Influence of the Eastern Indian Ocean Warm Pool Variability on the Spring Precipitation in China

The relationship between the variability of the Eastern India Ocean Warm Pool (EIWP) and the spring precipitation in China is studied in the paper based on an analysis of the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) Sea Surface Temperature (SST) data, the reanalysis data of monthly grid wind field at 925 hPa with a resolution of 2.5° latitude and longitude from the National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR),and the monthly mean rainfall data from 160 observational stations in China. The results show that there is a strong correlation between the EIWP variability and the spring precipitation in China. The area, volume and intensity indices of the EIWP are negatively correlated with the spring precipitation in southwestern China, while they are positively correlated with the spring precipitation in the rest of China, especially in the northeast. For this correlation between the EIWP variability and the spring precipitation in China, it is found that the correlative relationship is mainly connected with the variations of the moisture transport by the warm air flow, which is under the influence of the EIWP variability, into the inland of China in spring. Two causative factors may influence this transport. One is the variation of the moisture transport carried by the warm air flow from the Arabian Sea influenced by the EIWP variability. The other is the variation of the equator-crossing flow (70°-90°E) influenced by the EIWP anomaly in the previous winter which exerts its effect on the moist warm air transported from the Southern Hemisphere. The position and intensity of the Western North Pacific Subtropical High (WNPSH)variability caused by EIWP variation also influence the spring precipitation in China.

Contrast between the Climatic States of the Warm Pool in the Indian Ocean and in the Pacific Ocean

Based on the analysis of Levitus data, the climatic states of the warm pool in the Indian Ocean (WPIO) and in the Pacific Ocean (WPPO) are studied. It is found that WPIO has a relatively smaller area, a shallower bottom and a slightly lower seawater temperature than those of WPPO. The horizontal area at different depths, volumes, central positions, and bottom depths of both WPIO and WPPO show quite apparent signals of seasonal variation. The maximum amplitude of WPIO surface area’s seasonal variation is 58% larger over the annual mean value. WPIO’s maximum volume variation amplitude is 66% larger over the annual mean value. The maximum variation amplitudes of the surface area and volume of WPPO are 20. 9% and 20.6% larger over the annual mean value respectively. WPIO and WPPO show different temporal and spatial characteristics mainly due to the different wind fields and restriction of ocean basin geometry. For instance, seasonal northern displacement of WPIO is, to some extent, constrained by the basin of the Indian Ocean, while WPPO moves relatively freely in the longitudinal direction. The influence of WPIO and WPPO over the atmospheric motion must be quite different.

The atmospheric wet pool:definition and comparison with the oceanic warm pool

The oceanic warm pool （OWP） defined by sea surface temperature （SST） is known as the ＂heat reservoir＂ in the ocean. The warmest portion in the ocean mirrors the fact that the wettest region with the largest accumulation of water vapor （WV） in the atmosphere, termed atmospheric wet pool （AWP）, should be identified because of the well-known Clausius-Clapeyron relationship between SST and WV. In this study, we used 14-year simultaneous observations of WV and SST from January 1988 to December 2001 to define the AWP and investigate its coupling and co-variations with the OWE The joint examination of the area variations, centroid locations, and zonal migrations of the AWP and OWP lead to a number of interesting findings. The results hopefully can contribute to our understanding of the air-sea interaction in general and characterization of E1 Nifio/La Nifia events in particular.

