Relationship between Serum Leptin and Adiponectin Levels in Obese Nigerians with Type 2 Diabetes Subjects

Background: Obesity is rising globally, independent of ethnicity, race and age, and is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity especially in persons living with diabetes. The effect of adipokines such as leptin, resistin and adiponectin which are secreted by adipose tissue factors has been linked to the increased risk of the cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Aim: This study aims to assess the levels of serum leptin and serum adiponectin in obese type 2 diabetes subjects, and their relationship with cardio-metabolic component (using lipid profile). Method: This is a cross-sectional comparative hospital-based study in which one hundred and fifty participants grouped into 60 obese, 60 non-obese none diabetic and 30 non-obese non-diabetic adults with similar age from the Endocrinology outpatient’s clinic, General outpatient department (GOPD) and staff clinic of Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex (OAUTHC). Anthropometric parameters and other relevant clinical details of all subjects were obtained. Fasting venous blood samples were taken from all subjects for the determination of fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting lipid profile, glycosylated haemoglobin levels (HbA1C), fasting serum insulin, leptin, and adiponectin. Data was analysed using the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0. Results: Twenty-eight (46.7%)) subjects were males while 32 subjects (53.3%) were females (in obese groups). There was no statistical difference between these two groups for both sexes (p = 1.000). The age range for all subjects was 34 to 64 years with their mean age being 52 ± 7.3 years, and for type 2 subjects and the obese non-diabetic 50.7 ± 7.3 years respectively. The mean body mass index of the non-obese and non-diabetic was 23.7 ± 4 Kg/m2 while the anthropometric measurements of the obese two groups were similar. The lipid profile, serum leptin and adiponectin in both the obese groups showed no difference. The relationship between components of obesity and serum leptin level in all subjects showed that serum leptin levels had significant positive correlation with BMI, WC, and serum insulin level. The correlation between adiponectin and lipid profile showed a positive correlation between serum adiponectin values and High-density lipoprotein (HDL) in obese diabetic (p = 0.02) but not in the non-diabetic group. Conclusion: In this study, there was no correlation in the serum leptin levels with the anthropometric parameters of obesity studied. For the components of the lipid profile, Triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) correlated with serum adiponectin and HDL showed a positive correlation with adiponectin. It is concluded that the effects of both serum adiponectin and serum leptin are driven by obesity rather than the glycaemic status of the obese subjects.

Efficacy of Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotide of Neuropeptide Y Y5 Receptor on Treating of Hyperleptinemia by Intraventricular Administration in Diet-induced Obese Rats

Objective: To study the efficacy of antisense oligonucleotide of neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y5 receptor on treating hyperleptinemia by intracerebral ventricular administration in diet-induced obese rats.Methods: The obese rats were prepared by feeding a high-nutritive diet for 7 weeks. The lateral ventricle of obese rats was cannulated. Either 10 μl of different neuropeptide Y Y5 receptor oligodeoxynucleotide, including antisense, sense and missense oligodeoxynucleotide (5 g/L) or 10 μl saline was administered into the ventricle through cannula three times per day in every rat. Two days later the rats were slaughtered .The weights of both retroperitoneal and epididymal adipose tissues were measured, and the serum insulin and leptin were detected by radioimmunoassay method and the murine leptin ELISA kit respectively. Results: ①The level of serum was significantly higher in experimental rats than that in normal rats. Similarly, the level of serum insulin and the weights of both retroperitoneal and epididymal adipose tissues were increased in experimental rats. ②After the diet-induced obese rats were intraventricularly administered with NPY Y5 receptor antisense oligodeoxynucleotide, the levels of serum leptin and insulin were significantly decreased and combined with the reduction of weight in retroperitoneal adipose tissue. There was, however, no significant difference in the weight of epidymal adipose tissue between pre-treated and post-treated duration. ③There was significant positive correlation among the level of serum leptin, the level of serum insulin and the weight of retroperritoneal adipose tissue in diet-induced obese rats. Conclusion: Intracerebral ventricular administration of antisense oligodeoxynucleotide of neuropeptide Y Y5 receptor may alleviate hyperleptinemia in diet-induced obese rats and decrease the weight of retroperitoneal adipose tissue and the level of serum insulin.

