Research Progress of Non-drug Therapy of Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Treatment of Obese Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Polycystic ovarian syndrome(PCOS)as a relatively common clinical reproductive endocrine disease,the incidence is increasing year by year and the treatment is difficult,among which obese PCOS accounts for nearly 50%of the total.In recent years,non-drug therapy of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has been effective in the treatment of PCOS.This article summarizes the relevant literature in the past ten years from acupuncture,acupoint embedding,moxibustion,and auricular points,and observes the effects of TCM non-drug therapy on endocrine and glucose and lipid metabolism in obese PCOS patients.The impact of various indicators such as body mass index,body mass index,etc.,and discuss the problems in such treatments,as well as put forward suggestions to achieve the purpose of better guiding the clinical treatment of obese PCOS.

The Role of β3-adrenergic Receptor Gene in Neuropeptide Y Y5Receptor Antisense Gene Therapy of Diet-induced Obese Rats

Objective: To study the role of β3-adrenergic receptor gene in neuropeptide Y(NPY) Y5 receptor antisense gene therapy of diet-induced obese rats.Methods: The diet-induced obese rats were prepared by feeding a high-nutrition diet. Lateral ventricular was cannulated in obese rats which then received an intraventricular injection of either 5 μg/μl NPY Y5 receptor antisense or 10 μl missense oligodeoxynucleotide or saline of 10 μl respectively in every rat. When the rats were killed, the wet weight of abdominal adipose tissue, the level of serum lipid and lipoprotein were measured. Total RNA from the retroperitoneal adipose tissue was extracted and the level of β3-adrenergic receptor gene mRNA expression was evaluated by RT-PCR.Results: ①The wet weight of abdominal adipose tissue, the levels of serum lipids were greatly higher in diet-induced obese rats than those in normal rats. However, there were much lower β3-adrenergic receptor gene mRNA expression levels in retroperitoneal adipose tissue in diet-induced obese rats as compared with those in normal rats. ②After the diet-induced obese rats were intraventricularly administered with NPY Y5 receptor antisense oligodeoxynucleotide, the levels of β3-adrenergic receptor gene mRNA expression in retroperitoneal adipose tissue of diet-induced obese rats were strikingly up-regulated, whereas the wet weight of abdominal adipose tissue, the levels of serum lipids were markedly reduced.Conclusion: Intraventricular administration of antisense oligodeoxynucleotide to NPY Y5 receptor could significantly reduce the abdominal adipose tissue and the levels of serum lipids in diet-induced obese rats by up-regulating the level of β3-adrenergic receptor gene mRNA expression in retroperitoneal adipose tissue.

Association between glucose-lowering drugs and circulating insulin antibodies induced by insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes

BACKGROUND Insulin antibodies(IAs)affect blood glucose control in patients receiving insulin therapy.AIM To investigate the relationship between different hypoglycemic treatments and IAs in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).METHODS This cross-sectional,retrospective study included 1863 patients with T2DM who were receiving exogenous insulin therapy.All patients received stable antidiabetic therapy in the last 3 months and IA levels were measured using an iodine-125 array.RESULTS A total of 1863 patients were enrolled.There were 902(48.4%)patients who had positive IAs(IA level>5%),with a mean IA level of 11.06%(10.39%-11.72%).IA levels were positively correlated with high fasting blood glucose(odds ratio=1.069,P<0.001).The proportion of positive IAs was lowest in patients using glargine only(31.9%)and highest in patients using human insulin only(70.3%),P<0.001.The IA levels in patients using sulfonylureas/glinides(8.3%),metformin(9.6%),and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors(8.2%)were all lower than in patients without these drugs(all P<0.05).CONCLUSION Nearly half of patients on insulin therapy have positive IA antibodies,and IA antibody levels are associated with blood glucose control.Insulin glargine and a combination of oral glucose-lowering drugs were correlated with lower IA levels.

