Anatomical peculiarities of sensory tracts of the wrist median nerve pedicled with nutrient vessels transferring to bridge wrist ulnar nerve defect

BACKGROUND： Translocation or transplantation of nerve stem has good effect; however, nervous function of donator is completely lost. If some nerve stem is damaged, sensory tracts are intercepted from the near nerve stem by nutrient vessels to regard as neural graft for transferring and bridging which may repair injured nerve and decrease neural functional loss of donator. OBJECTIVE： To observe anatomical peculiarities on sensory tracts of wrist median nerve pedicled with nutrient vessels transferring to bridge wrist ulnar nerve defect, and to investigate its feasibility. DESIGN：Duplicated and measured design.SETTING ： Anatomy Department of Medical College affiliated to Nanhua University.MATERIALS： A total of 14 samples of upper limbs were selected from adult unnamed corpse and volunteers.METHODS： The experiment was completed at the Clinical Application Anatomy Laboratory of Medical College affiliated to Nanhua University from September to November 2005. Samples were perfused with red emulsion through artery to observe length, fibrous bands and blood supply of median nerve and ulnar nerve at wrist. Boundary of median nerve at wrist ranged from superficial site between flexor carpi radialis and palmaris Iongus to branch of common palmar digital nerves. Ulnar nerve at wrist ranged from branch of back of the hand to site of common palmar digital nerves. Proximal boundary of the two nerves was crossed from 1/8 to 2/8 region of forearm. Samples of upper limbs from 1 case were selected to simulate operation on sensory tracts of wrist median nerve pedicled with nutrient vessels transferring to bridge wrist ulnar nerve. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Anatomical peculiarities on sensory tracts of wrist median nerve pedicled with nutrient vessels transferring to bridge wrist ulnar nerve defect. RESULTS： ① The length of wrist median nerves was 7.8 （7.5-8.1） cm. There were 19 to 27 nerve tracts in it and the majority belonged to sensory tracts on the ulnar side, in which non-damaged separated length was about 10.0 cm to 14.0 cm. The third, second and first tracts of cutaneous branches at digital interspace and radialis of thumb arrayed from ulnaris to radialis by turns, and numbers of bands were 6.9, 7.4 and 7.2, respectively. The bands in total were 21.6. Cutaneous branches of palm entered from lateral margin of radialis and were completely separated at wrist. Two-thirds of ulnaris at nerve stem, i.e. the third, second and first tracts of cutaneous branches at digital interspace, were separated, which had little effect on sensation in distribution of median nerve. ② Its nutrient vessels originated from radial arteries about 6.2 （6.1-6.6） cm above radial styloid process were 1.2 （1.1-1.4） mm in outer diameter. The length was 5.7 （5.1-6.1） cm.③ The length of wrist ulnar nerve were 9.4 （8.9-9.7） cm and the number of nervous tract were 14 to 19, in which sensory tracts on the anterior external side were approximately equal to motor and mixed tracts on the posterior internal side in quantity. Sensory tracts were located at radialis of palm and motor tracts were located at ulnaris of back. CONCLUSION ：① Character and position of median nerve fibre bundle are clear, and length of non-damage separation of sensory tracts is coincidence with the request of transferring to bridge. ② Summation of the third, second and first tracts of cutaneous branches at digital interspace may be satisfactory to bridge of ulnar nerve at wrist （14-19 bands）. ③ This technique has little effect on sensation in distribution of median nerve. Nutrient artery of median nerve locates constantly; journey table is superficial and is easily to find out; caliber of arterial canal is thick; blood supply is plentiful; length of pedicel is suitable for translocation. The sensery tracts of wrist median nerve pedicled with nutrient vessels can be applied as nervous grafts to join injured gap in wrist ulnar nerve.

