Evaluation of the effects of Chinese Dietary Guidelines on nutrition,environment,and cost

National dietary guidelines serve as a strategic tool to facilitate dietary adjustments,improve human nutrition,and reduce environmental strain by guiding individuals toward healthier dietary choices.This study examines the evolution of Chinese Dietary Guidelines(CDG)and compares them with Chinese residents’current dietary structure.The effects of the CDG on nutrition,the environment,and cost were evaluated.The results demonstrated that the gap between Chinese residents’dietary structure and the CDG predominantly manifests as a severe deficiency in dairy consumption.The nutrients currently recommended in the CDG cannot meet the needs of the human body and have significant environmental impacts.In terms of cost,rural residents’incomes may not be sufficient to fully adhere to CDG recommendations.We propose that future updates to the CDG should address issues related to inadequate nutrition and significant environmental impacts.Simultaneously,the government should prioritize facilitating access to the nutritionally adequate food recommended in the CDG for low-income groups.

Qualitative Study among African American Parents to Inform an Intervention to Promote Adoption of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans Food and Physical Activity Recommendations

This qualitative study was conducted to enable the research team to culturally tailor an intervention to increase adherence to Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) in African American parents and their children living in Lower Mississippi Delta (LMD) communities. Focus group results guided the planning of an obesity prevention intervention utilizing the We Can! (Ways to Enhance Children’s Activity and Nutrition) obesity prevention program. Main outcome measure was perceptions of approaches to use in culturally tailoring a nutrition and physical activity intervention. Six focus group sessions were conducted with 86 African American adults to identify cultural concerns, intervention strategies in two Louisiana parishes in the LMD. Focus groups discussions were audio recorded, transcribed, and analyzed to identify recurring trends and patterns among focus groups. Major themes that emerged included cultural influences on food habits and physical activity, challenges of meeting the DGA and the CDC physical activity guidelines, facilitators and barriers to adhering to healthy food and physical activity guidelines and program development. Wider acceptance and use of the DGA recommendations are needed by LMD populations, leading to reduced prevalence of overweight and obesity and parallel reductions in the prevalence of chronic diseases. Interventions are needed that will enhance adherence to the DGA particularly for diverse subpopulations in the U.S. This study provides important insights for culturally tailoring an intervention to promote adoption of the DGA in two low-income African American Delta communities.

Diet-nutrition-related cancer prevention knowledge and beliefs of Sudanese in Khartoum: A descriptive study

Cancer appears to pose a major threat to the health of the Sudanese population. It is the third leading cause of death in the Sudan after malaria and pneumonia, accounting for 5% of all deaths. In 2005, approximately 22,000 people in the Sudan died from cancer and 17,000 of these people were less than 70 years old. This study was designed to: 1) assess nutrition knowledge and selected dietary beliefs related to cancer in Sudanese residing in Khartoum;2) identify perceived barriers to the adoption of eating behaviors consistent with those recommended for cancer prevention;and 3) describe the food preferences and dietary practices in Sudanese residing in Khartoum. An interviewer-administered questionnaire elicited demographic information, cancer-related food and nutrition knowledge, food preferences, selected dietary beliefs, barriers to healthy eating and food practices from 182 participants between the ages of 18 and 35 years. More than 50% of females and males correctly identified the food lowest in fiber from a given list. Respondents were knowledgeable about the fat content of their traditional foods, but unaware of the different types of fat. Only 8.8% of the respondents thought that consumption of fruits and vegetables reduced cancer risk. Resondents perceived nutritionists as the most reliable source of information about nutrition and cancer, and the media as the best source of information on nutrition and healthy cooking. “Samin”, feta cheese, a variety of stews, “Zalabia”, lean meat, brown bread, sesame oil, dried okra, fried fish, and chicken were described as preferred food items by respondents. Daily salt/ sodium intake was described by 44% and 39% of the male and female respondents, respectively, as “high” (>2400 mg/day). The findings of this study have clear implications for aggressive nutrition education intervention programs with emphasis on the traditional foods of the Sudan.

