The nutrient digestion,absorption and biological activity of bee pollen may be limited due to the complex pollen wall.Here,the effect of superfine grinding technology on the release of nutrients from bee pollen were i...The nutrient digestion,absorption and biological activity of bee pollen may be limited due to the complex pollen wall.Here,the effect of superfine grinding technology on the release of nutrients from bee pollen were investigated,and their antioxidant activities and in vitro digestion were explored in this study.Results showed that the content of nutrients in bee pollen increased after wall disruption.Among them,fat content increased by 22.55%-8.31%,protein content increased by 0.54%-4.91%,starch content increased by 36.31%-48.64%,soluble sugar content increased by 20.57%-29.67%,total phenolic acid content increased by 11.73%-86.98%and total flavonoids content increased by 14.29%-24.79%.At the same time,the antioxidant activity increased by 14.84%-46.00%.Furthermore,the active components such as phenolic compounds in the wall-disruption bee pollen were more readily to be released during the in vitro digestion,and easier to be absorbed because of their higher bioaccessibility.Antioxidant activities during in vitro digestion were also improved in walldisruption bee pollen.These findings provide evidence that bee pollen wall disruption was suggested,thus,it is more conducive to exerting the value of bee pollen in functional foods.展开更多
Background The effect of microbial phytase on amino acid and energy digestibility is not consistent in pigs,which may be related to the phytase dosage or the adaptation length to the diet.Therefore,an experiment was c...Background The effect of microbial phytase on amino acid and energy digestibility is not consistent in pigs,which may be related to the phytase dosage or the adaptation length to the diet.Therefore,an experiment was conducted to test the hypotheses that increasing dietary phytase after an 18-day adaptation period:1)increases nutrient and energy digestibility;2)increases plasma P,plasma inositol,and bone ash of young pigs;and 3)demonstrates that maximum phytate degradation requires more phytase than maximum P digestibility.Results Data indicated that increasing inclusion of phytase[0,250,500,1,000,2,000,and 4,000 phytase units(FTU)/kg feed]in corn-soybean meal-based diets increased apparent ileal digestibility(AID)of Trp(quadratic;P<0.05),and of Lys and Thr(linear;P<0.05),and tended to increase AID of Met(linear;P<0.10).Increasing dietary phytase also increased AID and apparent total tract digestibility(ATTD)of Ca and P(quadratic;P<0.05)and increased ATTD of K and Na(linear;P<0.05),but phytase did not influence the ATTD of Mg or gross energy.Concentrations of plasma P and bone ash increased(quadratic;P<0.05),and plasma inositol also increased(linear;P<0.05)with increasing inclusion of phytase.Reduced concentrations of inositol phosphate(IP)6 and IP5(quadratic;P<0.05),reduced IP4 and IP3(linear;P<0.05),but increased inositol concentrations(linear;P<0.05)were observed in ileal digesta as dietary phytase increased.The ATTD of P was maximized if at least 1,200 FTU/kg were used,whereas more than 4,000 FTU/kg were needed to maximize inositol release.Conclusions Increasing dietary levels of phytase after an 18-day adaptation period increased phytate and IP ester degradation and inositol release in the small intestine.Consequently,increasing dietary phytase resulted in improved digestibility of Ca,P,K,Na,and the first 4 limiting amino acids,and in increased concentrations of bone ash and plasma P and inositol.In a corn-soybean meal diet,maximum inositol release requires approximately 3,200 FTU/kg more phytase than that required for maximum P digestibility.展开更多
Background:This study aimed to investigate the hydration properties of different-source fibrous materials by com-paring their water-binding capacity(WBC),water swelling capacity(WSC),viscosity,and in vivo effects of s...Background:This study aimed to investigate the hydration properties of different-source fibrous materials by com-paring their water-binding capacity(WBC),water swelling capacity(WSC),viscosity,and in vivo effects of selected samples on growth performance,nutrient digestibility,diarrhea,and intestinal health in weaned piglets.Methods:A total of 13 commercially available fibrous materials were first compared in chemical composition and in vitro hydration property.Subsequently,40 weaned piglets were randomized to five experimental dietary groups(8 piglets per group):control diet(a basal diet without dietary fiber,CON),basal diet supplemented with 5%microcrys-talline cellulose(MCC),5%wheat bran(WB),5%Moringa oleifera leaf powder(MOLP),or 5%sugar beet pulp(SBP),fol-lowed by analyzing their growth performance and diarrhea rate in a 28-d experiment.After the feeding experiment,anaesthetized piglets were killed,and their intestinal and colon content or plasma samples were analyzed in nutrient digestibility,intestinal morphology,intestinal barrier,short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs),and bacterial population.Results:In vitro studies showed low hydration properties for WB and MCC,while medium hydration properties for MOLP and SBP.In vivo studies indicated that compared with medium hydration property groups,low hydration prop-erty groups showed(1)exacerbated diarrhea,impaired intestinal health,and reduced apparent fecal digestibility of dry matter,gross energy,acid detergent fiber,and neutral detergent fiber;(2)decreased SCFAs concentration and rela-tive levels of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium,but increased levels of Escherichia coli and Brachyspira hyodysenteriae in colon contents.Additionally,SBP showed optimal performance in reducing diarrhea and increasing SCFAs produc-tion.Correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation of fiber hydration properties with in vitro SCFAs production,and diarrhea index and nutrient digestibility were negatively and positively correlated with SCFAs levels in the colon contents of weaned piglets,respectively.Conclusions:Different-source dietary fibers varied in their hydration properties and impacts on diarrhea,microbial composition and SCFAs production in weaned piglets.WB and MCC could exacerbate diarrhea and impair nutrient digestibility,probably because their low hydration properties were detrimental to gut microbial homeostasis and fermentation.Our findings provide new ideas for rational use of fiber resources in weaned piglets.展开更多