Root Function in Nutrient Uptake and Soil Water Effect on NO3^- -N and NH4^+ -N Migration

Root function in uptake of nutrients and the effect of soil water on the transfer and distribution of NO3^--N in arable soil were studied using summer maize （Zea mays L. var. Shandan 9） as a testing crop. Results showed that root growth and water supply had a significant effect on NO3^--N transfer and made NO3^--N distributed evenly from bulk soil to rhizosphere soil. Under a natural condition with irrigation, the difference of NO3^--N concentration at different distance points from a maize plant was smaller, while obvious difference of NO3^--N concentration was observed under conditions of limited root growth space without irrigation. Whether root growth space was restricted or not, the content of soil NO3^--N decreased gradually from 10 to 0 cm from the plant, being opposite to the root absorbing area in soils. When root-grown space was limited, changes of NO3^--N concentration at different distances from a plant were similar to that of water content in tendency. Results showed that NO3^--N could be transferred as solute to plant root systems with water uptake by plants. However, the transfer and distribution of NH4^--N were not influenced by root growth and soil water supply, being different to NO3^--N.

Photoperiod and Nitrogen Supply Limit the Scope of Northward Migration and Seed Transfer of Black Spruce in a Future Climate Associated with Doubled Atmospheric CO2 Concentration

The predicated changes in precipitation and temperature associated with the continued elevation of atmospheric CO2 concentration will trigger the northward shift of the Climate Envelopes for 130 North America tree species by as much as 10 degrees. However, climate envelope models do not take into account changes in other factors that may also influence the survival and growth of plants at the predicted new locations, such as photoperiod and nutrient regimes. This study investigated how photoperiod and nitrogen supply would affect the ecophysiological traits of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill) B. S. P.) that are critical for survival and growth at new locations predicted by climate envelope models. We exposed black spruce seedlings to the photoperiod regime at the seed origin (PS) and that 10° north of the seed origin (PNM) as predicted by climate envelope models under the current and doubled atmospheric CO2 concentration and different levels of N supply (30 vs. 300 μmol·mol-1 N). We found that the PNM and the 30 μmol·mol-1 N supply both had negative impact on the development of seedling cold hardiness in the fall, and led to earlier burst of the terminal bud and greater rate of mortality in the following growing season. While the PNM stimulated seedling growth in the first growing season, the effect was not sustained in the second growing season. Our results suggest that the photoperiod regimes and poor nutrient conditions at higher latitudes will likely constrain the scope of the northward migration or seed transfer of black spruce.

广西不同绿肥油菜品种的养分累积差异及富硒品种筛选

【目的】探明不同绿肥油菜品种的养分差异及对土壤硒富集效应,为丰富绿肥油菜品种及广西富硒土壤资源应用提供理论依据。【方法】以川油36(CY36)、丰油823(FY823)和沣油919(FY919)等19个绿肥油菜品种为研究对象,采用盆栽试验,研究不同品种生物量,氮、磷、钾和钙养分累积差异及对土壤硒吸收、富集的响应。【结果】不同绿肥油菜品种之间的地上部生物量、地下部生物量和总生物量均存在一定差异。地上部干生物量为4.49~6.62 g/盆,地下部为0.14~0.84 g/盆;总干生物量为4.82~7.14 g/盆。总生物量前3位的中双9号、沣油958和南油12显著高于生物量最低的3个品种(花油8号、川油36和华湘油12号);地上部氮、磷、钾和钙养分含量分别为8.86~19.64 g/kg、 0.69~2.24 g/kg、 13.07~37.68 g/kg和11.82~34.23 g/kg。浙油51号和花油6号地上部和地下部的养分含量均较高。氮、磷、钾和钙含量综合评分排序前3位的油菜品种为浙油51、中双10号和花油6号。硒含量地上部为0.095~0.369 mg/kg,地下部为0.160~0.579 mg/kg;全株硒含量为0.111~0.382 mg/kg;沣油919、绵油88和圣光86的地上部、地下部和全株硒含量较高,均显著高于其他油菜品种;硒总累积量在0.552~2.286μg/盆,沣油919和绵油88显著高于其他油菜品种。【结论】综合各品种的养分累积量和硒素吸收特性,沣油919、绵油88和圣光86的富硒能力较强,可作为广西富硒土壤资源高效利用的绿肥油菜品种。