Effect of Acupuncture on Uncoupling Protein 1 Gene Expression for Brown Adipose Tissue of Obese Rats

Objective:To explore the effects of acupuncture on the expression of uncoupling protein 1（UCP1）gene of brown adipose tissue （BAT）in obese rats.Methods:The expression of UCP1gene ofBAT was determined with RT-PCR technique.The changes of body weight,Lee’s index,body fat,andthe expression of UCP1gene of BAT in obese rats were observed before and after acupuncture.Results:The body weight,Lee’s indeX,body fat in obese rats were all markedly higher than those in normal rats,but the expression of UCP1gene of BAT in obese rats was all lower than that in normal rats.There werenegative correlation between the Obesity index and the expression of UCP1gent in BAT.After acupunc-ture the marked effect of weight loss was achieved while the expression of UCP1gene of BAT Obviously in-creased in obese rats.Conclusion:The abnormal reduction for expression of UCP1gene of BAT might bean important cause for the obesity.To promote the expression of UCP1in obese organism might be an im-portant cellular and mole

Gut bacteria alteration in obese people and its relationshipwith gene polymorphism

AIM:To investigate the differences in cultivable gut bacteria and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ2(PPAR-γ2) gene Pro12Ala variation in obese and normal-weight Chinese people.METHODS:Using culture methods,the amounts of Escherichia coli,Enterococci,Bacteroides,Lactobacilli,Bif idobacteria and Clostridium perfringens(C.perfringens) in the feces of 52 obese participants [body mass index(BMI):≥ 28 kg/m2] and 52 participants of normalweight(BMI:18.5-24 kg/m2) were obtained.Study participants completed comprehensive questionnaires and underwent clinical laboratory tests.The polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR-PFLP) assay was used to analyze PPAR-γ2 gene Pro12Ala variation.RESULTS:The obese group exhibited a lower amount of C.perfringens(6.54 ± 0.65 vs 6.94 ± 0.57,P = 0.001)and Bacteroides(9.81 ± 0.58 vs 10.06 ± 0.39,P = 0.012) than their normal-weight counterparts.No major differences were observed in Pro12Ala genotype distribution between the two groups;however,obese individuals with a Pro/Ala genotype had a signif icantly lower level of Bacteroides(9.45 ± 0.62 vs 9.93 ± 0.51,P = 0.027) than those with a Pro/Pro genotype.In addition,the obese group demonstrated a higher stool frequency(U = 975,P < 0.001) and a looser stool(U = 1062,P = 0.015) than the normal-weight group.CONCLUSION:Our results indicated interactions among cultivable gut flora,host genetic factors and obese phenotype and this might be helpful for obesity prevention.

The Role of β3-adrenergic Receptor Gene in Neuropeptide Y Y5Receptor Antisense Gene Therapy of Diet-induced Obese Rats