Current status of drug therapy for alveolar echinococcosis

Alveolar echinococcosis(AE)is a chronic zoonotic parasitic disease caused by infection with Echinococcus multilocularis.AE is associated with a high mortality rate and poses a significant threat to human health.The primary treatment for AE is surgical resection of the lesions;however,owing to its long incubation period and insidious disease progression,many patients are diagnosed only after the onset of complications such as liver cirrhosis,jaundice,and portal hypertension,which preclude curative surgical intervention.For patients who are unwilling or unable to undergo surgery,lifelong administration of anti-AE medications is necessary.Benzimidazole compounds,such as albendazole and mebendazole,are the current mainstays of treatment,offering good efficacy.Nevertheless,these medications primarily inhibit parasite proliferation rather than eradicate the infection,and their long-term use can lead to significant drug-related toxic effects.Consequently,there is an urgent need to develop new therapeutic strategies that convey better efficacy and reduce the adverse effects associated with current treatments.Recent advancements in AE therapy include novel synthetic compounds such as antiviral agents,antibiotics,antineoplastic agents,immunosuppressants,and antiangiogenic agents,as well as natural compounds derived from traditional Chinese and Tibetan medicine.These new drugs show promising clinical potential because they interfere with parasitic metabolic pathways and cellular structures.This review aims to discuss recent research on AE drug therapy,including mechanisms of action,dosing regimens,signalling pathways,and therapeutic outcomes,with a goal of providing new insights and directions for the development of anti-AE drugs and summarizing current advancements in AE pharmacotherapy.

Research Progress of Atomizers and Drugs Used in Atomization Therapy

At present,the commonly used treatment methods for chronic respiratory diseases are drug,oxygen,interventional and atomization therapy.Atomization therapy is the most widely used because of its characteristics of fast effect,high local drug concentration,less drug dosage,convenient application and few systemic adverse reactions.In this paper,the mechanism,characteristics,commonly used drugs and clinical application of atomization therapy are discussed.

Research Progress of Drug Therapy for Diabetes

Diabetes is mainly a series of symptoms of glucose metabolism disorder caused by relative or absolute insufficiencies of insulin.Most patients are accompanied by protein,fat,water and electrolyte disorders,including diabetes type 1 and diabetes type 2,of which diabetes type 2 accounts for more than 90%.The incidence rate of diabetes is high,the course of disease is long,and it is difficult to cure.Most patients need long-term medication.This study analyzed the clinical manifestations and predisposing factors of diabetes,and explored the progress of drug treatment of diabetes,which is summarized as follows.

Observation on the Clinical Effect of Applying Venetoclax Combined with Demethylation Drug Therapy in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Objective: To investigate the therapeutic effect of applying venetoclax combined with demethylating drugs in treating patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Methods: Eighty cases of AML patients treated with venetoclax combined with demethylating drugs in our hospital were selected from March 2021 to March 2024, including 40 cases of primary treatment patients and 40 cases of relapsed and refractory patients. The efficacy and safety of the combined drug therapy was analyzed. Results: The primary treatment group was presented with a complete remission (CR) rate of 40.5%, partial remission (PR) rate of 47.50%, no response (NR) rate of 12.50%, and a remission rate of 87.50%. The relapsed- refractory group was presented with a CR rate of 37.50%, PR rate of 42.50%, NR rate of 17.50%, and a remission rate of 87.50%. There was no statistical significance between the groups (P > 0.05). The hematological adverse reactions of the combined treatment for AML were leukopenia and the non-hematological adverse reactions were mainly infections, with an incidence rate of 87.50%. Conclusion: The efficacy of venetoclax combined with demethylating drugs in AML was remarkable and the treatment regimen can be adjusted according to the treatment-resistant response.

Advances in Transdermal Drug Delivery for Cancer Therapy

Transdermal drug delivery offers a promising alternative to traditional cancer therapies by providing a non-invasive,controlled,and targeted delivery of therapeutic agents.This paper explores the advancements,benefits,and challenges associated with transdermal drug delivery systems(TDDS)in cancer treatment.It highlights the mechanisms of action,key technologies,and the potential impact on patient outcomes.By examining recent studies and clinical trials,this paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the efficacy,safety,and prospects of transdermal drug delivery in oncology.

