Sharing experiences from a reference laboratory in the public health response for Ebola viral disease, MERS-CoV and H7N9 influenza virus investigations

The International Health Regulations was enforced in June 2007,emphasizing the obligation of State Parties to detect,report,and respond to public health emergencies[1].An effective public health response requires a coordinated laboratory response in the Ministry of Health(MOH)network with credible laboratories capable of providing accurate and reliable results in a timely manner to enable effective public health measures

Papaya Ring Spot Virus:An Understanding of a Severe Positive-Sense Single Stranded RNA Viral Disease and Its Management

Viral diseases have been studied in-depth for reducing quality,yield,health and longevity of the fruit,to highlight the economic losses.Positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses are more devastating among all viruses that infect fruit trees.One of the best examples is papaya ringspot virus(PRSV).It belongs to the genus Potyvirus and it is limited to cause diseases on the family Chenopodiaceae,Cucurbitaceae and Caricaceae.This virus has a serious threat to the production of papaya,which is famous for its high nutritional and pharmaceutical values.The plant parts such as leaves,latex,seeds,fruits,bark,peel and roots may contain the biological compound that can be isolated and used in pharmaceutical industries as a disease control.Viral disease symptoms consist of vein clearing and yellowing of young leaves.Distinctive ring spot patterns with concentric rings and spots on fruit reduce its quality and taste.The virus has two major strains P and W.The former cause disease in papaya and cucurbits while the later one in papaya.Virion comprises 94.4%protein,including a 36 kDa coat protein which is a component responsible for a non-persistent transmission through aphids,and 5.5%nucleic acid.Cross protection,development of transgenic crops,exploring the resistant sources and induction of pathogen derived resistance have been recorded as effective management of PRSV.Along with these practices reduced aphid population through insecticides and plant extracts have been found ecofriendly approaches to minimize the disease incidence.Adoption of transgenic crops is a big challenge for the success of disease resistant papaya crops.The aim of this review is to understand the genomic nature of PRSV,detection methods and the different advanced control methods.This review article will be helpful in developing the best management strategies for controlling PRSV.

现金为王——美国银行破产浪潮借鉴与思考

银行是国民经济的命脉，资金是企业生存发展的血液。在一定意义上说，保银行就是保经济健康发展，银行出了问题，受害不仅是银行，而是关系到国家利益、人民利益。2008年，随着越来越多的美国银行破产倒闭，国际银行业在次贷危机的冲击下，无疑正面临着动荡的困境。本文以雷曼兄弟投资银行为例，分析了此次危机下美国银行破产的动因及其原理。反思美国的金融危机，得出对于高速发展中的中国金融业来说，只有保持市场稳定才是最理想的选择。

数字教材在初中英语教学中的应用探索

一、教学设计思路1.教学目标（Teaching objectives）（1）To teach new words：slide show,object,wave,shelter.（2）To enable students to use modal verb＂may＂to talk about possibility and＂should＂to talk about obligation.（3）To make students know the dangerous results of typhoons and learn to take precautions.

如何在大学期间不让自己陷入困境(英文)

大学时光最为宝贵、最值得我们每个人好好珍惜与利用。但愿每个大学生都有一个愉快而充实的大学生活,将来成为社会所需要的人才!这就要求每个大学生必须经营好自己的大学时光,过好自己的大学生活,让麻烦远离自己。下面要告诉你的是如何在大学期间避免惹出大麻烦、让自己陷入困境。

Feudalism Helped Social Stability in Early Middle Ages

In the early Middle Ages the Europe was a chaotic social environment.The empire was so vast that no king could build a centralized government,so the king depended on counts to administrate the regions.There were conflicts,wars,invasion and famine at that time.The decentralized government could not protect people from these sufferings,so the people just could search for the strong to secure them.The lord could provide protection to his vassals and grant fiefs to his vassals,and in turn vassals needed to perform their obligation to the lord.These obligation included loyalty,military service,assistance,offering material and counsel which stabilized the area that the lord ruled.The feudalism in the administration of Merovingian and Carolingian even after the breakup of Carolingian could illustrate the stable units of the empire.

Impact of Global Warming on Indian Ocean

The sea level has increased abruptly in the Indian Ocean in the last four decades.Data shows that the increase in sea level is not homogeneous.The rise in bay of Bengal is more than that of the Arabian Sea. Global warming has caused an increase in sea surface temperature.The sea surface temperature has a direct impact on the sea level rise as well as on the intensity and frequency of storms and cyclones.This

Social Forestry and Women in China

Although there is no uniform concept about social forestry in the world,its aim of servicing mankind is commonly considered,and the importance ofwomen’s participation is recognized. Women in China,as an important part of the labor force involved in thedevelopment of social forestry,can be divided into three categories according tothe type of women’s participation. Firstly women(as well as men)have the obligation to participate in