Upper Ocean Hydrology in the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool During the Late Holocene,Early Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum

We examined sediment samples from twenty-four stations in the Indo-Pacific warm pool(IPWP)region. Our objective is to provide a better understanding of changes in the IPWP and related tropical climatic phenomena such as East Asian-Australian monsoon and El Ni(?)o-Southern Oscillation(ENSO),through improving spatial coverage of proxy records.In order

A preliminary study on an upper ocean heat and salt content of the western Pacific warm pool region

On the basis of Argo profile data of the temperature and salinity from January 2001 to July 2014, the spatial distributions of an upper ocean heat content(OHC) and ocean salt content(OSC) of the western Pacific warm pool(WPWP) region and their seasonal and interannual variations are studied by a cyclostationary empirical orthogonal function(CSEOF) decomposition, a maximum entropy spectral analysis, and a correlation analysis.Probable reasons for variations are discussed. The results show the following.(1) The OHC variations in the subsurface layer of the WPWP are much greater than those in the surface layer. On the contrary, the OSC variations are mainly in the surface layer, while the subsurface layer varies little.(2) Compared with the OSC, the OHC of the WPWP region is more affected by El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation(ENSO) events. The CSEOF analysis shows that the OHC pattern in mode 1 has strong interannual oscillation, with eastern and western parts opposite in phase. The distribution of the OSC has a positive-negative-positive tripole pattern. Time series analysis shows that the OHC has three phase adjustments with the occurrence of ENSO events after 2007, while the OSC only had one such adjustment during the same period. Further analysis indicates that the OHC variations are mainly caused by ENSO events, local winds, and zonal currents, whereas the OSC variations are caused by much more complex reasons. Two of these, the zonal current and a freshwater flux, have a positive feedback on the OSC change in the WPWP region.

The Variation of Warm Pool in the Equatorial Western Pacific and Its Impacts on Climate

The variation of warm pool ocean temperature in the equatorial western Pacific and its impacts on climatic change are studied in the present paper. The SSTs in the warm pool region not only have seasonal variation but also have interannual variation more clearly; The influence of anomalies of SST in the warm pool region on the East Asian monsoon is studied with data analysis; And the impact of SSTA in the warm pool region on the teleconnection (wave-train) in the atmospheric circulation is still investigated. The influence of ocean temperature anomalies in the warm pool subsurface on the occurrence of ENSO is also discussed by using data analysis and modelling with CGCM. All above-mentioned studies show that the situation of ocean temperature in the warm pool region in the equatorial western Pacific plays an important role in the global climatic variation.

Role of Western Pacific Oceanic Variability in the Onset of the Bay of Bengal Summer Monsoon

The influence of the tropical Indo-Pacific Ocean heat content on the onset of the Bay of Bengal summer monsoon （BOBSM） onset was investigated using atmospheric data from the NCEP and ocean subsurface temperature data from the Japan Metorology Agency （JMA）. Results showed that the onset time of the BOBSM is highly related to the tropical Pacific upper ocean heat content （HC）, especially in the key region of the western Pacific warm pool （WPWP）, during the preceding winter and spring. When the HC anomalies in the WPWP are positive （negative）, the onset of the BOBSM is usually early （late）. Accompanied by the variation of the convection activity over the WPWP, mainly induced by the underlying ocean temperature anomalies, the Walker circulation becomes stronger or weaker. This enhances or weakens the westerly over the tropical Indian Ocean flowing into the BOB in the boreal spring, which is essential to BOBSM onset. The possible mechanism of influence of cyclonic/anti-cyclonic circulation over the northwestern tropical Pacific on BOBSM onset is also discussed.

Influence of Climatic Conditions on the Time Series Fluctuation of Yellowfin Tuna <i>Thunnus albacares</i>in the South Pacific Ocean

Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) is one of the most commercially important fish species for South Pacific island nations and territories and for effective conservation efforts it is important to understand the factors which affect its time series pattern. Our research was aimed at elucidating the climatic factors which affected the trajectory of the yellowfin tuna stock in the Eastern and Western South Pacific Ocean. We utilized various climatic factors for the years t - n with n = 0, 1, ..., 8 and investigated their statistical relationship with the catch per unit effort (CPUE) of yellowfin tuna stock from 1957-2008 for three South Pacific zones ranging from the East to the West Pacific Ocean within the coverage area of the Western and Central Pacific Convention Area. Results showed that the climatic conditions of: (i) the global mean land and ocean temperature index (LOTI), (ii) the Pacific warm pool index (PWI) and (iii) Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) had significant relationship with the CPUE of yellowfin tuna in all three zones. LOTI, PWI and SOI were used as independent variables and fitted through modeling to replicate the CPUE trajectory of the yellowfin tuna in Zone 1, Zone 2 and Zone 3. Model selection was based on significant parameter estimates (p < 0.05), Akaikes Information Criterion (AIC) and R2 values. Models selected for all three zones had LOTI, PWI and SOI as the independent variables. This study shows that LOTI, PWI and SOI are climatic conditions which have significant impact on the fluctuation pattern of the yellowfin tuna CPUE in the Eastern and Western South Pacific Ocean. From the findings of this study it can be recommended that when management decisions are made for yellowfin tuna fishery conservation and sustainability in the Eastern and Western South Pacific, it is imperative to take the effect of climatic factors into account.

Impact of Climatic Factors on Albacore Tuna <i>Thunnus alalunga</i>in the South Pacific Ocean

Over the years there has been growing interest regarding the effects of climatic variations on marine biodiversity. The exclusive economic zones of South Pacific Islands and territories are home to major international exploitable stocks of albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga);however the impact of climatic variations on these stocks is not fully understood. This study was aimed at determining the climatic variables which have impact on the time series stock fluctuation pattern of albacore tuna stock in the Eastern and Western South Pacific Ocean which was divided into three zones. The relationship of the climatic variables for the global mean land and ocean temperature index (LOTI), the Pacific warm pool index (PWI) and the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) was investigated against the albacore tuna catch per unit effort (CPUE) time series in Zone 1, Zone 2 and Zone 3 of the South Pacific Ocean from 1957 to 2008. From the results it was observed that LOTI, PWI and PDO at different lag periods exhibited significant correlation with albacore tuna CPUE for all three areas. LOTI, PWI and PDO were used as independent variables to develop suitable stock reproduction models for the trajectory of albacore tuna CPUE in Zone 1, Zone 2 and Zone 3. Model selection was based on Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), R2 values and significant parameter estimates at p < 0.05. The final models for albacore tuna CPUE in all three zones incorporated all three independent variables of LOTI, PWI and PDO. From the findings it can be said that the climatic conditions of LOTI, PWI and PDO play significant roles in structuring the stock dynamics of the albacore tuna in the Eastern and Western South Pacific Ocean. It is imperative to take these factors into account when making management decisions for albacore tuna in these areas.

不同路径台风对中国近海海温的影响特征统计分析

文章基于中国气象局提供的最佳台风路径资料,基于K均值聚类分析法将2002年至2021年由西太暖池进入中国近海的台风分为3类,并依据台风路径特征将3类台风分别命名为西行路径台风、西北路径台风和转向路径台风,并使用遥感系统(remote sensing systems,REMSS)提供的海表面温度最优插值日产品和区域海气浪耦合模型(coupled ocean atmosphere wave sediment transport modeling system,COAWST)的模拟结果,对这3类台风造成的上层海洋温度的变化特征进行统计研究。结果显示,3种台风对海表面温度(sea surface temperature,SST)影响特征的不同主要体现在对SST的冷却幅度和作用时间上:转向路径台风对SST的冷却幅度最大并且作用时间最长,西北路径台风次之,而西行路径台风冷却幅度最小且作用时间最短;3种台风对混合层厚度(mixed layer thickness,MLT)与温跃层厚度(thermocline thickness,TT)影响的差异主要体现在MLT和TT的变化幅度和恢复时间上:转向路径台风的MLT和TT变化幅度最大,西北路径台风次之,西行路径台风最小。对于MLT与TT的恢复速度,西北路径台风整体上要明显快于西行路径台风和转向路径台风。