电生理快速定量菜心杂种优势

本研究以温室培养的14个品种的菜心为材料,测定了饱水与不饱水状态下菜心的基本电生理参数,并基于能斯特(Nernst)方程计算得到叶片相对持水量(LIWHC)、叶片胞内水分转移速率(LIWTR)、叶片胞内持水时间(LIWHT)、叶片营养主动传输能力(NAT)、叶片营养被动传输能力(NPT)、耐低营养能力(RLN)、营养利用效率(NUE)和植物相对代谢活力(MA)等电生理指标,探究其与杂种优势的关系。结果表明,杂交50的胞内水分传输效率均显著低于其他品种的菜心,其RLN和NUE值则显著高于其他品种,但MA则显著高于其他品种。采用隶属函数法对供试品种水分及养分代谢进行综合评价,结果表明,参试的4个品种中,菜心杂交50的综合评价优于其他3个品种。因此,可以通过测定植物的电生理信息来计算水分、养分代谢状况以及植物的相对代谢活力等来鉴定植物的杂种优势。

肉用雏鸡在绝食条件下的卵黄囊营养和维持需要

出壳后肉用仔鸡在绝食至１２、５８、１０６和１３０时龄时，分别测定全屠体（共６４只）和卵黄囊（共６３只）营养素含量。４５克体重时（１２时龄）维持需要量是代谢能１１千卡（共６０只），蛋白质０．８２克，赖氨酸５１毫克，蛋氨酸为１８毫克。但在绝食１２至０８时龄，能量、蛋白质、赖氨酸和蛋氨酸的耗减量，完全由卵黄囊承担。并有余量转贮于体组织内。在平均２４小时内，能量转贮２千卡，蛋白质０．３克，赖氨酸７毫克，蛋氨酸８毫克。在绝食条件下，全屠体成分的损失量，前期（１２至５８时龄）粗脂肪损失量最大，占原含量的４６％以上，以后越来越少。而蛋白质耗减量则在１２至１３０时龄全程内每天基本相同。但是卵黄囊内所有营养素的耗减量，包括能量、蛋白质、赖氨酸和蛋氨酸的损失量都集中在１２至５８时龄，皆为原含量的７０％左右。

不同水质灌溉下绿地养分积累及其比较

对天津泰达开发区的清水、清水和处理水混合水、处理水灌溉区进行土壤和植物调查研究,分析不同水质灌溉下土壤、植物中养分含量的变化,发现混水、处理水灌溉土壤中全氮、有机质、pH值增加不明显,部分甚至有下降趋势,但水解氮、速效磷、速效钾在混水和处理水灌溉土壤中均增加显著.植物叶中氮、磷、钾含量变化较小,与土壤中的相应元素没有表现出相关性,说明混水和处理水中的养分并没有为植物有效利用.对土壤不同层上的养分研究表明,长期灌溉混水或处理水后,除有机质外,其他养分易于向下迁移,使不同层上没有表现出明显差异.

三叶草体内磷通过菌丝桥向黑麦草的传递研究

应用５ 室分隔法研究了供体三叶草体内的３２Ｐ 通过菌丝桥向受体黑麦草的传递作用．结果表明，菌根侵染供体三叶草根系之后，根外菌丝可穿过中室到达受体植株根室而再度侵染受体黑麦草的根系，从而形成三叶草－ 黑麦草根系之间的菌丝桥；供体三叶草体内的３２Ｐ 可通过根间菌丝桥传递给受体黑麦草，３２Ｐ

