suitable to calculate wave propagation in water areas with an arbitrarily varying bottom slope and a relative depth h/L(0)less than or equal to1. By the application of the completely implicit stagger grid and central difference algorithm, discrete governing equations are obtained. Although the central difference algorithm of second-order accuracy both in time and space domains is used to yield the difference equations, the order of truncation error in the difference equation is the same as that of the third-order derivatives of the Boussinesq equation. In this paper, the correction to the first-order derivative is made, and the accuracy of the difference equation is improved. The verifications of accuracy show that the results of the numerical model are in good agreement with those of analytical Solutions and physical models.

Numerical Calculation of Channel Dredging Volume Using 3D Digital Stratum Model

Prediction of channel dredging volume is critical for project cost estimation. However, many proposed approximate methods are not accurate. This paper presents a novel numerical method to accurately calculate the dredg- ing volume using a 3D stratum model (DSM) and a channel surface model. First, the 3D DSM is constructed rapidly yet accurately from non-uniform rational B-splines (NURBS) surfaces through Boolean operation between a physical terrain model and a stratum surfaces model. Then, a parametric channel surface model is built from cross-section data and a channel center line using code implemented in the VC++ programming language. Finally, the volumes of different types of physical stratums can be calculated automatically and hierarchically to determine the dredging volume. Practical application shows that the DSM method is more precise and faster compared to the section method, and that the implementation of the developed software provides an interactive graphical user interface and visual presentation.

Interior Performances of an Impulse Thruster by Numerical Calculation

Impulse thruster is a kind of actuator used for trajectory correction or attitude control of some in-flight munitions and vehicles.A simple mathematical model was set up to model interior characteristics of an impulse thruster.With this model,effects of some key parameters on interior performances of the impulse thruster were studied.Results show that action time is affected significantly by nozzle throat diameter and volume of combustion chamber,while output impulse is sensitive to charge particle diameter and nozzle throat diameter.Through numerical calculation,the ranges of the optimized values for some key parameters were obtained.

A three-dimensional numerical calculation of the wind-driven thermohaline and tide-induced Lagrangian residual current in the Bohai Sea

On the basis of a three-dimensional weakly nonliear theory of Lagrangian residual current in the Baroclinic shallow seas, a diagnostic numerical calculation of wind-driven, thermohaline and tide-induced Lagrangian residual current in the Bohai Sea is made. The model involves the Richardson number in the eddy viscosity coefficient, wind, thcrmolialine and tidal effects in the focing terms. The runoff of the Huanghe River and a part of the Huanghai Warm Water coming from the Huanghai Sea through the Bohai Sea Strait is also considered. The velocity-splitting method is adopted. The wind-driven circu lation, thermohaline circulation and the tide-induced Lagrangian residual circulation are also obtained individually and analysed. The dynamics of the three main eddies in the Lagrangian mean circulation is discussed. Finally, the numerical result is partly verified with the observed data.

Numerical calculation on temperature field of FGH95 alloy droplet during rapid solidification

The temperature field of FGH95 alloy droplet atomized by plasma rotatingelectrode processing (PREP) during solidification has been calculated through numerical analysisbased on equivalent sensible heat capacity method. And thus the relational curves among temperaturegradient of solid-liquid interface, moving velocity of solid-liquid interface and solid fractionduring solidification have been presented. The results indicate that the relation between averagetemperature gradient of solid-liquid interface and droplet size, and the relation between averagemoving velocity of solid-liquid interface and droplet size can be expressed during solidification.

An improved algorithm for numerical calculation of seismic response spectra

The information of seismic response spectra is key to many problems concerned with aseismic structure and is also helpful for earthquake disaster relief if it is generated in time when earthquake happens. While current numerical calculation methods suffer from poor precision, especially in frequency band near Nyquist frequency, we present a set of improved parameters for precision improvement. It is shown that precision of displacement and velocity response spectra are both further improved compared to current numerical algorithms. A uniform fitting formula is given for computing these parameters for damping ratio range of 0.01-0.9, quite convenient for practical application.

NUMERICAL CALCULATIONS OF GASEOUS REACTING FLOWS IN A MODEL OF GAS TURBINE COMBUSTORS

This paper describes the numerical calculations of gaseous reaction flows in a model of gas turbine combustors. The profiles of hydrodynamic and thermodynamic patterns in a three-dimensional combustor model are obtained by solving the governing differential transport equations. The well-established numerical prediction algorithm SIMPLE, the modified k-ε turbulence model and k-ε-g turbulent diffusion flame model have been adopted in computations. The β function has been selected as probability density function. The effect of combustion process on flow patterns has been investigated. The calculated results have been verified by experiments. They are in remarkably good agreement.