美国次级债危机的影响和启示

由于美国房价的持续下跌以及房贷违约率的上升,美国次级债风波席卷全球。本文以抵押担保债券(CDO)为切入点,着重分析这种金融创新产品的形成机制并分析其在2007年美国次级债危机所扮演的角色及所起到的影响作用。近十年中,正是因为在债务融资中以次级债等高风险资产为抵押基础资产的CDO占大多数,在利润驱动下,市场参与主体过分追逐这些高风险、高回报的证券而疏于防范风险。在国际流动性泛滥和美国国内监管不力的双重作用下,金融衍生产品的运用,能将经济层面的微小波动以数倍的效果放大出来,并形成全球性的恐慌。进而本文分析了次级债危机对中国经济发展的影响,并顺应经济、金融全球化的趋势,得到了几点启示。

THE THIRD WORLD CONFERENCE ON ACUPUNCTURE

The Third World Conference of World Federation of Acupuncture-moxibustion Societies(W.F.A.S.), under the patronage of the W.H.O,. is organized by the Japan Society of Acupuncture(J.S.A.) and will be held in Kyoto, Japan, from November 20 to 25, 1995. The official languagesof the Conference will be English, Chinese and Japanese. Simultaneous interpretation betweenthese languages will be provided for selected lectures. Various events including the welcome re-

A Study of International Arbitrators' Substantive Ethical Obligations and Chinese Strategies

The increased complexity and scales of international arbitration cases require a larger roster of righteous and experienced international arbitrators. The difficulty to define ethics or ethical obligation in the area of international arbitration has caused increased discussion and confusion. As a result,the tendency towards codification of ethical obligations would provide a more precise and practical mean to regulate arbitrators' behavior. The legal sources of ethical obligations of international arbitrators contain international conventions,national laws,arbitral institutions' rules as well as institutional codes of ethics. The main substantive ethical obligations include disclosing,investigating,conducting the arbitration in accordance with the arbitration agreement,maintaining confidentiality,being competent and diligent. Chinese authorities and foreign-related arbitral institutions should enhance the codification and uniformity of the international arbitrators' ethical obligations. The relevant strategies for revising the Arbitration Lawand arbitrators' ethical codes,unifying the foreign-related arbitration institution ethical rules and joining the harmonious progress of international arbitration should be considered correspondingly.

Diversity and species-specificity of brood pollination of leafflower trees(Phyllanthaceae:Glochidion)by leafflower moths(Lepidoptera:Epicephala)in tropical Southeast Asia(Cambodia)

Glochidion(Phyllanthaceae;leafflower trees)is a genus of trees which is widely reported to be pollinated by leafflower moths(Gracillariidae:Epicephala)in temperate and subtropical Asia,Australia,and the Pacific islands.However,the pollination ecology of Glochidion is not well described from tropical Asia,the region where it is most species-rich at both local(<9 spp.)and regional(~200 spp.)scales.Here we report investigations of pollination biology and species-specificity of five Glochidion species in tropical Southeast Asia(Cambodia).Through nocturnal observations and fruit dissections,we find that at least three and likely five Glochidion species in Cambodia are pollinated by seed-parasitic leafflower moths.We find no evidence that any of these leafflower moths are non-mutualistic parasites,despite known examples of such parasites of this mutualism elsewhere in Asia.While the presence of a single larva in a fruit results in only a fraction of seeds being consumed,the presence of more than one larva per fruit-a frequent occurrence in some species—can result in almost all seeds within the fruit being infested.Multilocus phylogenetic analysis indicates that there are five different minimally monophyletic leafflower moth clades,each of which pollinates a unique Glochidion host species.Our results indicate that in its center of diversity in tropical Asia this system is an obligate pollination mutualism as previously described at the global margins of its distribution.These findings provide insights into the processes that generate and maintain biodiversity and maintain mutualism stability in plant-insect interactions in this biodiversity hotspot.

Modifying regeneration strategies classification to enhance the understanding of dominant species growth in fire-prone forest in Southwest China

Background:In fire-prone ecosystems,plant species having different post-fire regeneration strategies(PFRS)coexist at the local scale while showing different growth dynamics.To evaluate the effect of PFRS on species regeneration,we investigated the plant communities burned in different years in the central Yunnan Province,Southwest China.Several indicators describing plant growth and population importance were measured to compare the regeneration of four dominant tree species,including one facultative seeders(FS)and three obligate resprouters(OR).Partial correlation and mixed linear effect modeling were applied to disentangle the contribution of intrinsic and environmental factors to the interspecific variation in post-fire regeneration.Results:We identified two subtypes of plant growth strategy in the early post-fire stage for OR species;i.e.,number growth(ORþN)priority and height growth(ORþH)priority for sprouting stems.Generally,the FS and OR species varied in height growth rate with different temporal dynamics.The ORþN species occupied post-fire space horizontally with more resprouts and larger coverage than ORþH and FS species at the earlier stage.In contrast,the ORþH species generally had far less resprouts per clump,more variations in stem height and basal diameter.Factor analysis showed that the variation of post-fire plant regeneration was not effectively explained by environmental factors(R2<20%);however,the linear mixed models with the modified PFRS as a random effect substantially increased the explanation.Conclusions:The differentiated regeneration dynamics and growth priorities in the four dominant tree species indicated a critical dichotomy of habitat occupation strategy for the resprouter species during the early stage of post-fire forest restoration.Our study uncovered a trade-off between height versus number growth priority in the post-fire tree growth strategy and provides a novel perspective in understanding the living space occupying(niche partitioning)process and species coexistence in post-fire forest community assembly.