Association between Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor Knowledge and Lifestyle

Objective: To relate cardiovascular risk factor knowledge to lifestyle. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, food consumption and lifestyle characteristics were recorded using mailed questionnaires. The dietary pattern was described using the Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS). An open ended questionnaire without predefined choices or answers was used to capture cardiovascular knowledge. Results: Lack of physical activity, smoking and eating too much fat were the 3 most cited potential cardiovascular risk factors, while being overweight, eating too much salt and a low consumption of fruits and vegetables were the least cited risk factors. Age, Body Mass Index, physical activity, smoking, income and dietary habits were not consistently associated with knowledge of risk factors. A low socioeconomic position as measured by the indicator education was associated with a lower knowledge of established and modifiable cardiovascular risk factors. Conclusions: Risk factor knowledge, an essential step in prevention of CVD, is not systematically associated with a healthier lifestyle. The findings of this study confirm that there is a gap between risk factor knowledge and lifestyle.

Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Caregivers of Children 0 - 23 Months in Eastern and Central Uganda

Introduction: Appropriate feeding and consequently good nutritional status of young children largely depends on their caregivers. Aim: The current study aimed at assessing maternal/caregivers’ current knowledge, attitudes, practices, and beliefs regarding different aspects of infant and young child feeding in Eastern and Central Uganda. Methodology: A cross-sectional survey design with mixed methods employing both qualitative and quantitative methods was used for data collection. Results: The study participants included 556 caregivers and 572 children. Results indicate that most caregivers (77%) were knowledgeable about key infant and young child feeding practices such as breastfeeding, complementary feeding and meal frequency. However, culture and economic hardships were a major barrier to the applicability of this knowledge. Nearly all (98%) children were ever breastfed with 41% having been initiated on breast milk in the first hour after birth and 68% of all the children below 6 months exclusively breastfed. Three percent of the children aged 6 - 23 months were classified as having either Moderate (2%) or Severe (1%) Acute malnutrition. The median birth weight was 3.2 Kgs with nine percent of the children classified as underweight at birth. The majority (78%) of the children consumed foods from at least four food groups however only 44% consumed heme-rich animal flesh food such as meat, poultry, organ meats and fish, 29% consumed milk and milk products while only 11% consumed eggs. The barriers to improved nutritional status and health-seeking behaviour in children from both regions were largely similar. Some of these included cultural practices which prohibit children from eating certain foods and lack of drugs in the health facilities. Lack of male involvement was a key barrier to health-seeking behaviour and the nutritional well-being of children. Males were, however, more knowledgeable about the key childcare practices that are critical to positive outcomes because they listen to radios, have access to social media and usually congregate at bars where this information is disseminated and exchanged. Conclusion: There should be continuous sensitization of mothers on the benefits of breastfeeding with special focus on early initiation and exclusive breastfeeding as well as child feeding practices during illness. To increase protein intake in children 6 - 23 months, interventions aimed at increasing consumption of these vital nutrients such as promotion of nutrition-sensitive agricultural enterprises like rearing of small livestock and chickens should be emphasized. Consumption of these foods is critical, especially during pregnancy and infancy. Finally, male involvement in maternal and child feeding should be encouraged.

A cross-cultural study of sustainable nutrition and its environmental impact in Asia and Europe:A comparison of China and Germany

Global challenges such as climate change,biodiversity loss,and health crises necessitate a shift towards sustainable diets.Incorporating sustainability into food-based dietary guidelines(FBDGs)is essential for this shift,and cultural considerations also play a vital role,as food culture significantly influences dietary habits.Considering that Asia and Europe exhibit distinct food cultures,tailored approaches are necessary.Additionally,countries face diverse nutritional challenges,ranging from malnutrition to diet-related diseases,and regional variation in environmental impact necessitates context-specific strategies.Achieving sustainable nutrition depends on understanding cultural influences and regional dynamics.This paper compares China’s and Germany’s dietary guidelines and dietary patterns and their impact on sustainability.It shows that Chinese and German FBDGs only slightly differ,despite the different eating cultures and habits of each country.Alone the recommended amounts for eggs and fish are considerably higher in China than in Germany.However,in both China and Germany,actual dietary patterns deviate from the dietary guidelines.In China,concomitant with economic growth and urbanization,a dietary shift towards increased consumption of animal products and decreased consumption of vegetables and cereals has been observed in the last decades,which has led to a decline in nutritional deficiencies but an increase in obesity and overweight.Obesity and overweight are also on the rise in Germany.A dietary shift could therefore also be beneficial for public health.While following the respective national guidelines would benefit the environment,alternative diets such as a plant-based diet offer even lower environmental footprint.Revising guidelines to prioritize sustainability in addition to health aspects while considering regional contexts and cultural preferences is recommended to foster sustainable eating habits globally.This approach is pivotal for promoting dietary shift towards sustainability on a global scale.