Objective: To study the role of β3-adrenergic receptor gene in neuropeptide Y(NPY) Y5 receptor antisense gene therapy of diet-induced obese rats.Methods: The diet-induced obese rats were prepared by feeding a high-nutrition diet. Lateral ventricular was cannulated in obese rats which then received an intraventricular injection of either 5 μg/μl NPY Y5 receptor antisense or 10 μl missense oligodeoxynucleotide or saline of 10 μl respectively in every rat. When the rats were killed, the wet weight of abdominal adipose tissue, the level of serum lipid and lipoprotein were measured. Total RNA from the retroperitoneal adipose tissue was extracted and the level of β3-adrenergic receptor gene mRNA expression was evaluated by RT-PCR.Results: ①The wet weight of abdominal adipose tissue, the levels of serum lipids were greatly higher in diet-induced obese rats than those in normal rats. However, there were much lower β3-adrenergic receptor gene mRNA expression levels in retroperitoneal adipose tissue in diet-induced obese rats as compared with those in normal rats. ②After the diet-induced obese rats were intraventricularly administered with NPY Y5 receptor antisense oligodeoxynucleotide, the levels of β3-adrenergic receptor gene mRNA expression in retroperitoneal adipose tissue of diet-induced obese rats were strikingly up-regulated, whereas the wet weight of abdominal adipose tissue, the levels of serum lipids were markedly reduced.Conclusion: Intraventricular administration of antisense oligodeoxynucleotide to NPY Y5 receptor could significantly reduce the abdominal adipose tissue and the levels of serum lipids in diet-induced obese rats by up-regulating the level of β3-adrenergic receptor gene mRNA expression in retroperitoneal adipose tissue.

Methylation Characteristics of Perivisceral Fat Gene in Obese Rats with Phlegm-dampness Syndrome and the Effect of Wen Dan Decoction

Objective To observe the characteristics of gene methylation in obese rats with phlegm-dampness syndrome induced by the high-fat diet, and to study the effect of Wen Dan Decoction on gene methylation after the intervention. Methods Methylation sites of genes were detected by the MeDIP-seq method. Bioinformatics method was used to analyze the gene methylation characteristics of obesity with phlegmdampness syndrome and the effect of Wen Dan Decoction. Results (1) There were 3 242 methylation differential loci in dietinduced obesity with phlegm-dampness syndrome, of which 1 243 were down-regulated and 1 999 were up-regulated, involving 1 579 differential genes. GO analysis showed that "offactory receptor activity" and others were enriched. The possible signal pathways involved were "Olfactory transduction""Tuberculosis""Systemic lupus erythematosus" and "Ribosome".(2) After the intervention of Wen Dan Decoction in obesity with phlegmdampness syndrome, 4 046 different methylation loci were obtained, including 1 067 down-regulated loci and 2 979 up-regulated loci, involving 2 068 genes. GO analysis showed that "offactory receptor activity" and others were enriched. These genes involved seven signaling pathways, such as "Metabolic pathways".(3) Between diet-induced obesity with phlegm-dampness syndrome and Wen Dan Decoction intervening obesity with the phlegm-dampness syndrome, 582 common genes of methylation differential genes were obtained. After the intervention of Wen Dan Decoction, the number of GO enrichment items was more than that of obesity with phlegm-dampness syndrome, and even the same GO enrichment items involved more genes. Conclusions The phlegm-dampness syndrome of obesityinduced by diet had the characteristics of gene methylation changes, and the intervention of Wen Dan Decoction could also affect the status of gene methylation. The genes affected by Wen Dan Decoction were closely related to the methylation gene of phlegm-dampness syndrome of obesity-induced by diet but covered a wider range.

Papaya improves non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in obese rats by attenuating oxidative stress,inflammation and lipogenic gene expression

BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is a global health issue that is correlated with obesity and oxidative stress.AIM To evaluate the anti-NAFLD effect of papaya in high fat diet induced obesity in rats.METHODS Four-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups after 1 wk of acclimatization:Group 1 was the rats fed a normal diet(C);group 2 was the rats fed a high fat diet(HFD);group 3 was the rats fed a HFD with 0.5 mL of papaya juice/100 g body weight(HFL),and group 4 was the rats fed a HFD with 1 mL of papaya juice/100 g body weight(HFH)for 12 wk.At the end of the treatment,blood and tissue samples were collected for biochemical analyses and histological assessment.RESULTS The results of the HFH group showed significantly reduced body weight(HFH vs HFD,P<0.01),decreased NAFLD score(HFH vs HFD,P<0.05),and reduced hepatic total cholesterol(HFL vs HFD,P<0.01;HFH vs HFD,P<0.001),hepatic triglyceride(HFH vs HFD,P<0.05),malondialdehyde(HFL,HFH vs HFD,P<0.001),tumour necrosis factor-α(HFH vs HFD,P<0.05)and interleukin-6(HFH vs HFD,P<0.05)when compared to the HFD group.However,the liver weight showed no significant difference among the groups.The activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase significantly increased in HFH when compared with the HFD group(P<0.05 and P<0.001,respectively).The suppression of transcriptional factors of hepatic lipogenesis,including sterol regulatory elementbinding protein 1c and fatty acid synthase,were observed in the papaya treated group(HFH vs HFD,P<0.05).These beneficial effects of papaya against HFDinduced NAFLD are through lowering hepatic lipid accumulation,suppressing the lipogenic pathway,improving the balance of antioxidant status,and lowering systemic inflammation.CONCLUSION These current results provide experimental-based evidence suggesting papaya is an efficacious medicinal fruit for use in the prevention or treatment of NAFLD.

CORRELATIONS BETWEEN BLOOD PRESSURE AND BODY WEIGHT, SERUM LEPTIN IN HIGH CALORIE DIET-INDUCED OBESE RATS

Objective To examine the change of body weight (BW) and blood pressure (BP) in obese rats, clarify relationships between BP and BW and other factors. Methods Male Spraque-Dawley rats were fed either with normal diet (ND) or high calorie diet (HC) for 20 weeks. BW and BP of tail artery were observed biweekly and tetraweekly respectively; serum leptin and fasting insulin (FINS) were detected by enzyme-linked immunoadsordent assay (ELISA) and radioimmunoassay (RIA) respectively. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and free fatty acid(FFA) were measured by conventional means. Results BW, abdominal fat weight (AFW), ratio of abdominal fat weight to body weight (R_ F/W), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), serum levels of leptin and FINS, FPG, FFA increased in the HD group after 20 weeks diet intervention (P<0.05 or P<0.01). SBP was strongly correlated with BW, leptin, FINS and FFA (P<0.05), DBP was correlated with FFA (r=0.47, P<0.05). In addition, leptin was positively correlated with BW, AFW, R_ F/W, FINS and FFA (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Conclusion In this study of high calorie-diet induced rats, the gain of BW is accompanied by increased BP. The obese rats have hyperleptinemia, hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia which may have important effects on the development of obesity-related hypertension. R_ F/W is the key factor in which affect serum leptin level.

The common pentanucleotide polymorphism of the 3’-untranslated region of the leptin receptor gene is associated with obesity in Saudi females

Obesity is due to the combined effects of genes, environment, lifestyle, and the interactions of these factors. Leptin receptor (LEPR) gene has been intensively evaluated in the search of variants that could be related to obesity. The results of most of these studies have been controversial. We investigated the effects of leptin receptor gene 3’-untranslated region (3’-UTR) polymorphism on phenotype, metabolic parameters and anthropometric measurements of obese Saudi females. 122 healthy women aged 19 to 36 years. The subjects were divided into 3 groups according to their body mass index BMI;lean (BMI 18 - 24), overweight (BMI 25 - 29) and obese (BMI ≥ 30). There were 13 homozygotes and 34 heterozygotes for the 3’-UTR insertion allele amongst all 122 women. The results of this study show that the allele frequency of the insertion allele (I) of 3’UTR was significantly higher in overweight (35.3) and obese females (32.2) compared to the frequency in lean females (15.6). The insertion allele was associated with increased BMI in obese groups. The results obtained from this study indicated that in the obese subjects most variable values increased in I/I homozygote but the significant high value recorded among BMI (40.9 ± 7.11 kg/m2, P = 0.042). Our findings indicated that, the obesity in Saudi females is influenced by alteration in the leptin receptor gene 3’-UTR polymorphism.