亚洲干旱/半干旱区降水与大洋暖池气候的相关特征研究

利用ERA-40再分析资料分析了亚洲干旱/半干旱区降水与大洋暖池气候的相关特征.结果表明:亚洲干旱/半干旱区剔除季节变化的水汽、降水与三个大洋暖池(WPWP、EIOWP和EP)区在南北纬10°之间区域水汽、海温都有非常显著的正相关关系.其中,干旱/半干旱区降水与东印度洋暖池海温的相关性最好,与西太平洋暖池海温的相关性次之,与ElNino1+2区的相关性较弱;ElNino区越靠近中太平洋,亚洲干旱区与ElNino区水汽的相关性就越强.亚洲干旱/半干旱区夏季的降水与EIOWP1、WPWP1/2和EP三个大洋暖池四季的海温都有较好的相关性,亚洲干旱/半干旱区的降水对EIOWP1的海温变化响应最快(降水变化延后海温变化1-3月),对WPWP1/2区海温变化的响应最慢(延迟4个月).就季节尺度而言,在ElNino年冬季和LaNina年的夏季,亚洲干旱/半干旱区的降水都比常年偏多.近年来由于西风减弱和印度季风的增强,使得更多的印度季风区和东亚季风区水汽被输送到亚洲干旱/半干旱区,是干旱区上空水汽增加,降水增多的原因之一.

西太平洋暖池纬向变异及其对ENSO的影响

基于SODA再分析资料以及SST、JEDAC和TAO观测资料,利用加权平均法建立了具有良好代表性的暖池整体暖水的纬向运移指标序列,并利用Morlet小波变换等分析方法,研究了暖池的纬向变异特征及其对ENSO的影响。结果表明,暖池具有明显的年际(2—7年)和年代际(10—16年)纬向变异,并在1976年前后经历了一次由弱到强的气候跃变。暖池内部的暖水大致可以50m为界分为上、下两部分,其上半部分的纬向变异幅度非常大,而其下半部分的纬向变异幅度则相对较小。但两者具有很一致的年际、年代际变化趋势。暖池的年代际纬向变异对赤道中太平洋纬向风应力和纬向流有较好的响应,而且对赤道西太平洋上层热含量变化有较大影响。相关和合成分析表明,暖池的东扩、西缩对ENSO暖(El Nio)、冷(La Nia)事件的形成和发展具有直接的影响,而且暖池的异常东扩对El Nio有增强作用。

西太平洋暖池区海表水温暖异常对东亚夏季风影响的研究

对夏季热带西太平洋暖池区海表水温暖异常年的东亚大气环流做了合成分析，然后用奇异值分解（ＳＶＤ）方法做了进一步统计检验，揭示了东亚夏季风变异与暖池区海表水温异常的密切关系和它们间最佳耦合模态。结果发现当夏季暖池区暖异常时，在对流层低层西太平洋地区可产生一个强的反气旋偏差环流，使得副热带高压南侧东风气流大大加强，并向西伸展到中南半岛南部，从而影响了东南亚热带和副热带地区西南季风的变化（强／弱）。中南半岛至中国东部大陆夏季风增强，赤道东印度洋、南海南部和中部，西太平洋热带地区夏季风减弱。ＳＶＤ分析还发现经向风和纬向风与海表水温之间各存在两个最佳耦合模态，结果表明，不仅整个暖池海表水温暖／冷异常对东亚大气环流异常有重要影响，而且暖池区内海表水温有显著的暖和冷异常差异时，对东亚大气环流的影响也很明显（耦合总体平方协方差约占总体协方差的０．２０），尤其是在南海至长江以南地区。

大洋暖池特征变化和成因的研究

根据ＣＯＡＤＳ资料研究了大洋暖池的季节和年际变化特征及成因。暖池面积和中心的季节变化与太阳辐射的季节变化有关，而面积的年际变化最高值在ＥｌＮｉｎｏ年。选取海域越小且越靠近暖池中心，海温季节变化越小。暖池温度年际变化与面积年际变化有很好的正相关关系。太阳辐射和风场是形成大洋暖池的重要因素。