The nutritive quality of guar (<i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cyamopsis tetragonoloba</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i&...The nutritive quality of guar (<i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cyamopsis tetragonoloba</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) residues (GR) was investigated and the effects of partial replacement of wheat straw by GR on nutrients intake, digestibility, and growth performance. Twenty four male lambs, with average body weight (BW) of 40.3 ± 2.5 kg were divided into three groups. Lambs were fed individually for 104 days with concentrate mixture (18% crude protein) and wheat straw as a total mixed ration. Wheat straw was replaced with 0, 100 and 145 g/kg dry matter guar residues. All rations were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The fattening trial lasted 104 days</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> At the end of week 10 of the trail</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> a digestion trial was performed using six lambs from each group. The composition of nutrients in the GR was 87%, 8.5%, 56.4% and 40.1% for DM, CP, NDF and ADF, respectively. DM and crude protein (CP) intake were not affected by the inclusion of GR</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> However, neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) intake were lower in lambs fed GR compared to control lambs. At the end of the experiment, lambs fed 100 and 145 g GR/kg DM diets gained more weight (P < 0.05) than those fed the control diet. The same trend was found for feed con</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">version (CR). Results from this work suggest</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ed</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> that GR had advantages compa</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">red to regular roughage (wheat straw) in regard to parameters investigated as well as the significant reduction in fattening diets cost.展开更多
The fiber level and composition have an important effect on nutrient digestibility of swine diets. Little information is known about the effects of fiber level and composition from alfalfa meal on nutrient digestibili...The fiber level and composition have an important effect on nutrient digestibility of swine diets. Little information is known about the effects of fiber level and composition from alfalfa meal on nutrient digestibility of fattening pigs fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet. The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of alfalfa fiber on the growth performance, intestinal nutrient flow and apparent total tract digestibility(ATTD) of nutrients in fattening pigs. 24 barrows(Duroc×(Large White×Landrace), body weight=(60.6±0.7) kg) were randomly allotted to 4 treatments with 6 replicates of 1 pig per replicate. The pigs were provided a control diet or a diet containing 5, 10 or 20% of alfalfa meal during a 14-d experiment period. Average daily gain(ADG) and the ATTD of dry matter(DM), organic matter(OM), crude protein(CP), neutral detergent fiber(NDF), acid detergent fiber(ADF) and gross energy(GE) reduced linearly as the level of alfalfa meal in the diet increased(P〈0.01). The total tract flow of DM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF, and GE increased with the increase in dietary alfalfa(linear, P〈0.05). Growth performance and nutrient digestion were not affected by inclusion of 5% alfalfa meal in the diet(P〉0.05). A multiple linear regression analysis, taking into account both soluble and insoluble fiber intake, explained approximately 70% of the variation in the ATTD of DM, OM, NDF, and GE(P〈0.01). In conclusion, alfalfa meal should be limited to less than 5% of the diet in fattening pigs to maximize growth performance and nutrient digestion. Soluble and insoluble fiber from alfalfa meal has the differential roles in nutrient digestion, which may help explain the main variation observed in nutrient digestibility. These findings suggest that knowledge of specific fiber components is necessary to accurately predict the effects of dietary fiber on nutrient digestibility.展开更多
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of total dietary fiber level on nutrient digestibility and the relationship between apparent total tract digestibility of total dietary fiber, and soluble die...The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of total dietary fiber level on nutrient digestibility and the relationship between apparent total tract digestibility of total dietary fiber, and soluble dietary fiber, insoluble dietary fiber and available energy. Sugar beet pulp was as the only fiber source. The experiment was designed as a 6 x 6 Latin square with an adaptation period of 7 d followed by a 5-d total collection of feces and urine. Feed intake tended to decrease (P =0.] O) as total dietary fiber level increased. The apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and gross energy decreased (P 〈0.0]) when total dietary fiber increased but the digestibility of soluble dietary fiber and insoluble dietary fiber increased (P 〈0.01). The digestible energy and metabolizable energy content of diets decreased (P 〈0.01) as the total dietary fiber increased.展开更多