云南省特有少数民族具备的膳食营养知识素养分析

目的分析2018年1月至2020年8月云南省基诺族、景颇族、德昂族、阿昌族、基诺族、布朗族和普米族6个特有少数民族具备的膳食营养知识素养情况及影响因素。方法采用多阶段分层整群抽样在云南省少数民族聚居地,对3145人年龄≥18岁少数民族进行膳食营养知识知晓情况调查,统计分析运用SAS9.4进行χ^(2)检验和非条件Logistic回归分析。结果3145人≥18岁云南省特有少数民族17道膳食营养知识得分中位数为8.7分。具备膳食营养知识素养的比例为8.3%,不同民族具备膳食营养知识素养比例存在统计学差异(χ^(2)=149.974,P<0.0001),布朗族最低仅为0.2%。经非条件Logistic回归分析显示,初中或高中、大专及以上文化程度者更具备膳食营养知识素养(OR=1.992、OR=3.073,P<0.05,参照组为小学及以下文化)。基诺族、德昂族、布朗族、普米族更不具备膳食营养知识素养(OR=0.105、OR=0.366、OR=0.010、OR=0.341,P<0.05,参照组为阿昌族)。结论云南省6个特有少数民族≥18岁人群具备膳食营养知识素养低于人群平均水平,建议加强普及膳食营养知识,特别是应该加强低文化程度特有少数民族的膳食营养知识宣传教育,从而提高膳食营养知识素养。

海南省中小学生营养状况及相关知识行为分析

目的:分析海南省中小学生营养状况及营养知识与膳食行为之间的关联,为有针对性改善当地学生营养状况和实施可靠的营养干预策略提供科学依据。方法:2021年选取海南省范围内13所学校(6所小学、7所中学),采用分层整群随机抽样方法选取13所学校的1409名学生进行体格检查和问卷调查。采用相关性分析和回归模型分析营养知识与膳食行为间的关联。结果:1409名学生的营养不良检出率为16.90%,超重肥胖检出率为18.40%。不同性别学生营养不良检出率比较,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=13.013,P<0.05);不同性别、家庭居住地、年级学生正常营养状况比较,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)值分别为26.789、1.904、4.836,P值均<0.05)。不同营养状况学生营养知识和膳食行为得分比较,差异有统计学意义(F值分别为6.776、14.893,P值均<0.05),营养状况正常学生营养知识和膳食行为得分最高,超重肥胖学生两者得分最低。二元logistic回归分析结果显示,膳食行为得分对学生营养状况有着显著的影响(OR=0.811,95%CI为0.747~0.880)。结论:海南省中小学生营养状况值得关注,营养不良检出率较高且营养知识的增长与行为不匹配。提示海南省应着重进行中小学生膳食行为干预,加强对学生行为干预效果的观察,进行实时监管与干预,从根本上改善学生的营养状况。

从健康营养卫生的角度浅析一般人群膳食指南

从健康营养卫生的角度结合新版中国居民膳食对民众的饮食健康进行科学分析,将现代社会中的科学饮食理念与优秀传统健康膳食理念结合,让日常饮食更加科学健康,更能够适应中国人的体质,从而达到合理营养、促进健康的目的。

消化系统恶性肿瘤术后患者居家期间膳食摄入量与其家庭主要照顾者膳食营养知识的相关性分析

目的了解消化系统恶性肿瘤患者术后居家期间膳食摄入量现状,探讨其与家庭主要照顾者的膳食营养知信行水平之间的相关性。方法于2022年10月—2023年3月,在广州市两家三级甲等医院选取108例消化系统恶性肿瘤术后患者的家庭主要照顾者为调查对象,使用自制的一般资料调查表、消化系统肿瘤患者营养知识-态度-行为问卷和简明膳食自评工具进行横断面调查。结果患者居家期间膳食摄入量情况均分为(4.16±1.22)分,不同肿瘤类型和术后至今时间的患者居家期间膳食摄入量有差异。家庭主要照顾者营养知识-态度-行为总分为(47.64±6.97)分。主要照顾者对膳食指南的知晓度与患者居家期间膳食摄入量呈正相关(r=0.285,P<0.05)。多元线性回归结果显示照顾者对膳食指南的知晓度是患者膳食摄入量的影响因素。结论有必要定期监测患者居家期间的膳食摄入量。医护人员可将干预的重点转向照顾者,鼓励照顾者共同参与营养管理,从而提高家庭照护质量,改善患者营养状况。