3种桉树幼苗叶片养分变化及其转移特性

Nutrient dynamic and transfer characteristics of trees reflect the preservation and utilization of nutrients,and the adaptability to the infertile soil and environment.The change of nutrient content and the transfer ratio of element N,P,K,Ca,Mg in living and fallen leaves of three Eucalyptus varieties of 184-1,201-2,guanglin-9 were measured and analyzed.The results indicated that the content of N,P,K,Ca,Mg in leaves was significantly different monthly within a year.In general,the nutrient content and the transfer rate of the leaf were relatively higher in the growing season（6-10 months）than that in other seasons.The nutrient content in the living leaves was significantly higher than that of the fallen ones,and the nutrient content in the living leaves was positively correlated（r=0.94,P<0.01）with that in the fallen ones.The nutrient content and the transfer ratio were different among the three varieties of eucalyptus.Contents of N and Ca were the highest in 184-1,and contents of P,K,Mg were the highest in 201-2,while contents of the other four elements except N were the lowest in Guanglin-9.In terms of the nutrient transfer rate,Ca had no change,and the rate of the other four elements was P>N>K>Mg and the difference was significantly different（F=192.19,P<0.01）.The nutrient content of the leaf was significantly(t=2.97> t 0.025 6=2.446 9),however the nutrient transfer rate was not remarkably affected by fertilization.There was no significant difference in the nutrient transfer rate among the three Eucalyptus varieties.The results showed that the changes of leaf nutrient content and the transfer rate were related with many factors,such as growth characteristics and biological characteristics of species and external conditions.

坡地土壤养分迁移与流失影响因素研究进展

综合国内外有关文献,论述了坡地土壤养分迁移与流失的影响因素,包括降雨特征、下垫面条件、土壤特征、管理措施等,表明坡地土壤养分迁移与流失是一个复杂的物理化学过程;坡地养分迁移与流失的形态和途径,主要为吸附于泥沙颗粒表面的养分随径流液(溶解态)和泥沙(结合态)流出坡地和部分养分的淋溶;强调了坡地养分流失对环境污染的严重影响,而且污染范围很广,在污染河流和地下水的同时导致水体富营养化,同时因反硝化过程所产生的氮氧化合物对大气也形成了污染。最后介绍了坡地养分流失的预测预报模型,并在此基础上,讨论了坡地养分迁移与流失研究存在的问题和发展趋势。

水氮互作对水稻氮磷钾吸收、转运及分配的影响

以杂交稻冈优527为材料,设"淹水灌溉"(W1)、"前期湿润灌溉+孕穗期浅水灌溉+抽穗至成熟期干湿交替灌溉"(W2)和"旱种"(W3)3种灌水及不同的施氮量处理,研究对水稻氮、磷、钾吸收、转运及分配的影响,并探讨各养分间及其与产量间的关系。结果表明,水与氮对水稻主要生育期氮、磷、钾的累积、转运、分配及产量均存在显著的互作作用,水氮互作下各生育期氮、磷、钾吸收、转运及其与产量间均有显著或极显著的正相关,且抽穗前期氮、磷的累积以及分蘖盛期对钾的吸收状况与产量呈极显著正相关。结合产量与稻株氮、磷、钾吸收及转运关系间的表现,W2灌溉方式与施氮量为180kghm-2组合是本试验最佳的水氮耦合运筹方式,淹灌条件下,施氮量以180kghm-2为宜,旱种条件下,施氮量可适当降至90～180kghm-2。

水分管理和氮肥运筹对水稻养分吸收、转运及分配的影响

在高产施氮量180kghm?2条件下,以杂交稻冈优527为材料,通过"淹水灌溉"(W1)、"湿润灌溉(前期)+浅水灌溉(孕穗期)+干湿交替灌溉(抽穗至成熟期)"(W2)和"旱种"(W3)3种灌水及不同的氮肥运筹处理,研究水分管理和氮肥运筹对水稻养分吸收、转运、分配及产量的影响,并探讨各养分间及其与产量的相互关系。结果表明,水分管理和氮肥运筹对水稻主要生育期氮、磷、钾的累积、转运、分配及产量的影响均存在显著的互作效应,水氮互作条件下各生育期氮、磷、钾间的吸收存在显著的协同效应;抽穗期氮、磷、钾的累积与各养分在结实期转运总量间,以及结实期各养分转运间均呈极显著正相关,且氮、钾在抽穗前期的累积对促进结实期各养分向籽粒的转运和提高产量影响显著,但氮肥后移比例过重(N4处理)及W3处理均会导致结实期叶片和茎鞘各养分转运总量的显著降低,氮、磷、钾降幅分别达2.73%～18.00%、8.03%～19.70%、6.52%～17.02%。据产量及其与养分吸收、转运间关系的表现,W1模式下氮肥后移量以占总施氮量的40%～60%为宜,W2模式与氮肥运筹方式为基肥:蘖肥:孕穗肥(倒四、二叶龄期分2次等量施入)=3:3:4组合是本试验最佳的水氮耦合运筹模式,W3模式下,应减少氮肥的后移量,氮肥后移量占总施氮量的20%～40%为宜。