Twenty-eight male, weaned Chinese Holstein calves((156.8±33.4) kg) were used to investigate the effects of dietary forage to concentrate ratio(F:C) and forage length on nutrient digestibility, plasma metab...Twenty-eight male, weaned Chinese Holstein calves((156.8±33.4) kg) were used to investigate the effects of dietary forage to concentrate ratio(F:C) and forage length on nutrient digestibility, plasma metabolites, ruminal fermentation, and fecal microflora. Animals were randomly allocated to four treatments in a 2×2 factorial arrangement: whole-length forage(WL) with low F:C(50:50); WL with high F:C(65:35); short-length forage(SL) with high F:C(65:35); and SL with low F:C(50:50). Chinese wildrye was used as the only forage source in this trial. The grass in the SL treatments was chopped using a chaff cutter to achieve small particle size(-50% particles 〉19 mm). Dry matter intake(DMI) and organic matter(OM) intake was increased by increasing both F:C(P〈0.01) and forage length(FL)(P〈0.05), while acid detergent fiber(ADF) and neutral detergent fiber(NDF) intakes were only increased by increasing the F:C(P〈0.01). The digestibility of NDF was increased as the FL increased(P〈0.01), and it was also affected by interaction between F:C and FL(P〈0.05). Cholesterol(CHO)(P〈0.01), leptin(LP)(P〈0.05), and growth hormone(GH)(P〈0.01) concentrations in plasma were increased as dietary F:C increased. A significant increase in plasma triglyceride(TG)(P〈0.01), insulin(INS)(P〈0.05), and GH(P〈0.01) levels was observed with decreasing dietary FL. Ruminal p H values of calves fed with low F:C diets were significantly lower than those in high F:C treatment(P〈0.05). Increasing the F:C enhanced ruminal acetic acid(P〈0.05) and acetic acid/propionic acid(P〈0.01). Fecal Lactobacillus content was significantly higher, while Escherichia coli and Salmonella contents were significantly lower in WL and high F:C groups(P〈0.05). Lower fecal scores(higher diarrhea rate) were observed in calves fed with SL hay compared to WL hay(P〈0.05). Denatured gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE) bands and richness index(S) were significantly affected by the interaction between F:C and FL(P〈0.05), under high F:C, band numbers and richness index from WL group were higher than that from SL group(P〈0.05), whereas there were no differences between WL andSL groups under low F:C(P〉0.05). Microflora similarity was 50–73% among the different treatments. It is concluded that the WL with high F:C(65:35) diet is suitable for weaned calves.展开更多
Extruded soybean meal(ESBM) was evaluated as a protein source for partial replacement of fish meal(FM) in diets of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei. In the control diet(Diet 1), FM protein was replaced with increasing di...Extruded soybean meal(ESBM) was evaluated as a protein source for partial replacement of fish meal(FM) in diets of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei. In the control diet(Diet 1), FM protein was replaced with increasing dietary levels of ESBM(4.28%, 8.40%, 12.62%, 16.82%, and 25.26%) at 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 60% levels(Diets 2 to 6, respectively). An eight-week feeding trial was conducted on 720 juvenile shrimp(0.67 g ± 0.01 g mean initial weight), and nutrient digestibility of the six diets was determined. ESBM could replace 20% of FM without causing a significant reduction in growth of shrimp, but other dietary treatments strongly affected whole body composition. Crude protein content of the whole body fed Diet 6 was significantly lower than that fed Diet 2(P < 0.05), while crude lipid content of the whole body fed Diet 5 or 6 was significantly higher than that fed Diet 2(P < 0.05). Protein digestibilities of Diets 5 and 6 were significantly lower than that of Diet 1(P < 0.05). Digestibility of lipids ranged from 96.97% in Diet 6 to 98.34% in Diet 3, whereas dry matter digestibility decreased with increasing replacement level. This study indicates that 20% FM replacement with ESBM in the basic diet containing 40% protein and 30% FM is optimal for juvenile L. vannamei.展开更多
A total of 480 nursery pigs (Duroc x Landrace x Large White) were utilized in two experiments conducted to determine the effects of different ratios of standardized ileal digestible lysine (SID- Lys) to metaboliza...A total of 480 nursery pigs (Duroc x Landrace x Large White) were utilized in two experiments conducted to determine the effects of different ratios of standardized ileal digestible lysine (SID- Lys) to metabolizable energy (ME) ratio on the performance, nutrient digestibility, plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) ,and plasma free amino acids of 10 to 28 kg pigs. In Exp. 1, 192 pigs ( 10.58 kg) were assigned to one of four treatments. The treatments consisted of diets with a ME content of 3.2, 3.25, 3.3, or 3.35 Mcal/kg with a constant SID-Lys:ME ratio of 3.7 g/Mcal. The experiment lasted 28 days. Pigs which were fed the diets containing 3.3 and 3.35 Mcal/kg ME had lower feed intakes ( P 〈 0.05)than those fed 3.2 Mcal/kg. Feed efficiency was linearly improved with increasing dietary ME ( P 〈0.05). Increasing the dietary ME level also increased (P 〈0.05 ) dry matter and energy digestibility. Therefore,3.3 Mcal/kg ME was selected for Exp. 2 in which 288 pigs ( 10.60 kg) were assigned to one of six treatments. Treatments consisted of SID-Lys: ME ratios of 3.1,3.3,3.5,3.7,3.9, or 4.1 g/Mcal with all diets providing 3.3 Mcal of ME/kg. Weight gain and feed efficiency were increased (P 〈0.05 ) as the SID-Lys:ME ratio in diet increased. Based on a straight broken-line model ,the estimated SID-Lys:ME ratio to maximize weight gain was 3.74.展开更多
This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of a commercial enzyme mixture providing xylanase and protease activities on the digestibility of dietary nutrients when added to diets based on peas and wheat an...This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of a commercial enzyme mixture providing xylanase and protease activities on the digestibility of dietary nutrients when added to diets based on peas and wheat and fed to 9. 5 to 15 kg pigs. Pigs were weaned at 18 to 21 days of age and fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ileum,6 to 7 days after weaning. After 5 to 7 days for adaptation to their diets, ileal digesta, and feces were collected. Enzyme supplementation had no effect on the apparent ileal or fecal digestibility of any dietary nutrient. There was a numerical improvement ( P 〉 0.05 ) in the ileal digestibility of fiber. In conclusion, xylanase and protease appeared to be ineffective in improving nutrient digestibility when supplemented in diets based on peas and wheat fed to weaned pigs.展开更多