Meta Analysis of the Efficacy of Nonpharmaceutical Chinese Medicine Therapy in the Treatment of Obese Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Objective:To systematically evaluate the effects of acupuncture,auricular point sticking,acupoint catgut embedding,cupping and other non-pharmaceutical Chinese medicine therapies on sex hormone as well as glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with obese polycystic ovary syndrome.Method:The databases such as China National Knowledge Infrastructure were searched by computer to collect the literature on the treatment of obese polycystic by non-pharmaceutical Chinese medicine therapy combined with western medicine or lifestyle change,and the literature quality of the included literature was evaluated,and finally the data were analyzed.A total of 15 randomized controlled trial(RCT)literature were included in this study,with a total of 1263 patients.Results:Non-pharmaceutical Chinese medicine therapy combined with metformin or lifestyle can reduce body mass index,insulin resistance index,fasting plasma insulin,fasting blood glucose,luteinizing hormone,ratio of luteinizing hormone to follicle stimulating hormone,testosterone,but it has no obvious advantage over follicle stimulating hormone(FSH).Conclusion:Compared with simple application of metformin or lifestyle change,traditional Chinese medicine non drug therapy combined with metformin or lifestyle change can better improve sex hormone and blood glucose metabolism in obese PCOS patients.

Efficacy of Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotide of Neuropeptide Y Y5 Receptor on Treating of Hyperleptinemia by Intraventricular Administration in Diet-induced Obese Rats

Objective: To study the efficacy of antisense oligonucleotide of neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y5 receptor on treating hyperleptinemia by intracerebral ventricular administration in diet-induced obese rats.Methods: The obese rats were prepared by feeding a high-nutritive diet for 7 weeks. The lateral ventricle of obese rats was cannulated. Either 10 μl of different neuropeptide Y Y5 receptor oligodeoxynucleotide, including antisense, sense and missense oligodeoxynucleotide (5 g/L) or 10 μl saline was administered into the ventricle through cannula three times per day in every rat. Two days later the rats were slaughtered .The weights of both retroperitoneal and epididymal adipose tissues were measured, and the serum insulin and leptin were detected by radioimmunoassay method and the murine leptin ELISA kit respectively. Results: ①The level of serum was significantly higher in experimental rats than that in normal rats. Similarly, the level of serum insulin and the weights of both retroperitoneal and epididymal adipose tissues were increased in experimental rats. ②After the diet-induced obese rats were intraventricularly administered with NPY Y5 receptor antisense oligodeoxynucleotide, the levels of serum leptin and insulin were significantly decreased and combined with the reduction of weight in retroperitoneal adipose tissue. There was, however, no significant difference in the weight of epidymal adipose tissue between pre-treated and post-treated duration. ③There was significant positive correlation among the level of serum leptin, the level of serum insulin and the weight of retroperritoneal adipose tissue in diet-induced obese rats. Conclusion: Intracerebral ventricular administration of antisense oligodeoxynucleotide of neuropeptide Y Y5 receptor may alleviate hyperleptinemia in diet-induced obese rats and decrease the weight of retroperitoneal adipose tissue and the level of serum insulin.

Role of autophagy in tumorigenesis,metastasis,targeted therapy and drug resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma

Autophagy is a "self-degradative" process and is involved in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and the control of cellular components by facilitating the clearance or turnover of long-lived or misfolded proteins, protein aggregates, and damaged organelles. Autophagy plays a dual role in cancer, including in tumor progression and tumor promotion, suggesting that autophagy acts as a double-edged sword in cancer cells. Liver cancer is one of the greatest leading causes of cancer death worldwide due to its high recurrence rate and poor prognosis. Especially in China, liver cancer has become one of the most common cancers due to the high infection rate of hepatitis virus. In primary liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type. Considering the perniciousness and complexity of HCC, it is essential to elucidate the function of autophagy in HCC. In this review, we summarize the physiological function of autophagy in cancer, analyze the role of autophagy in tumorigenesis and metastasis, discuss the therapeutic strategies targeting autophagy and the mechanisms of drug-resistance in HCC, and provide potential methods to circumvent resistance and combined anticancer strategies for HCC patients.