居民中医食养食疗知信行对功能性胃肠病的影响

目的:了解功能性胃肠病(functional gastrointestinal disorders,FGIDs)居民中中医食养食疗知信行情况,并分析相关因素。方法:采用《罗马Ⅳ诊断性问卷》和自行设计的《中医食养食疗与胃肠健康素养问卷》进行网络问卷调查,应用二元Logistic回归分析有无FGIDs症状及与中医食养食疗知信行之间的关系。结果:通过网络共收集344份有效问卷,被调查居民FGIDs有症状者占比70.35%(242/344),对于便秘、慢性腹泻的饮食禁忌以及胃酸过少的食养食疗认知正确率最低(均<50%)。有症状者中医食疗认可度高于无症状者(χ^(2)=7.53,P=0.023),食疗产品服用时间长于无症状者(χ^(2)=8.327,P=0.016)。有症状者多选用补虚类食疗产品,消食类、理气类次之(χ^(2)=8.782,P=0.032)。Logistic回归分析显示,胃酸过少的食养食疗认知、消化溃疡的饮食禁忌、应用中医知识指导饮食的态度以及喜食生冷、刺激性食物是有FGIDs症状的重要影响因素(P<0.05)。结论:有FGIDs症状者中医食养食疗认知水平较差,态度积极,饮食健康行为有待改善。而加强中医食养食疗宣传和指导对居民防治FGIDs具有积极作用。

2290名在校中职生营养KAP分析与启示

通过问卷调查的方式,了解漳州第一职业中专学校2 290名在校生的营养状况及营养知识、态度、行为(Knowledge-Attitude-Practice,KAP),旨在提高该校学生的营养健康水平,并为后续进行相关研究和营养教育提供科学依据。分析发现,漳州第一职业中专学校的学生营养状况一般,学生缺乏科学的营养认知,不合理饮食行为仍较严重,营养态度也不容乐观。对此,应加强家校联动,对学生加强营养教育和引导,提高学生的营养认知,树立正确的平衡膳食观念,进而改善其饮食行为。

“中国居民膳食指南”营养教育项目效果分析

通过对山东、广东、四川和黑龙江四省五个城市抽样调查 5 145人的营养知识、态度、行为的分析 ,显示“中国居民膳食指南”营养教育项目的开展是具有成效的 ,特别是在居委会住户、中小学生及一些老年活动站的老年人群中取得了明显的宣传效果。例如在开展“膳食指南”营养教育宣传前后住户了解“膳食指南”的人数百分比从 11 97%上升到 93 38% ,老年人也从 2 9 15 %上升为 99 0 0 % ,中小学生了解“膳食指南”的人数百分比也从 15 2 %上升为 91 9%。有近 90 %的住户和老年人是从项目所发放的宣传材料上获得“膳食指南”知识的。从营养知识得分情况可见 ,以上人群在项目开展宣传前后的营养知识水平得到了明显提高 ,具有良好的学习营养知识的态度 ,同时某些膳食行为和生活方式也有了一些改变。充分说明营养教育对提高大众营养知识水平、改变人们不良的生活和饮食习惯具有极为重要的作用。

南京市中小学生营养知识和饮食行为状况调查

目的:了解南京市中小学生营养知识掌握的现状和饮食行为中存在的主要问题,为进行中小学生营养教育提供参考。方法:采取分层整群随机抽样的方法,对南京市6所中学的840名中学生及7所小学的95 0名小学生进行问卷调查。结果:大多数学生营养知识比较缺乏,早餐情况较好,存在的主要问题是吃零食、偏食和挑食现象普遍。结论:在营养知识和饮食习惯方面,需要对中小学生进行宣教干预,让他们获得更多的营养知识,改变不良的饮食习惯。

医科院校大学生营养知识、态度及饮食行为的调查分析

[目的]了解医科大学生的营养知识、态度和饮食行为现况及其之间的关系。[方法]采用问卷调查方法，对某医科大学生686人进行营养知识、态度及饮食行为调查。[结果]大学生对营养知识缺乏全面深入的了解，平均得分为21．2±6．4。并存在一些不合理的饮食习惯。67．4％学生选择食物只根据饮食习惯或口味，不同营养知识水平与选择食物依据差异有统计学意义（Х^2=9．70，P〈0．01）。不同营养知识水平与周食用早餐次数差异有统计学意义（Х^2=8．04，P〈0．05）。但他们多具有良好的营养态度，愿意接受更多的营养与健康方面的知识。[结论]应采取多种形式对医科大学生加强营养知识的宣传和饮食行为的正确引导，并设立临床营养学课程。