The experiment was conducted to study the effects of low protein diets on nutrient digestibility and excretion of finishing pigs. For the 30-d trial,fortytwo duroc × landrace × yorkshire( DLY) finishing pigs...The experiment was conducted to study the effects of low protein diets on nutrient digestibility and excretion of finishing pigs. For the 30-d trial,fortytwo duroc × landrace × yorkshire( DLY) finishing pigs with the initial weight of( 91. 13 ± 1. 64) kg were randomly divided into two groups,with three replicates in each group. The pigs in the two groups were fed with different crude protein( CP) levels( control groups: 15. 49% and low protein groups: 12. 59%). The results showed that:( 1) The digestibility of dry matter and crude fat( CF) in low protein groups were increased significantly( P < 0. 01),but there were no significant differences in digestibility among CP,calcium( Ca) and phosphorus( P);( 2) The digestibility of arginine( Arg) in low protein groups were 2. 02%( P <0. 05) lower than that in control groups. However,the digestibility of other amino acid were no difference between two groups;( 3) The nitrogen( N) excretion in low protein groups was 23. 96%( P < 0. 05) lower than that in control groups,but there were no significant differences in excretion among organic matter,P and Ca( P > 0. 05). The results showed that 2. 9% reduction of the CP in diets could improve nutrient digestibility and reduce the excretion of N,but reduced the digestibility of Arg.展开更多
The objectives of this study were to 1) determine the variation of nutrient digestion, plasma metabolites and oxidative stress parameters triggered by induced subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA); and 2) evaluate the ...The objectives of this study were to 1) determine the variation of nutrient digestion, plasma metabolites and oxidative stress parameters triggered by induced subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA); and 2) evaluate the ability of pelleted beet pulp (BP) as a replacement for ground corn to alleviate SARA. Eight Holstein-Friesian cows were fed four diets during four successive17 day periods: 1) total mixed ration (TMR) containing 0% finely ground wheat (FGW) (WO); 2) TMR containing 10% FGW (W10); 3) TMR containing 20% FGW (W20); and 4) TMR containing 10% BP as a replacement for 10% ground corn (BP10). The SARA induction protocol reduced the mean ruminal pH from 6.37 to 5.94, and the minimum ruminal pH decreased from 5.99 to 5.41 from baseline to challenge period. Mean ruminal pH increased from 5.94 to 6.05, and minimum daily ruminal pH increased from 5.41 to 5.63, when BP was substituted for corn. The apparent digestibility of nutrients was not affected by the dietary treatments, except that the digestibility of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) was reduced in cows fed the W20 diet compared with cows fed the W0 and W10 diets, and cows fed the BP10 diet had higher NDF and ADF digestibility than the cows fed the W20 diet. Cows fed the W20 diet had a lower plasma concentration of 13-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), cholesterol, triglyceride, and total antioxidative capacity (TAC), and a higher plasma concentration of glucose, insulin, malonaldehyde (MDA), super oxygen dehydrogenises (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) than cows fed the W0 diet. Substitution of BP for corn increased concentrations of plasma BHBA and TAC, but decreased concentrations of plasma MDA. Our results indicate that reduction of fibre digestion; the concomitant increase of plasma glucose and insulin; the decrease of plasma BHBA, NEFA, cholesterol, and triglyceride; and changes of plasma oxidative stress parameters are highly related to SARA induced by W20 diets. These variables may be alternative candidates for SARA diagnosis. We also suggest that the substitution of BP for corn could reduce the risk of SARA, increase fibre digestion, and improve the antioxidant status in dairy cows.展开更多
It is hypothesized that betaine supplementation improves production performance in mid-lactation dairy cows.Twenty-one mid-lactation dairy cows were assigned to a 3×3 Latin square design with three periods of 28 ...It is hypothesized that betaine supplementation improves production performance in mid-lactation dairy cows.Twenty-one mid-lactation dairy cows were assigned to a 3×3 Latin square design with three periods of 28 d each and fed three treatments of betaine(0,100,and 200 g/d).Milk samples were collected on day 21 and day 28 of each period.During days 21 to 28,cows were fed with chromic oxide(15 g/d per cow).On days 26 to 28,fecal samples were collected to determine apparent total tract nutrient digestion.Blood samples were obtained on days 26 to 28 of each period for fatty acid(FA)analysis.Data were analyzed using the Proc Mixed in SAS.Apparent total tract dry matter(DM)digestibility tended to be greater for cows supplemented with 100 g betaine as compared to no dietary betaine(61 vs.58±1%;p=0.1).In contrast,DM intake(DMI),milk fat percent,milk yield,energy-corrected milk(ECM)yield,and milk FA composition did not differ among treatments.Supplementation of betaine can decrease the serum saturated FA C11,C12,C15 and C17,total monounsaturated FA,and C18:2 all trans-9,12.In addition,total serum n-3 polyunsaturated FA was significantly increased.This result can decrease total serum n-6 to n-3 ratio(6.80,7.07,and 6.50±0.16%,for 0,100,and 200 g betaine,respectively;p=0.04).Overall,even betaine supplementation did not change DMI or production,betaine could affect the DM digestibility and serum FA biosynthesis.展开更多
基金the Program of State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology,Nanchang University (SKLF-ZZB-202119)。
文摘The nutrient digestion,absorption and biological activity of bee pollen may be limited due to the complex pollen wall.Here,the effect of superfine grinding technology on the release of nutrients from bee pollen were investigated,and their antioxidant activities and in vitro digestion were explored in this study.Results showed that the content of nutrients in bee pollen increased after wall disruption.Among them,fat content increased by 22.55%-8.31%,protein content increased by 0.54%-4.91%,starch content increased by 36.31%-48.64%,soluble sugar content increased by 20.57%-29.67%,total phenolic acid content increased by 11.73%-86.98%and total flavonoids content increased by 14.29%-24.79%.At the same time,the antioxidant activity increased by 14.84%-46.00%.Furthermore,the active components such as phenolic compounds in the wall-disruption bee pollen were more readily to be released during the in vitro digestion,and easier to be absorbed because of their higher bioaccessibility.Antioxidant activities during in vitro digestion were also improved in walldisruption bee pollen.These findings provide evidence that bee pollen wall disruption was suggested,thus,it is more conducive to exerting the value of bee pollen in functional foods.