江南雨季降水与前期西太平洋暖池热含量异常的关系及其可能机制

利用日本气象厅提供的历史海温资料、Hadley环流中心逐月海表温度(Sea Surface Temperature,简称SST)资料、美国NCEP/NCAR再分析资料以及江南地区逐旬降水资料,研究江南地区4—6月(江南雨季,亦泛称为华南前汛期)降水与前期暖池热含量异常的关系,并对可能的影响机制进行分析。研究结果表明,前期暖池热含量与江南雨季降水有密切的负相关关系,前期7—8月暖池关键区(130. 5°～150. 5°E,3. 5°～11. 5°N)热含量高(低)可以作为预报江南雨季旱(涝)的一个很好的指标。前期暖池热含量异常对4—6月环流和降水有重要影响。冷水年,菲律宾异常反气旋导致副高西伸加强,显著加强了其西侧暖湿气流向江南地区输送,高层辐散抽吸作用导致江南地区对流上升运动增强,暖水年相反,表明冷(暖)水年江南雨季降水偏多(少)。就影响机制而言,在前期夏季,关键区南侧存在异常强西风,导致在秋末形成了菲律宾异常反气旋,以及关键区附近(东侧)有冷(暖)海表温度异常发展,在当年春季和夏初该反气旋移到菲律宾以北。直到4月,次表层冷水团上传导致冷SST异常维持并加强了该异常反气旋,其西侧西南暖湿气流将水汽从南海和菲律宾海地区源源不断地向江南地区输送。同时,西印度洋暖海温和赤道印度洋东风异常也逐渐发展增强,在热带印度洋形成东西向异常垂直环流,其下沉支始终在西太平洋维持,导致了菲律宾异常反气旋的维持,并进一步引起江南地区的水汽辐合和上升运动。同时,副热带西风急流轴南压引起的高空强辐散,也有利于上升运动和对流活动在江南地区发展。正是上述过程和机制,导致了前期热含量异常偏低(高)时,我国江南雨季降水偏多(少)。

厄尔尼诺的发生与赤道西太平洋暖池次表层海温异常

通过资料分析研究了厄尔尼诺事件的爆发与西太平洋暖池次表层海温正异常的重要关系。结果表明， Ｅｌ Ｎｉ珘ｎｏ 事件之前暖池次表层海温都有明显的持续升高； 这种暖池次表层海温正距平的出现， 尤其是它向赤道中东太平洋的传播对 Ｅｌ Ｎｉ珘ｎｏ 事件的爆发有直接关系，是导致 Ｅｌ Ｎｉ珘ｎｏ 事件的重要原因。分析还表明， 暖池次表层海温正距平的东移原因在于赤道西太平洋地区西风异常的发生和向东扩展。

气候态意义下的南海春季暖池

应用气候态月平均的Levitus和COADS(ComprehensiveOceanAtmosphereDataSet)温度资料及COADS海面通量资料,探讨了南海气候态意义下春季暖池(温度大于29.5℃的水体)的演变过程及其生消的动力学机制。研究发现,在气候态意义下,南海表层海温在5月份存在显著的增温,在南海中南部形成了大面积、具有一定厚度(约15m深)的春季暖池,暖池面积在6月份迅速减小以至消失。对南海春季暖池的生消机制研究发现,春季暖池的产生过程是由于在不断增长的海面净热通量的作用下,埃克曼抽吸导致的下降流有效地抑制了底部冷水的上涌,进而维持了海温的持续增暖;消亡过程则是由于局地涌升增强以及东南向的埃克曼流导致。以上的研究表明海洋动力因素在春季暖池形成及消亡过程中起着重要的作用。

