This article addresses issues regarding the transmission of HIV;without the combination antiretroviral treatment (cART), HIV causes a fatal outcome of those infected in most cases. First, legal issues: For years, cont...This article addresses issues regarding the transmission of HIV;without the combination antiretroviral treatment (cART), HIV causes a fatal outcome of those infected in most cases. First, legal issues: For years, controversial discussions have dealt with the subject of the legal classification of HIV infection, such as “… criminalization of HIV exposure might limit access to and uptake of HIV prevention services…” Based on the rule of law of a constitutional state, we explain the legal principles that serve to protect the legal rights of its citizens. The state has to protect its citizens from harm by other people. The prosecution and conviction of a specific person for a proven HIV infection are legal. Therefore, general decriminalization of HIV infection would undermine the right of thereby harmed citizens to compensation. Second, HIV prevention strategies: Based on the Test and Treatment Strategy (TASP)1, controlled studies were undertaken to find out which framework conditions could improve their benefit. We outline concepts that can help to curb the still ongoing spread of HIV: By providing early HIV diagnosis and ongoing HIV care services as part of updated education and prevention campaigns. Also, concerted, comprehensive campaigns are required to demonstrate further impacts of HIV infection: Both on the quality of life of infected individuals due to the development of non-communicable diseases and the increasing burden to societies as a whole.展开更多
Background:By the end of October 2019,there were 958 thousand people were reported living with HIV/AIDS in China.Unhealthy lifestyle factors,such as smoking,drinking alcohol,using illicit drugs and no physical activit...Background:By the end of October 2019,there were 958 thousand people were reported living with HIV/AIDS in China.Unhealthy lifestyle factors,such as smoking,drinking alcohol,using illicit drugs and no physical activity have been found to mitigate the positive impact of antiretroviral therapy(ART)on viral load and HIV-related quality of life.Moreover,risky sexual behavior among HIV-positive persons places their partners at risk for HIV transmission and other sexually transmitted infections.The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of unhealthy behavior of people living with HIV/AIDS and related influencing factors,particularly those that are closely connected with HIV infection and ART effects.Methods:An institutional based cross-sectional study design was used to collect data from people living with HIV/AIDS(PLWHA)in Beijing and Yunnan Province.The following information was included in the questionnaire survey:social-demographic characteristics,health behavior information,sexual risk behaviors.Binary logistic regression model was conducted to analyze the influencing factors of unhealthy general health behaviors and risky sexual behaviors.Results:In total,2575 PLWHA were included in the study and 78.3%(2017/2575)were male.For the general health behaviors,34.2%(987/2544)smoke;33.8%(870/2575)drank alcohol and 2.3%(49/2134)reported the use of illicit drugs in the previous 6 months.From the sexual behaviors perspective,59.0%(1519/2575)had sex in the previous 6 months.Among people who had sex,92.0%(1398/1519)had fixed sexual partners.Among those with no fixed sexual partner,38.0%(46/121)had more than three partners.Among men who had sex,34.7%(448/1292)reported having sex with men in the previous 6 months and 167%(75/448)of these had group sexual activity.Among participants,72.2%(1053/1458)used condoms every time they had sex while 6.4%(94/1458)of people never used condom.Male people living with HIV/AIDS were more likely to have sexual risk behaviors(adjusted odds ratio[OR]=2.208,95%confidence interval[CI]:1.147-4.252)and unhealthy general health behaviors(adjusted OR=2.029,95%CI:1.480-2.783).The odds of higher risk sexual behaviors was 1.546 times(95%CI:1.302-1.827,P=0.001)greater among participants who drank alcohol compared with their non-drinking counterparts.Conclusions:PLWHA is a group that is vulnerable to problematic health behaviors,especially for men who were more likely to drink alcohol,have more sexual partners,more sexual risk behaviors including group sexual activity,not using condoms and using drugs.Therefore,interventions focusing on gender-specific risk behaviors reduction for people living with HIV/AIDS are now necessary to control the spread of HIV infection and improve the efficacy of antiviral treatment.展开更多