基金support for this research from AB Vista,Marlborough,UK,is greatly appreciated。
文摘Background The effect of microbial phytase on amino acid and energy digestibility is not consistent in pigs,which may be related to the phytase dosage or the adaptation length to the diet.Therefore,an experiment was conducted to test the hypotheses that increasing dietary phytase after an 18-day adaptation period:1)increases nutrient and energy digestibility;2)increases plasma P,plasma inositol,and bone ash of young pigs;and 3)demonstrates that maximum phytate degradation requires more phytase than maximum P digestibility.Results Data indicated that increasing inclusion of phytase[0,250,500,1,000,2,000,and 4,000 phytase units(FTU)/kg feed]in corn-soybean meal-based diets increased apparent ileal digestibility(AID)of Trp(quadratic;P<0.05),and of Lys and Thr(linear;P<0.05),and tended to increase AID of Met(linear;P<0.10).Increasing dietary phytase also increased AID and apparent total tract digestibility(ATTD)of Ca and P(quadratic;P<0.05)and increased ATTD of K and Na(linear;P<0.05),but phytase did not influence the ATTD of Mg or gross energy.Concentrations of plasma P and bone ash increased(quadratic;P<0.05),and plasma inositol also increased(linear;P<0.05)with increasing inclusion of phytase.Reduced concentrations of inositol phosphate(IP)6 and IP5(quadratic;P<0.05),reduced IP4 and IP3(linear;P<0.05),but increased inositol concentrations(linear;P<0.05)were observed in ileal digesta as dietary phytase increased.The ATTD of P was maximized if at least 1,200 FTU/kg were used,whereas more than 4,000 FTU/kg were needed to maximize inositol release.Conclusions Increasing dietary levels of phytase after an 18-day adaptation period increased phytate and IP ester degradation and inositol release in the small intestine.Consequently,increasing dietary phytase resulted in improved digestibility of Ca,P,K,Na,and the first 4 limiting amino acids,and in increased concentrations of bone ash and plasma P and inositol.In a corn-soybean meal diet,maximum inositol release requires approximately 3,200 FTU/kg more phytase than that required for maximum P digestibility.
基金funded by Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32172744 and 31902165)Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2021A1515012116)Natural Science Foundation of Guangzhou City(202102080090).
文摘Background:This study aimed to investigate the hydration properties of different-source fibrous materials by com-paring their water-binding capacity(WBC),water swelling capacity(WSC),viscosity,and in vivo effects of selected samples on growth performance,nutrient digestibility,diarrhea,and intestinal health in weaned piglets.Methods:A total of 13 commercially available fibrous materials were first compared in chemical composition and in vitro hydration property.Subsequently,40 weaned piglets were randomized to five experimental dietary groups(8 piglets per group):control diet(a basal diet without dietary fiber,CON),basal diet supplemented with 5%microcrys-talline cellulose(MCC),5%wheat bran(WB),5%Moringa oleifera leaf powder(MOLP),or 5%sugar beet pulp(SBP),fol-lowed by analyzing their growth performance and diarrhea rate in a 28-d experiment.After the feeding experiment,anaesthetized piglets were killed,and their intestinal and colon content or plasma samples were analyzed in nutrient digestibility,intestinal morphology,intestinal barrier,short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs),and bacterial population.Results:In vitro studies showed low hydration properties for WB and MCC,while medium hydration properties for MOLP and SBP.In vivo studies indicated that compared with medium hydration property groups,low hydration prop-erty groups showed(1)exacerbated diarrhea,impaired intestinal health,and reduced apparent fecal digestibility of dry matter,gross energy,acid detergent fiber,and neutral detergent fiber;(2)decreased SCFAs concentration and rela-tive levels of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium,but increased levels of Escherichia coli and Brachyspira hyodysenteriae in colon contents.Additionally,SBP showed optimal performance in reducing diarrhea and increasing SCFAs produc-tion.Correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation of fiber hydration properties with in vitro SCFAs production,and diarrhea index and nutrient digestibility were negatively and positively correlated with SCFAs levels in the colon contents of weaned piglets,respectively.Conclusions:Different-source dietary fibers varied in their hydration properties and impacts on diarrhea,microbial composition and SCFAs production in weaned piglets.WB and MCC could exacerbate diarrhea and impair nutrient digestibility,probably because their low hydration properties were detrimental to gut microbial homeostasis and fermentation.Our findings provide new ideas for rational use of fiber resources in weaned piglets.