天津市实小学生及其家长营养知识及饮食行为调查

目的：为了解目前小学生及其家长有关营养知识的现状及饮食行为中存在的主要问题。方法：采取问卷调查方式调查了实验小学部分学生及其家长的营养知识和饮食行为。结果：大多数学生及其家长缺乏必要的营养知识，不了解与合理配膳密切相关的营养素的食物来源和食物分类；同时在学生中存在着许多不良饮食行为，如不吃早餐（7．2％）、挑食和偏食（达50％）等。结论：学生家长对营养知识具有强烈的求知欲望，希望得到营养指导；为保证学龄儿童健康成长，对小学生及其家长进行营养知识的普及工作势在必行。

广西五地区居民营养知识、膳食行为及影响因素分析

目的 了解广西五地区居民的营养知识、膳食行为现状并探讨其影响因素。方法 采用分层随机抽样的方法,抽取广西5个县或市共1092名调查对象,进行营养知识、膳食行为等问卷调查。结果 调查对象对膳食宝塔熟悉的为6.9%;城镇和农村居民对每天食盐的量知晓率为42.8%、食盐加碘的好处知晓率为35.9%,高盐的危害知晓率为49.1%、糖尿病不宜吃的食物知晓率为36.7%,以及不宜食用的食物知晓率为19.0%;城镇和农村居民在水产品、豆制品摄入量,差异有统计学意义（Z值分别为2.51、2.80,P〈0.05）。Logistics回归分析显示,地区和文化程度是营养知识的影响因素,其中与农村居民相比,城镇居民营养知识更高（OR=1.44,95%CI：1.08~1.92）;与小学以下相比,大专及以上文化居民营养知识知晓率高（OR=3.06,95%CI：1.21~7.83）。结论 广西城镇和农村居民营养知识缺乏,需有针对性地开展营养教育。

看护人营养知识与儿童饮食行为的关系(英文)

目的：探讨我国农村地区看护人营养知识与儿童饮食行为的关系。方法：采用询问调查方法，对随机选择的3361名看护人及其所照看儿童（2～7岁）进行问卷调查；采用logistic回归分析方法分析看护人营养知识与儿童饮食行为的关系。结果：看护人营养知识知晓率为57．9％；儿童不良饮食行为发生率：不喝牛奶79．6％，偏食挑食66．0％，吃零食84．1％，不吃早餐24．4％，不按时就餐13．7％；Logistic回归分析结果显示：看护人营养知识水平低是其所照看儿童不饮食行为（吃零食除外），如不喝牛奶（OR=1．665）、偏食挑食（OR=1．338）、不吃早餐（OR=1．330）和不按时就餐（OR=1．582）等的危险因素。结论：看护人营养知识与儿童不良饮食行为有关，应大力开展看护人营养知识健康教育，以促进儿童养成良好的饮食行为。

北京市某大专院校学生营养知识、态度及饮食行为调查

目的了解大专院校学生营养知识、态度与饮食行为现况及其关系,为培养健康饮食行为和营养健康教育提供科学依据。方法采用整群抽样的方法,对北京市某大专院校745名学生进行营养知识-态度-行为的问卷调查。结果学生营养知识知晓率为66.7%,女生知晓率高于男生,营养素相关知识比较欠缺;2/3的学生对营养知识感兴趣;40.4%的学生不吃或很少吃早餐,分别有27.4%经常吃熏烤食物、经常(或每天)吃零食;女生比男生具有更为正确和健康的营养态度和饮食行为。结论大专院校学生营养知识不足,存在不利于健康的营养态度及饮食行为,需要通过营养健康教育,提高营养认知水平,培养良好的饮食行为。

营养强化教育对实习护生的影响

[目的]通过营养强化教育提高实习护生营养知识水平,提高护生营养教育和营养促进的能力,并建立合理膳食模式,以便更好服务于病人。[方法]对我院营养科109名实习护生进行6次营养知识培训,7次营养与膳食健康实践活动课,并对其进行营养知识、态度及饮食行为比较。[结果]教育后营养知识和态度较健康教育前明显提高(P<0.05);营养教育后提高了食物、营养素与疾病关系的认识,营养行为得到改善(P<0.05)。[结论]营养强化教育效果显著,可作为临床实习护生的营养教育与促进教育方法。