Secret One:Get free, accurate information on applying for a student visa.Visit the U.S.Embassy web site(beijing. usembassy.gov).Read carefully all the information pertaining to student visas on this site,then follow a...Secret One:Get free, accurate information on applying for a student visa.Visit the U.S.Embassy web site(beijing. usembassy.gov).Read carefully all the information pertaining to student visas on this site,then follow all related links to get as much information as you can.展开更多
文摘This article addresses issues regarding the transmission of HIV;without the combination antiretroviral treatment (cART), HIV causes a fatal outcome of those infected in most cases. First, legal issues: For years, controversial discussions have dealt with the subject of the legal classification of HIV infection, such as “… criminalization of HIV exposure might limit access to and uptake of HIV prevention services…” Based on the rule of law of a constitutional state, we explain the legal principles that serve to protect the legal rights of its citizens. The state has to protect its citizens from harm by other people. The prosecution and conviction of a specific person for a proven HIV infection are legal. Therefore, general decriminalization of HIV infection would undermine the right of thereby harmed citizens to compensation. Second, HIV prevention strategies: Based on the Test and Treatment Strategy (TASP)1, controlled studies were undertaken to find out which framework conditions could improve their benefit. We outline concepts that can help to curb the still ongoing spread of HIV: By providing early HIV diagnosis and ongoing HIV care services as part of updated education and prevention campaigns. Also, concerted, comprehensive campaigns are required to demonstrate further impacts of HIV infection: Both on the quality of life of infected individuals due to the development of non-communicable diseases and the increasing burden to societies as a whole.
文摘Background:By the end of October 2019,there were 958 thousand people were reported living with HIV/AIDS in China.Unhealthy lifestyle factors,such as smoking,drinking alcohol,using illicit drugs and no physical activity have been found to mitigate the positive impact of antiretroviral therapy(ART)on viral load and HIV-related quality of life.Moreover,risky sexual behavior among HIV-positive persons places their partners at risk for HIV transmission and other sexually transmitted infections.The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of unhealthy behavior of people living with HIV/AIDS and related influencing factors,particularly those that are closely connected with HIV infection and ART effects.Methods:An institutional based cross-sectional study design was used to collect data from people living with HIV/AIDS(PLWHA)in Beijing and Yunnan Province.The following information was included in the questionnaire survey:social-demographic characteristics,health behavior information,sexual risk behaviors.Binary logistic regression model was conducted to analyze the influencing factors of unhealthy general health behaviors and risky sexual behaviors.Results:In total,2575 PLWHA were included in the study and 78.3%(2017/2575)were male.For the general health behaviors,34.2%(987/2544)smoke;33.8%(870/2575)drank alcohol and 2.3%(49/2134)reported the use of illicit drugs in the previous 6 months.From the sexual behaviors perspective,59.0%(1519/2575)had sex in the previous 6 months.Among people who had sex,92.0%(1398/1519)had fixed sexual partners.Among those with no fixed sexual partner,38.0%(46/121)had more than three partners.Among men who had sex,34.7%(448/1292)reported having sex with men in the previous 6 months and 167%(75/448)of these had group sexual activity.Among participants,72.2%(1053/1458)used condoms every time they had sex while 6.4%(94/1458)of people never used condom.Male people living with HIV/AIDS were more likely to have sexual risk behaviors(adjusted odds ratio[OR]=2.208,95%confidence interval[CI]:1.147-4.252)and unhealthy general health behaviors(adjusted OR=2.029,95%CI:1.480-2.783).The odds of higher risk sexual behaviors was 1.546 times(95%CI:1.302-1.827,P=0.001)greater among participants who drank alcohol compared with their non-drinking counterparts.Conclusions:PLWHA is a group that is vulnerable to problematic health behaviors,especially for men who were more likely to drink alcohol,have more sexual partners,more sexual risk behaviors including group sexual activity,not using condoms and using drugs.Therefore,interventions focusing on gender-specific risk behaviors reduction for people living with HIV/AIDS are now necessary to control the spread of HIV infection and improve the efficacy of antiviral treatment.
文摘Secret One:Get free, accurate information on applying for a student visa.Visit the U.S.Embassy web site(beijing. usembassy.gov).Read carefully all the information pertaining to student visas on this site,then follow all related links to get as much information as you can.