文摘The nutritive quality of guar (<i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cyamopsis tetragonoloba</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) residues (GR) was investigated and the effects of partial replacement of wheat straw by GR on nutrients intake, digestibility, and growth performance. Twenty four male lambs, with average body weight (BW) of 40.3 ± 2.5 kg were divided into three groups. Lambs were fed individually for 104 days with concentrate mixture (18% crude protein) and wheat straw as a total mixed ration. Wheat straw was replaced with 0, 100 and 145 g/kg dry matter guar residues. All rations were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The fattening trial lasted 104 days</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> At the end of week 10 of the trail</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> a digestion trial was performed using six lambs from each group. The composition of nutrients in the GR was 87%, 8.5%, 56.4% and 40.1% for DM, CP, NDF and ADF, respectively. DM and crude protein (CP) intake were not affected by the inclusion of GR</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> However, neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) intake were lower in lambs fed GR compared to control lambs. At the end of the experiment, lambs fed 100 and 145 g GR/kg DM diets gained more weight (P < 0.05) than those fed the control diet. The same trend was found for feed con</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">version (CR). Results from this work suggest</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ed</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> that GR had advantages compa</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">red to regular roughage (wheat straw) in regard to parameters investigated as well as the significant reduction in fattening diets cost.
基金the Project of State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Science and Technology, China (2004DA125184G1104)the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest, Ministry of Agriculture, China (200903006)the National Key Technology R&D Program of China (2012BAD39B01)
文摘The fiber level and composition have an important effect on nutrient digestibility of swine diets. Little information is known about the effects of fiber level and composition from alfalfa meal on nutrient digestibility of fattening pigs fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet. The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of alfalfa fiber on the growth performance, intestinal nutrient flow and apparent total tract digestibility(ATTD) of nutrients in fattening pigs. 24 barrows(Duroc×(Large White×Landrace), body weight=(60.6±0.7) kg) were randomly allotted to 4 treatments with 6 replicates of 1 pig per replicate. The pigs were provided a control diet or a diet containing 5, 10 or 20% of alfalfa meal during a 14-d experiment period. Average daily gain(ADG) and the ATTD of dry matter(DM), organic matter(OM), crude protein(CP), neutral detergent fiber(NDF), acid detergent fiber(ADF) and gross energy(GE) reduced linearly as the level of alfalfa meal in the diet increased(P〈0.01). The total tract flow of DM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF, and GE increased with the increase in dietary alfalfa(linear, P〈0.05). Growth performance and nutrient digestion were not affected by inclusion of 5% alfalfa meal in the diet(P〉0.05). A multiple linear regression analysis, taking into account both soluble and insoluble fiber intake, explained approximately 70% of the variation in the ATTD of DM, OM, NDF, and GE(P〈0.01). In conclusion, alfalfa meal should be limited to less than 5% of the diet in fattening pigs to maximize growth performance and nutrient digestion. Soluble and insoluble fiber from alfalfa meal has the differential roles in nutrient digestion, which may help explain the main variation observed in nutrient digestibility. These findings suggest that knowledge of specific fiber components is necessary to accurately predict the effects of dietary fiber on nutrient digestibility.
基金financially supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program in the 11th Five Yr Plan of China(2006BAD12B01)Special Public Sector Fund in Agriculture(200903006)
文摘The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of total dietary fiber level on nutrient digestibility and the relationship between apparent total tract digestibility of total dietary fiber, and soluble dietary fiber, insoluble dietary fiber and available energy. Sugar beet pulp was as the only fiber source. The experiment was designed as a 6 x 6 Latin square with an adaptation period of 7 d followed by a 5-d total collection of feces and urine. Feed intake tended to decrease (P =0.] O) as total dietary fiber level increased. The apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and gross energy decreased (P 〈0.0]) when total dietary fiber increased but the digestibility of soluble dietary fiber and insoluble dietary fiber increased (P 〈0.01). The digestible energy and metabolizable energy content of diets decreased (P 〈0.01) as the total dietary fiber increased.