Clinical effects of psychological intervention and drug therapy against peptic ulcer

Objective:To evaluate the clinical effects of psychological interventions and drug therapy against peptic ulcer.Methods:96 patients with peptic ulcer were divided into control group with Tagamet 800 mg per evening p.o.and trial group with psychological intervention on the basis of drug treatment.Results:There were significant differences between the two groups(P【0.05), the trial group showed that the anxiety and depression cases declined obviously and effective rate of ulcer therapy was much higlier than control group.Conclusions:In sum,psychological intervention combined with drug therapy provides an effective method for ulcer treatment.

Nanotechnology-based combination therapy for overcoming multidrug-resistant cancer

Multidrug resistance(MDR) is a major obstacle to successful cancer treatment and is crucial to cancer metastasis and relapse.Combination therapy is an effective strategy for overcoming MDR. However, the different pharmacokinetic(PK) profiles of combined drugs often undermine the combination effect in vivo, especially when greatly different physicochemical properties(e.g.,those of macromolecules and small drugs) combine. To address this issue, nanotechnology-based codelivery techniques have been actively explored. They possess great advantages for tumor targeting, controlled drug release, and identical drug PK profiles. Thus,a powerful tool for combination therapy is provided, and the translation from in vitro to in vivo is facilitated. In this review, we present a summary of various combination strategies for overcoming MDR and the nanotechnology-based combination therapy.

Rise and fall of anti-obesity drugs

Although it is not generally a life-threatening disease,obesity is becoming a major health problem worldwide.It can be controlled by means of drugs,and,consequently,these are required to be safe as well as effective.In this paper,we summarize the fate of various drugs that have been introduced for clinical use in the treatment of obesity.Fenfluramine and dexfenfluramine were withdrawn because of heart valve damage.Sibutramine suppresses appetite and increases heart rate and blood pressure.In the Sibutramine Cardiovascular OUTcomes trial,an increase in major adverse cardiovascular events prompted its withdrawal in Europe and the United States.Rimonabant is an endocannabinoid receptor antagonist that reduces body weight and ameliorates some cardiovascular risk factors.However,adverse psychiatric side effects led to its withdrawal as well.Orlistat is approved in Europe and the United States for the treatment of obesity,but its use is limited by gastrointestinal side-effects.Ephedrine and caffeine are natural ingredients in foods and supplements that may help the person to lose weight.In the light of several failed attempts,there is a clear need to develop drugs that are effective and safe in the long term in order to successfully combat the phenomenon of obesity.

Hepatic cancer stem cells and drug resistance: Relevance in targeted therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of most common malignancies in the world. Systemic treatments for HCC, particularly for advanced stages, are limited by the drug resistance phenomenon which ultimately leads to therapy failure. Recent studies have indicated an association between drug resistance and the existence of the cancer stem cells (CSCs) as tumor initiating cells. The CSCs are resistant to conventional chemotherapies and might be related to the mechanisms of the ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) transporters and alterations in the CSCs signaling pathways. Therefore, to contribute to the development of new HCC treatments, further information on the characterization of CSCs, the modulation of the ABC transporters expression and function and the signaling pathway involved in the self renewal, initiation and maintenance of the cancer are required. The combination of transporters modulators/inhibitors with molecular targeted therapies may be a potent strategy to block the tumoral progression. This review summarizes the association of CSCs, drug resistance, ABC transporters activities and changes in signaling pathways as a guide for future molecular therapy for HCC.

Recent progress on nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems for cancer therapy

The development of cancer nanotherapeutics has attracted great interest in the recent decade. Cancer nanotherapeutics have overcome several limitations of conventional therapies, such as nonspecific biodistribution, poor water solubility, and limited bioavailability. Nanoparticles with tuned size and surface characteristics are the key components of nanotherapeutics, and are designed to passively or actively deliver anti-cancer drugs to tumor cells. We provide an overview of nanoparticle-based drug delivery methods and cancer therapies based on tumor-targeting delivery strategies that have been developed in recent years.