北半球夏季Hadley环流的主导模态及其变率

本文分析了1948~2007年北半球夏季Hadley环流的主导模态及其变率,结果表明:北半球夏季Hadley环流变率的主导模态包括两个赤道非对称模态,其主体分别位于北半球(简称为AMN)和南半球(简称AMS)和一个赤道准对称的模态(简称QSM),AMN和AMS主要表征Hadley环流的年代际变率部分,而QSM主要表征Hadley环流的年际变率部分。AMN的时间系数呈现明显的减弱趋势,AMS的时间系数则表现为明显的增强趋势,两个模态的年代际变率表明:北半球夏季Hadley环流发生了显著的年代际转型,在1970年代以前呈现"北强南弱"型,之后转变为"南强北弱"型。印度洋—西太平洋暖池和热带大西洋赤道带海温的异常增暖以及由热带大西洋和印度洋海温非均匀增暖形成的减弱的北半球大尺度经向海温梯度和加强的南半球大尺度经向海温梯度可能是导致上述Hadley环流变率的重要影响因子。不同于两个非对称模态,QSM模态的变率主要与热带东太平洋的海温以及Ni^no3.4指数有明显的线性关系,说明ENSO对夏季Hadley环流的影响主要是在年际尺度上。对Hadley环流年代际转型的进一步分析发现,其越赤道部分的减弱与东半球热带季风区经向越赤道环流的减弱有密切联系。相关和合成分析的结果显示,南海季风、南亚东区季风以及西非季风的强弱与越赤道环流异常有显著相关,热带季风在这些区域的减弱趋势很可能共同受到北半球夏季Hadley环流年代际转型中越赤道环流减弱的影响。然而,南亚西区季风与经向环流没有明显相关,同时也未呈现显著的年代际趋势,这一结果从环流的角度验证了Li and Zeng(2002)将南亚季风区划分为东区和西区的合理性。

赤道西太平洋暖池次表层水温与热带气旋的关系

为探索赤道西太平洋暖池次表层水温异常与热带气旋的关系,用赤道西太平洋暖池和南海SOTA实测资料,对TC的影响做了统计分析。赤道西太平洋暖池SOTA与同步西太平洋TC个数不存在线性相关;赤道西太平洋暖池1月SOTA滞后5～7个月影响西太平洋的TC;赤道西太平洋暖池区1月的SOTA出现正(负)距平值时,当年西北太平洋和南海的TC生成时间比常年提早(推迟)是主要现象,极值年份尤其明显,当年夏季西北太平洋副热带高压偏弱(强),位置偏北(南),西太平洋暖池区上空对流加强(减弱),对台风生成有(不)利,台风生成平均位置偏西(东),TC的个数偏多(少)、偏强(弱),易于出现西行(东北转向)路径为主;南海中北部2月SOTA出现偏暖(冷)年,当年南海TC生成日期偏早(晚)、数量偏多(少)、偏强(弱)是主要现象。赤道西太平洋暖池SOTA对TC影响明显,时间滞后。

地球圈层相互作用中的深海过程和深海记录(II):气候变化的热带驱动与碳循环

地球轨道变化驱动冰期旋回的理论是气候演变研究在20世纪的最大突破。然而以65°N太阳辐射量为准的传统轨道理论，忽视了低纬区和碳循环的作用。本项目以“西太平洋暖池”为重点，通过地质资料和气候数值模拟的结合，揭示了“西太平洋暖池”和东亚季风发育的阶段性，发现了暖池海区冰消期表层水升温超前于北半球冰盖的融化。在南沙海区发现了碳同位素有40—50万年长周期，经过全球对比和对意大利上新世地层的实测与分析，证明这是世界大洋碳储库对于地球运行轨道偏心率长周期的响应，并推测是通过浮游植物群改变有机碳在海洋碳沉积中的比例所致。研究表明热带驱动和碳循环在气候演变中重要性，其正确认识是预测气候长期演变趋势的前提。是“深海973”项目总结报道之后的续篇，对上述成果作专题讨论。