基金supported by the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System (CARS-37)Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest (201303144)
文摘Twenty-eight male, weaned Chinese Holstein calves((156.8±33.4) kg) were used to investigate the effects of dietary forage to concentrate ratio(F:C) and forage length on nutrient digestibility, plasma metabolites, ruminal fermentation, and fecal microflora. Animals were randomly allocated to four treatments in a 2×2 factorial arrangement: whole-length forage(WL) with low F:C(50:50); WL with high F:C(65:35); short-length forage(SL) with high F:C(65:35); and SL with low F:C(50:50). Chinese wildrye was used as the only forage source in this trial. The grass in the SL treatments was chopped using a chaff cutter to achieve small particle size(-50% particles 〉19 mm). Dry matter intake(DMI) and organic matter(OM) intake was increased by increasing both F:C(P〈0.01) and forage length(FL)(P〈0.05), while acid detergent fiber(ADF) and neutral detergent fiber(NDF) intakes were only increased by increasing the F:C(P〈0.01). The digestibility of NDF was increased as the FL increased(P〈0.01), and it was also affected by interaction between F:C and FL(P〈0.05). Cholesterol(CHO)(P〈0.01), leptin(LP)(P〈0.05), and growth hormone(GH)(P〈0.01) concentrations in plasma were increased as dietary F:C increased. A significant increase in plasma triglyceride(TG)(P〈0.01), insulin(INS)(P〈0.05), and GH(P〈0.01) levels was observed with decreasing dietary FL. Ruminal p H values of calves fed with low F:C diets were significantly lower than those in high F:C treatment(P〈0.05). Increasing the F:C enhanced ruminal acetic acid(P〈0.05) and acetic acid/propionic acid(P〈0.01). Fecal Lactobacillus content was significantly higher, while Escherichia coli and Salmonella contents were significantly lower in WL and high F:C groups(P〈0.05). Lower fecal scores(higher diarrhea rate) were observed in calves fed with SL hay compared to WL hay(P〈0.05). Denatured gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE) bands and richness index(S) were significantly affected by the interaction between F:C and FL(P〈0.05), under high F:C, band numbers and richness index from WL group were higher than that from SL group(P〈0.05), whereas there were no differences between WL andSL groups under low F:C(P〉0.05). Microflora similarity was 50–73% among the different treatments. It is concluded that the WL with high F:C(65:35) diet is suitable for weaned calves.
基金financially supported by the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China(201003020)the Guangdong University Innovation Talents Cultivating Project of China(1009324)+1 种基金the Guangdong Natural Science Foundation of China(S2012 040007863)by the Guangdong Province Universities and College Pearl River Scholar Funded Scheme(GD UPS-2011)
文摘Extruded soybean meal(ESBM) was evaluated as a protein source for partial replacement of fish meal(FM) in diets of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei. In the control diet(Diet 1), FM protein was replaced with increasing dietary levels of ESBM(4.28%, 8.40%, 12.62%, 16.82%, and 25.26%) at 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 60% levels(Diets 2 to 6, respectively). An eight-week feeding trial was conducted on 720 juvenile shrimp(0.67 g ± 0.01 g mean initial weight), and nutrient digestibility of the six diets was determined. ESBM could replace 20% of FM without causing a significant reduction in growth of shrimp, but other dietary treatments strongly affected whole body composition. Crude protein content of the whole body fed Diet 6 was significantly lower than that fed Diet 2(P < 0.05), while crude lipid content of the whole body fed Diet 5 or 6 was significantly higher than that fed Diet 2(P < 0.05). Protein digestibilities of Diets 5 and 6 were significantly lower than that of Diet 1(P < 0.05). Digestibility of lipids ranged from 96.97% in Diet 6 to 98.34% in Diet 3, whereas dry matter digestibility decreased with increasing replacement level. This study indicates that 20% FM replacement with ESBM in the basic diet containing 40% protein and 30% FM is optimal for juvenile L. vannamei.
基金support received from the State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition of China ( No .2004DA125184-0810)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No .31072040)+1 种基金Guangdong Cooperation Project be-tween Industry-Academia-Research of China ( No .2009B090300110)the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China ( No .2006BAD12B05-10and No . Nyhyzx07-34)
文摘A total of 480 nursery pigs (Duroc x Landrace x Large White) were utilized in two experiments conducted to determine the effects of different ratios of standardized ileal digestible lysine (SID- Lys) to metabolizable energy (ME) ratio on the performance, nutrient digestibility, plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) ,and plasma free amino acids of 10 to 28 kg pigs. In Exp. 1, 192 pigs ( 10.58 kg) were assigned to one of four treatments. The treatments consisted of diets with a ME content of 3.2, 3.25, 3.3, or 3.35 Mcal/kg with a constant SID-Lys:ME ratio of 3.7 g/Mcal. The experiment lasted 28 days. Pigs which were fed the diets containing 3.3 and 3.35 Mcal/kg ME had lower feed intakes ( P 〈 0.05)than those fed 3.2 Mcal/kg. Feed efficiency was linearly improved with increasing dietary ME ( P 〈0.05). Increasing the dietary ME level also increased (P 〈0.05 ) dry matter and energy digestibility. Therefore,3.3 Mcal/kg ME was selected for Exp. 2 in which 288 pigs ( 10.60 kg) were assigned to one of six treatments. Treatments consisted of SID-Lys: ME ratios of 3.1,3.3,3.5,3.7,3.9, or 4.1 g/Mcal with all diets providing 3.3 Mcal of ME/kg. Weight gain and feed efficiency were increased (P 〈0.05 ) as the SID-Lys:ME ratio in diet increased. Based on a straight broken-line model ,the estimated SID-Lys:ME ratio to maximize weight gain was 3.74.