The Relationship between Cutaneous Wounds Made on Obese Mice or Those with Decreased Body Weight and Serum Leptin Level

Purpose: Not all obese people have hyperglycemia. We wondered about the healing progress in obese people without hyperglycemia. The purpose of this study is to observe the cutaneous wound healing process. Methods: Three-week-old male mice were fed high-fat diets (containing 60% fat) in the diet group, and commercial diets in the control group, ad libitum for 15 weeks. Circle-full-thickness cutaneous wounds were made on the dorsal skin of mice. From day 0 to day 15 after wounding, we analyzed wound healing process. We measured the blood concentration of leptin, and observed the distribution of leptin-positive cells in each wound. Results: Mean body weight, the areas of subcutaneous fat and visceral fat, and the weight of epididymal fat in the diet group were significantly greater than those in the control group at 15 weeks after feeding. The diet group did not feed on the diet after wounding;their body weight decreased remarkably to the level of the control group. The ratio of wound area, re-epithelialization, and collagen fibers did not differ between the diet and control groups on each day. The blood concentration of leptin in the diet group was significantly greater than that in the control group before wounding and until day 6 after wounding (day 0, 10 hour and day 1: p < 0.01, day 6: p < 0.05). Conclusion: The results show that the wound healing process is similar between obese and non-obese mice, and that the decrease in the leptin level in the obese mouse to that in the non-obese mouse may depend on the decrease of body weight of obese mouse.

Effects of marine omega-3 PUFA on adiponectin and leptin in overweight and obese patients: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Objective:To systematically evaluate the effect of marine Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids(Omega-3 PUFA)on adiponectin and leptin levels in overweight and obese patients.Methods:The computer searched PubMed,Embase,Cochrane Library and CNKI electronic databases for randomized controlled experiments on the levels of marine Omega-3 PUFA and adiponectin and leptin in overweight and obese patients.The two researchers independently screened,evaluated and included the literatures and extracted the data.Meta analysis was carried out with Revman 5.3 software.Results:A total of 8 articles and 607 subjects were included.The results showed that Omega-3 PUFA from marine sources did not increase in adiponectin levels[SMD=0.32,95%CI=(-0.13,0.76)],while there was no significant did not reduce the leptin level of patients[SMD=-0.22,95%CI=(-0.53,0.09)].Conclusion:Marinederived Omega-3 PUFA can improve circulating leptin and adiponectin levels in overweight and obese patients,increase serum adiponectin levels and reduce leptin levels,but the difference is not obvious.Further research is still needed to determine the effect of Omega-3 PUFA on Adipokine in overweight and obese people.

Cellular and Molecular Basis of Leptin Resistance in Obese Patients

Obesity is a major risk factor for diabetes,cardiovascular disease,and certain cancers.It arises from a chronic positive energy balance.This is usually due to unrestricted access to food in the context of genetic and epigenetic vulnerabilities.And an increasingly sedentary lifestyle.Over the past few decades,our understanding of the fluid and nervous systems that mediate energy balance control has greatly improved.However,our ability to formulate effective strategies to slow the current obesity epidemic has been hampered,mainly because we have limited knowledge of the resistance mechanisms of metabolic hormones such as leptin.Resistance to leptin is a sign of obesity,leptin is a key hormone for neuroendocrine control of energy balance.In the past few years,we have made tremendous progress in our in-depth research on the cellular pathways that disrupt the action of leptin.In this review,we discuss the molecular mechanisms of leptin resistance and how to use them as targets for obesity drug therapy.