Experiment and Calculation for Expansion Process of Ablation Plasma Jets in Liquid

The expansion process of ablation plasma jet in liquid was experimentally investigated by using high speed digital camera. The sequential pictures show that, in the initial stage of the jet, the Taylor cavity expands in the axial and radial directions simultaneously, and then, is subjected to the constraint of chamber wall, in axial direction mainly. The maximum axial speed of the cavity's head ranges from 240m/s to 280m/s. Some strong heat conduction and mass transmission effects can be found in the surface of Taylor cavity, where the plasma cools down and condenses as solid particles while the liquid vaporizes as gas. Compared the expansion processes of the cavities among the different discharge energies and the nozzle diameters, it can be seen that the expansion speed of the cavity is directly proportional to the discharge energy and inversely to the nozzle diameter, and the effect of the discharge energy is stronger than that of the nozzle diameter. A set of equations describing the expansion process of ablation plasma jet was derived under the assumption of momentum conservation. The calculated results by use of the equations coincide with the experimented results better.

Aero-thermo-elastic Numerical Calculation and Analysis of Spinning Rocket

The application of computational fluid dynamics/computational solid method(CFD/CSM)on solving the aero-thermo-elastic problem of spinning rocket is introduced.Firstly,the aerodynamic coefficients of a rocket are calculated,and the results are compared with the available experimental data,which verified the accuracy of the CFD output.Then,analysis is carried using ANSYS Workbench multi-physics coupling platform,which includes fluid,thermal,and structural solvers.The results show that spinning causes a significant effect on the deformations and stresses.Furthermore,thermal stresses due to high temperature at the rocket warhead and tail edges have a dominated effect,even more than those produced by aerodynamic forces.Consequently,this important outcome should be taken into consideration during the rocket design stages.

Optimization Method for Indoor Thermal Comfort Based on Interactive Numerical Calculation

In order to implement the optimal design of the indoor thermal comfort based on the numerical modeling method, the numerical calculation platform is combined seamlessly with the data-processing platform, and an interactive numerical calculation platform which includes the functions of numerical simulation and optimization is established. The artificial neural network （ANN） and the greedy strategy are introduced into the hill-climbing pattern heuristic search process, and the optimizing search direction can be predicted by using small samples; when searching along the direction using the greedy strategy, the optimal values can be quickly approached. Therefore, excessive external calling of the numerical modeling process can be avoided, and the optimization time is decreased obviously. The experimental results indicate that the satisfied output parameters of air conditioning can be quickly given out based on the interactive numerical calculation platform and the improved search method, and the optimization for indoor thermal comfort can be completed.

Dynamic mathematical model and numerical calculation method on spontaneous combustion of loose coal

Through the experiment of coal spontaneous combustion and relationship particle size with oxidation character of loose coal, some calculation formula of characteristic parameters is got in the process of coal spontaneous combustion. According to these theories of porous medium hydrodynamics, mass transfer and heat transfer, mathematical models of air leak field, oxygen concentration field and temperature field are set up. Through experimental and theoretical analysis, 3 D dynamic mathematical model of coal spontaneous combustion is set up. The method of ascertaining boundary condition of model is analyzed, and finite difference method is adopted to solve 2 D mathematical model.

Numerical calculation of flow and heat transfer process in the new-type external combustion swirl-flowing hot stove

It is clarified that the important method to improve the blast temperature ofthe small and the middle blast furnaces whose production is about two-thirds of total sum of Chinafrom 1000℃ to 1250-1300℃ is to preheat both their combustion-supporting air and coal gas. The airtemperature of blast furnaces can be reached to 1250-1300℃ by burning single blast furnace coal gasif high speed burner is applied to blast furnaces and new-type external combustion swirl-flowinghot stove is used to preheat their combustion-supporting air. The computational results of the flowand heat transfer processions in the hot stove prove that the surface of the bed of the thermalstorage balls there have not eccentric flow and the flow field and temperature field distribution iseven. The computational results of the blast temperature distribution are similar to thosedetermination experiment data. The numerical results also provide references for developing anddesigning the new-type external combustion swirl-flowing hot stoves.

TWO DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL CALCULATION FOR SALT WATER INTRUSION AT ESTUARIES

Based on 2-dimensional vertically governing equations of salt water intrusion at estuaries, a method is obtained, which can predict quantitatively current velocity and salinity distribution along depth when the intrusion occurs. The volume-controlling method proposed by Patanker and Spalding is used to form the computational pattern and the Power- Law Scheme is used as the diversion pattern of the diffusion term. The comparison between the computational results and the measured ones gives a satisfactory agreement.