文摘This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of a commercial enzyme mixture providing xylanase and protease activities on the digestibility of dietary nutrients when added to diets based on peas and wheat and fed to 9. 5 to 15 kg pigs. Pigs were weaned at 18 to 21 days of age and fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ileum,6 to 7 days after weaning. After 5 to 7 days for adaptation to their diets, ileal digesta, and feces were collected. Enzyme supplementation had no effect on the apparent ileal or fecal digestibility of any dietary nutrient. There was a numerical improvement ( P 〉 0.05 ) in the ileal digestibility of fiber. In conclusion, xylanase and protease appeared to be ineffective in improving nutrient digestibility when supplemented in diets based on peas and wheat fed to weaned pigs.
基金Supported by Suzhou Agricultural Science and Technology Support Program(SNG201233)
文摘The experiment was conducted to study the effects of low protein diets on nutrient digestibility and excretion of finishing pigs. For the 30-d trial,fortytwo duroc × landrace × yorkshire( DLY) finishing pigs with the initial weight of( 91. 13 ± 1. 64) kg were randomly divided into two groups,with three replicates in each group. The pigs in the two groups were fed with different crude protein( CP) levels( control groups: 15. 49% and low protein groups: 12. 59%). The results showed that:( 1) The digestibility of dry matter and crude fat( CF) in low protein groups were increased significantly( P < 0. 01),but there were no significant differences in digestibility among CP,calcium( Ca) and phosphorus( P);( 2) The digestibility of arginine( Arg) in low protein groups were 2. 02%( P <0. 05) lower than that in control groups. However,the digestibility of other amino acid were no difference between two groups;( 3) The nitrogen( N) excretion in low protein groups was 23. 96%( P < 0. 05) lower than that in control groups,but there were no significant differences in excretion among organic matter,P and Ca( P > 0. 05). The results showed that 2. 9% reduction of the CP in diets could improve nutrient digestibility and reduce the excretion of N,but reduced the digestibility of Arg.
基金financially supported by funds from the National Key Basic Research Program of China(Project No.2011CB100801)
文摘The objectives of this study were to 1) determine the variation of nutrient digestion, plasma metabolites and oxidative stress parameters triggered by induced subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA); and 2) evaluate the ability of pelleted beet pulp (BP) as a replacement for ground corn to alleviate SARA. Eight Holstein-Friesian cows were fed four diets during four successive17 day periods: 1) total mixed ration (TMR) containing 0% finely ground wheat (FGW) (WO); 2) TMR containing 10% FGW (W10); 3) TMR containing 20% FGW (W20); and 4) TMR containing 10% BP as a replacement for 10% ground corn (BP10). The SARA induction protocol reduced the mean ruminal pH from 6.37 to 5.94, and the minimum ruminal pH decreased from 5.99 to 5.41 from baseline to challenge period. Mean ruminal pH increased from 5.94 to 6.05, and minimum daily ruminal pH increased from 5.41 to 5.63, when BP was substituted for corn. The apparent digestibility of nutrients was not affected by the dietary treatments, except that the digestibility of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) was reduced in cows fed the W20 diet compared with cows fed the W0 and W10 diets, and cows fed the BP10 diet had higher NDF and ADF digestibility than the cows fed the W20 diet. Cows fed the W20 diet had a lower plasma concentration of 13-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), cholesterol, triglyceride, and total antioxidative capacity (TAC), and a higher plasma concentration of glucose, insulin, malonaldehyde (MDA), super oxygen dehydrogenises (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) than cows fed the W0 diet. Substitution of BP for corn increased concentrations of plasma BHBA and TAC, but decreased concentrations of plasma MDA. Our results indicate that reduction of fibre digestion; the concomitant increase of plasma glucose and insulin; the decrease of plasma BHBA, NEFA, cholesterol, and triglyceride; and changes of plasma oxidative stress parameters are highly related to SARA induced by W20 diets. These variables may be alternative candidates for SARA diagnosis. We also suggest that the substitution of BP for corn could reduce the risk of SARA, increase fibre digestion, and improve the antioxidant status in dairy cows.
文摘It is hypothesized that betaine supplementation improves production performance in mid-lactation dairy cows.Twenty-one mid-lactation dairy cows were assigned to a 3×3 Latin square design with three periods of 28 d each and fed three treatments of betaine(0,100,and 200 g/d).Milk samples were collected on day 21 and day 28 of each period.During days 21 to 28,cows were fed with chromic oxide(15 g/d per cow).On days 26 to 28,fecal samples were collected to determine apparent total tract nutrient digestion.Blood samples were obtained on days 26 to 28 of each period for fatty acid(FA)analysis.Data were analyzed using the Proc Mixed in SAS.Apparent total tract dry matter(DM)digestibility tended to be greater for cows supplemented with 100 g betaine as compared to no dietary betaine(61 vs.58±1%;p=0.1).In contrast,DM intake(DMI),milk fat percent,milk yield,energy-corrected milk(ECM)yield,and milk FA composition did not differ among treatments.Supplementation of betaine can decrease the serum saturated FA C11,C12,C15 and C17,total monounsaturated FA,and C18:2 all trans-9,12.In addition,total serum n-3 polyunsaturated FA was significantly increased.This result can decrease total serum n-6 to n-3 ratio(6.80,7.07,and 6.50±0.16%,for 0,100,and 200 g betaine,respectively;p=0.04).Overall,even betaine supplementation did not change DMI or production,betaine could affect the DM digestibility and serum FA biosynthesis.