Current and future antiviral drug therapies of hepatitis B chronic infection

Despite significant improvement in the management of chronic hepatitis B virus(HBV) it remains a public health problem, affecting more than 350 million people worldwide. The natural course of the infection is dynamic and involves a complex interplay between the virus and the host's immune system. Currently the approved therapeutic regimens include pegylated-interferon(IFN)-α and monotherapy with five nucleos(t)ide analogues(NAs). Both antiviral treatments are not capable to eliminate the virus and do not establish long-term control of infection after treatment withdrawal. IFN therapy is of finite duration and associates with low response rates, liver decompensating and numerous side effects. NAs are well-tolerated therapies but have a high risk of drug resistance development that limits their prolonged use. The imperative for the development of new approaches for the treatment of chronic HBV infection is a challenging issue that cannot be over-sided. Research efforts are focusing on the identification and evaluation of various viral replication inhibitors that target viral replication and a number of immunomodulators that aim to restore the HBV specific immune hyporesponsiveness without inducing liver damage. This review brings together our current knowledge on the available treatment and discusses potential therapeutic approaches in the battle against chronic HBV infection.

Constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: A review of current and emerging drug therapies

Irritable bowel syndrome(IBS) is a highly prevalent medical condition that adversely affects patient quality of life and constitutes a significant economic burden on healthcare resources. A large proportion of patients suffer from the constipation subtype of IBS(IBS-C), most commonly afflicting older individuals and those with a lower socioeconomic status. Conventional pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatment options have limited efficacies and/or significant adverse events, which lead to increased long-term health care expenditures. Failure to effectively treat IBS-C patients over the past decades has largely been due to a poor understanding of disease pathophysiology, lack of a global view of the patient, and an inappropriate selection of patients and treatment endpoints in clinical trials. In recent years, however, more effective and safer drugs have been developed for the treatment of IBS-C. The advancement in the area of pharmacologic treatment is based on new knowledge of the pathophysiologic basis of IBS-C and the development of drugs with increased selectivity within pharmacologic classes with recognized efficacies. This narrative review covers the spectrum of available drugs and their mechanisms of action, as well as the efficacy and safety profiles of each as determined in relevant clinical trials that have investigated treatment options for IBS-C and chronic constipation. A brief summary of laxative-based treatment options is presented, followed by up-to-date assessments for three classes of drugs: prokinetics, prosecretory agents, and bile acid modulators.

A Review on Nano-Based Drug Delivery System for Cancer Chemoimmunotherapy

Although notable progress has been made on novel cancer treatments,the overall survival rate and therapeutic effects are still unsatisfactory for cancer patients.Chemoimmunotherapy,combining chemotherapeutics and immunotherapeutic drugs,has emerged as a promising approach for cancer treatment,with the advantages of cooperating two kinds of treatment mechanism,reducing the dosage of the drug and enhancing therapeutic effect.Moreover,nano-based drug delivery system(NDDS)was applied to encapsulate chemotherapeutic agents and exhibited outstanding properties such as targeted delivery,tumor microenvironment response and site-specific release.Several nanocarriers have been approved in clinical cancer chemotherapy and showed significant improvement in therapeutic efficiency compared with traditional formulations,such as liposomes(Doxil R,Lipusu R),nanoparticles(Abraxane R)and micelles(Genexol-PM R).The applications of NDDS to chemoimmunotherapy would be a powerful strategy for future cancer treatment,which could greatly enhance the therapeutic efficacy,reduce the side effects and optimize the clinical outcomes of cancer patients.Herein,the current approaches of cancer immunotherapy and chemoimmunotherapy were discussed,and recent advances of NDDS applied for chemoimmunotherapy were further reviewed.

Advances in Drug Therapy for Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s disease(AD)is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that mainly causes dementia.It is a serious threat to the health of the global elderly population.Considerable money and effort has been invested in the development of drug therapy for AD worldwide.Many drug therapies are currently under development or in clinical trials,based on two known mechanisms of AD,namely,Aβtoxicity and the abnormal Tau hyperphosphorylation.Numerous drugs are also being developed for other AD associated mechanisms such as neuroinflammation,neurotransmitter imbalance,oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction,neuron loss and degeneration.Even so,the number of drugs that can successfully improve symptoms or delay the progression of the disease remains very limited.However,multi-drug combinations may provide a new avenue for drug therapy for AD.In addition,early diagnosis of AD and timely initiation of treatment may allow drugs that act on the early pathological processes of AD to help improve the symptoms and prevent the progression of the condition.