Extraterritorial Application of International Human Rights Conventions——From the Perspective of States Regulating the Extraterritorial Human Rights Obligations of Transnational Corporations

The extraterritorial application of international human rights conventions is the legal basis for states to regulate the extraterritorial human rights obligations of transnational corporations.In recent years,it has been increasingly challenged by the new trend of the United Nations governing the human rights responsibilities of transnational corporations.A study of existing international rules and practices shows that the extraterritorial application of international human rights conventions depends on the extraterritorial jurisdiction of the States Parties,which mainly includes the actual control over extraterritorial territories and individuals as well as the execution of authority outside the territories.In view of the above,if human rights violations by individuals or transnational corporations occur in areas outside their home territories or are authorized and orchestrated by the home state,the home state shall bear the corresponding human rights responsibilities.Given the restrictive scope of the abovementioned extraterritorial application of international human rights conventions,the international cooperation obligation and the"do no harm"principle may become a new legal basis for states to fulfill their extraterritorial human rights obligations in the future,thereby expanding the basis for the extraterritorial application of international human rights conventions to deal with more serious issues of human rights violations by transnational corporations.However,on the whole,the current identification and codification of states regulating the extraterritorial human rights obligations of transnational corporations should respect the existing rules of international human rights law and should not add any new human rights obligations on states.

The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and China's Actions

Aimed at eliminating all forms discrimination against women, ensuring human rights and fundamental freedoms for women in all fields and realizing de-facto equality between men and women, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women adopted by the U.N. General Assembly is a most significant and most comprehensive legal document concerning the protection of human rights of women, which is called "The Charter of the Human Rights of Women." This thesis reviews the achievements and problems in the fulfillment by the Chinese government of obligations under the Convention after signing and ratifying it; and also puts forward some feasible approaches for improvement thereof.

Structural jump-diffusion model for pricing collateralized debt obligations tranches

This paper considers the pricing problem of collateralized debt obligations tranches under a structural jump-diffusion model, where the asset value of each reference entity is generated by a geometric Brownian motion and jump with an asymmetric double exponential distribution. Conditioned on the common factor of individual entity, this paper gets the conditional distribution, and further obtains the loss distribution of the whole reference portfolio. Based on the semi-analytic approach, the fair spreads of collateralized debt obligations tranches, i.e., the prices of collateralized debt obligations tranches, are derived.

UNIVERSAL CRIMINAL JURISDICTION:An option or a legal obligation for States?

I Universal criminal jurisdiction,which is exercised by domestic courts of States,is considered today by some scholars as a panacea for fighting against impunity of perpetrators of the most heinous international crimes worldwide.

Ethical Implications of Economic Responsibilities

The focus of the present research is on the notion of economic responsibility as it was first introduced by Jean Maurice Clarke in the early 20th century and further expounded on by Milton Friedman half a century later.Thereby the aim is neither to present a historical and systematic description of validated positions nor to draw a comparison between them,but rather to elaborate on a sufficiently distinctive characterization of the ethical questions implied,though not explicitly presented,in the concepts of economic responsibility.The research is carried out against the backdrop of the premise of the precedence of reason and constitutive for the tradition of metaphysical thinking.It involves critical distinctions characteristic of Immanuel Kant’s ethics.

A Review of Shipowner＇s ＆ Charterer＇s Obligations in Various Types of Charter

The charterparty is a legal contract of employing a vessel. In shipping matters, it is a highly important document since it allocates obligations, rights, duties, liabilities, risks, earnings, costs and profits between the contracted parties, namely, the shipowner and the charterer. The interpretation of the above mentioned matters, as well as the understanding of charterparty terms, is considered of critical importance in chartering practice. Therefore, this paper constitutes a review of the most important aspects arising from charterparties in the main types of charter. The present study is based on shipping practices followed in accordance with the English Common Law throughout the chartering process （pre-fixture, fixture, execution of the charter, post fixture）. This is a synopsis about the distribution of the liabilities and expenses between the shipowner and the charterer in the most representative types of charter. The analysis is seen from a commercial stand point. Therefore, it is mostly addressed to the shipping practitioners, maritime economists, academics, students and researchers who seek to form a comprehensive view on the subject. It may also form a basis for further study on chartering aspects （legal, economic, managerial and practical）.