Relationship Between Serum Testosterone,Leptin,Interleukin-6(il-6)Level and Insulin Sensitivity in Non-obese and Obese Male Subjects in Magway Region,Myanmar

Objective:To determine the relationship between insulin resistance and related variables(serum testosterone,interleukin(IL-6)and leptin level)in obese and non-obese healthy subjects.Methods:Community-based crosssectional,analytic study was undertaken in 60 subjects for each obese group(BMI≥30.0 kg/m2)and non-obese group(BMI 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2)(age;18-45 years)residing in Magway Township from December 2016 to December 2017.Serum insulin,testosterone,IL-6 and leptin levels were measured by enzyme linked immunoassay,and serum fasting glucose was measured by glucose oxidase method.Insulin sensitivity was calculated by HOMA formula(Homeostatic Model Assessment).Results:HOMA-IR,serum leptin and IL-6 level were significantly higher in obese group while serum testosterone level was significantly lower in obese group.There was a significantly correlation between HOMA-IR with leptin(r=0.306,p=0.001),IL-6(r=0.237,p=0.009)and testosterone(r=-0.209,p=0.02).Moreover,serum leptin was significantly and positively correlated with IL-6(r=0.391,p<0.001)while serum testosterone was significantly and negatively correlated with leptin(r=-0.408,p<0.001),and IL-6(r=-0.34,p<0.001).Conclusions:Obese men are more likely to have low testosterone,high inflammatory markers leptin and Il-6,which were associated with decreased insulin sensitivity.

The Mechanism of Regulating Leptin Resistance in Obesity and the Influence of Adjusting Methylation of OB-R,POMC Gene Promoter of Wendan Decoction (温胆汤)

Objective:To explore the mechanism of Wendan Decoction(温胆汤)regulating leptin resistance in obesity by analyzing the level of leptin in peripheral blood,the expression of leptin receptor and signal pathway molecule POMC in hypothalamus.To analyze the methylation status of the gene promoters of leptin receptor and POMC in obese rats fed with high fat diet,and the influence of adjusting methylation of OB-R,POMC gene promoter about Wendan decoction.Methods:Model rats were randomly divided into model control group and drug observation group,additional normal rats with 8 rats in each group.The models were established by high fat diet.The observation group was treated with Wendan Decoction(温胆汤)and the other two groups were treated with sterilized drinking water once a day for 6 weeks.Body weight was recorded every week during the intervention.Peripheral blood and hypothalamus were collected at the end of the experiment.The serum leptin level was measured by ELISA method,and the expression of OB-R and POMC in hypothalamus was detected by RT-qPCR method.Methylation level of OB-R and POMC promoter detected by methylation specific PCR.Results:Our results revealed that Wendan Decoction(温胆汤)could effectively reduce body weight,the body weight in the drug observation group was significantly lower than that in the model control group,and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant.The level of leptin in peripheral blood and the expression of OB-R in hypothalamus were consistent with the trend of body weight.The heavier the weight,the higher the level of leptin and OB-R.Wendan Decoction(温胆汤)could reduce the level of leptin and OB-R in peripheral blood while reducing body weight.Compared with the model control group,the difference was statistically significant.The heavier the weight,the lower the level of POMC expression.Wendan Decoction(温胆汤)could increase the expression of POMC while reducing body weight,which had statistical significance compared with the model control group.The methylation status of OB-R and POMC promoter in hypothalamus was not significantly associated with obesity induced by high fat diet,and Wendan Decoction(温胆汤)had no effect on methylation status.Conclusions:Wendan Decoction(温胆汤)could inhibit obesity by affecting the expression of leptin receptor and POMC mRNA in hypothalamus to a large degree.There was no obvious change about the methylation status of the gene promoters of leptin receptor and POMC in obese rats fed with high fat diet.And it was not related to the change of methylation status of gene promoter about the mechanism of Wendan Decoction(温胆汤).