肉用雏鸡在采食条件下卵黄囊内营养素的转移和耗用

以４６２只刚出壳的星杂（ｓｔａｒｂｒｏ）商品代雏鸡分成５组。１，２，３和５组饲喂代谢能２．９３兆卡／千克和蛋白质２３．８％的基础日粮，并分别依次含有赖氨酸和蛋氨酸是１．１３％和０．３６％；１．１３％和０．４６％；１．２２％和０．５１％；１．４２和０．５８％。另一组为绝食组。所有５组雏鸡相继在１２、５８，１０６、１３０时龄窒死，并按时龄测定全屠体和卵黄囊的重量、含水量、燃烧值（能量）、蛋白质和氨基酸。在１２～５８时龄将近两天的时间内，采食组每只雏鸡只增重２克左右，但绝食组则损失体重５．６克。这说明对刚出壳的雏鸡尽早布料的重要性。采食组雏鸡在１２～１３０时龄全期内日增重约７克。在１２～５８时龄内采食组（以第Ⅱ组为例）卵黄囊内的燃烧值、蛋白质、赖氨酸和蛋氨酸含重分别减少１９千卡、１．１克、８０毫克和３６毫克，而同期内的全屠体则相应只减少８千卡、０．２克、３０毫克和１０毫克。这些数值说明，即便在采食条件下雏鸡需要的燃烧值１１千卡，蛋白质０．９克，赖氨酸５０毫克，蛋氨酸２６毫克也完全由卵黄囊提供。在５８～１０６时龄阶段内全屠体燃烧值、蛋白质、赖氨酸和蛋氨酸含量分别增加１６千卡、１．２克、８０毫克和１０毫克，而同期卵黄?

根系的吸收作用及土壤水分对硝态氮、铵态氮分布的影响

研究了玉米根系的吸收作用和土壤水分对耕层土壤硝态氮迁移及分布的影响。结果表明,根系发育状况及水分供应明显影响硝态氮的迁移及分布。根系自然生长和灌水处理,距主茎不同距离的各位点硝态氮浓度差异小;而限制根系生长和不灌水处理,则差异较大。距主茎0～10cm范围的耕层土壤中硝态氮含量的变化趋势是由远到近逐渐降低。这种变化趋势与耕层土壤中根系吸收面积的变化趋势相反。限制根系生长时,各位点土壤硝态氮浓度与土壤水分有相当一致的变化规律,说明随着植物吸水硝态氮作为溶质向根表迁移。与硝态氮不同,铵态氮的迁移和分布不受根系发育状况及水分供应的影响。

三叶草根间菌丝桥传递衰亡根系中磷的作用

应用五室方法研究了三叶草根间菌丝桥传递衰亡根系中磷的作用。三叶草生长至１０周切除供体地上部让根系衰亡，１１周时收获样品进行分析测定。结果表明：菌丝桥可以在植株间传递３２Ｐ，从而使受体三叶草地上部磷营养状况得到改善；供体植株地上部切除后有利于３２Ｐ通过菌丝桥从衰亡根系向受体植株的转移，表现为受体植株含磷量有所增加，但对植株的生长影响不大。

小流域坡地表土层营养物质输运规律研究进展

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