Association of Polymorphisms of Leptin Gene with Body Weight and Body Sizes Indexes in Chinese Indigenous Cattle

PCR-SSCP was used to analyze the polymorphism of leptin gene in 539 samples of six cattle breeds, namely Nanyang （NY）, Qinchuan （QC）, Jiaxianred （JXR）, Xizhen （XZ）, Luxi （LX）, and Holstein cow （HOL） breeds. PCR products with a 330 bp were amplified and sequenced. The results showed that the frequencies of alleles A/B of NY, QC, JXR, XZ, LX, and HOL breeds were 0.558/0.442, 0.492/0.508, 0.571/0.429, 0.658/0.342, 0.591/0.409, and 0.615/0.385, respectively. The association of variations of leptin gene with growth traits in NY, QC, JXR breeds was analyzed. Some indexes of the individuals with genotype BB were higher than that with genotype AA and AB in NY breed, such as the indexes of body length, heart length, body weight, hucklebone width, body height, and average day gain. The height at hip cross of the individuals with genotype BB was higher than that of those with genotype AA and AB in QC breed （P 〈 0.05）. So leptin gene may be one of the candidate genes for growth traits with height at hip cross, but not for body weight, heart length, and body length trait. However, the height at hip cross and hucklebone width of the individuals with genotype AB and BB were higher than that of those with genotype AA in JXR breed （P 〈 0.05）, but the difference was not statistically significant in body weight and body sizes （body height, body length, and heart length）. And the polymorphisms in leptin gene were caused by G→T transversion at the 66th bp position, A→C transversion at the 67th bp position and G→T transversion at the 299th bp position. These results may be applied to marker-assisted selection of Chinese cattle breeds.

二花脸猪obese基因3714位点多态性与产仔性状的相关性

利用Bi PASA技术检测了二花脸猪OB基因的多态性 ,并且分析了其与母猪产仔性能的相关性。结果显示 ,OB基因在第 371 4碱基处存在G/T替换 ,经Bi PASA检测后分别定义为等位基因G和T。在二花脸母猪群中 ,等位基因G和T的频率分别为 0 339和 0 6 6 1。方差分析发现 ,G/G基因型个体的头胎产仔数以及平均产仔数略低于G/T型和T/T型个体 ,但相互之间无显著差异 ;在最高产仔数性状上 ,G/G型个体显著低于G/T型和T/T型个体 (P <0 0 5 )。

The Leptin Paradox-A Treacherous Art in cardiac sequelae of obesity

Leptin is the first identified obese gene product which participates in the regulation of food intake, energy expenditure, glucose and lipid metabolism. Leptin initiates both hypertrophic and antihypertrophic effects on hearts in addition to its cardiac depressant effect. Circulating leptin levels correlate with the body mass index (BMI) and total amount of body fat, which may be associated with changes of cardiac morphology and function. It has been shown that cardiac function is present in both hyperleptinemic (db/db) and hypoleptinemic (ob/ob) mouse models. Leptin replenishment reconciles the compromised myocardial function in ob/ob mice, indicating the premises of leptin on heart function. Interestingly, elevated plasma leptin levels may trigger leptin resistance and serve as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, physiological range of leptin is essential for normal cardiac geometry and function whereas disrupted leptin signaling (hyperand hypoleptinemia) results in functional and morphological aberrations leading to heart problem. Given that human obesity is a syndrome of leptin resistance, which is unlikely amenable to leptin treatment, the identification of novel parallel signal transduction pathways is of particular therapeutic value for obesityassociated cardiac dysfunction.

日粮类型对猪肌肉组织HSL mRNA和Obese mRNA基因表达的影响

选用20 kg左右的"杜×长×大"外三元杂交仔猪20头,随机分为2组,分别饲喂豆粕型和杂粕(双低菜籽粕+豆粕)型2种不同类型的日粮,饲养猪至体重达到100 kg左右时屠宰测定瘦肉率,取背最长肌肌肉组织,采用RT-PCR技术检测分析HSL mRNA和Obese mRNA表达情况,以探索出日粮类型与基因表达的关系。结果显示,杂粕日粮较豆粕日粮可显著增加HSL mRNA表达量、减少Obese mRNA表达量(P<0.05),2种日粮类型虽对猪瘦肉率无显著性影响,但是从实际值来看,杂粕日粮表现出提高趋势,较豆粕日粮提高3.5%(P>0.05)。