Rare earth elements-rich phase and enriching mechanism in sediments from CC area, the Pacific Ocean

Compared to North American shale composition (NASC), REE contents of sediments from the CC area in the Pacific Ocean are obviously high except that cerium has equal content to that of NASC. Three-valence rare earth elements were completely enriched in phosphate-phase and cerium in iron-phase. Rare earth elements in the sediments were originally derived from seawater. During lithi- genic and minerogenic processes of metalliferous nodules, three-valence rare earth elements in sediments mobilized and incorporated into sediments as authigenous biogenic-apatite, while cerium had change from Ce3+ to Ce4+ and directly precipitated from seawater and entered metalliferous nodules and caused Ce anomalies in REE pattern in sediments.

Climatological Characteristics of the Moisture Budget and Their Anomalies over the Joining Area of Asia and the Indian-Pacific Ocean

The climatological characteristics of the moisture budget over the joining area of Asia and the IndianPacific Ocean （AIPO） and its adjacent regions as well as their anomalies have been estimated in this study. The main results are as follows. In the winter, the northeasterly moisture transport covers the extensive areas at the lower latitudes of the AIPO. The westerly and northerly moisture transport is the major source and the South Indian Ocean （SIO） is the moisture sink. In the summer, influenced by the southwesterly monsoonal wind, the crossequatorial southwesterly moisture transport across Somali originating from the SIO is transported through the Arabian Sea （AS）, the Bay of Bengal （BOB）, and the South China Sea （SCS） to eastern China. The AIPO is controlled by the southwesterly moisture transport. The net moisture influx over the AIPO has obvious interannual and interdecadal variations. From the mid- or late 1970s, the influxes over the SIO, the AS, the northern part of the western North Pacific （NWNP）, and North China （NC） as well as South China （SC） begin to decrease abruptly, while those over Northeast China （NEC） and the Yangtze River-Huaihe River basins （YHRB） have increased remarkably. As a whole, the net moisture influxes over the BOB and the southern part of the western North Pacific （SWNP） in the recent 50 years take on a linear increasing trend. However, the transition timing for these two regions is different with the former being at the mid- or late 1980s and the latter occurring earlier, approximately at the early stage of the 1970s. The anomalous moisture source associated with the precipitation anomalies is different from the normal conditions of the summer precipitation. For the drought or flood years or the years of E1 Nifio and its following years, the anomalous moisture transport originating from the western North Pacific （WNP） is the vital source of the anomalous precipitation over eastern China, which is greatly related with the variation of the subtropical Pacific high.

Model calculation of air-sea heat fluxes over ocean area near China with GEOS DAS system

The sensible and latent heat fluxes over the ocean area near China were calculated and analyzed by usingthe Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) - four-dimensional Data Assimilation System (DAS). The calculated results showed that the sensible heat flux had its large value in winter and autumn , small value in spring and summer overthe ocean area near China. In winter, the sensible heat flux increased distinctly with latitude, and its isolines were verycrowded. Over the ocean area east of Taiwan Province and south of Japan, the direction of isoline was from southwestto northeast. In the South China Sea the sensible heat flux was lower than that of surrounding ocean areas,and its isoline was distributed into a type of an inverted trough. In autumn and winter, the maximum center of latent heat flux appeared over the ocean area northeast of Taiwan Province and south and southeast of Japan, meanwhile, the isoline wasin the direction of southwest to northeast. In spring and summer, the latent heat flux had minimum value in the Huanghai Sea. At the same time, the maximum value center of latent heat flux appeared over the ocean area south of Japan inspring.

Observation Research of the Turbulent Fluxes of Momentum, Sensible Heat and Latent Heat over the West Pacific Tropical Ocean Area

This paper describes results of the fluxes of momentum , sensible heat and latent heat for the West Pacific Tropical Ocean Area ( 127 ° E - 150 ° E , 5 ° N -3 ° S ). The data were collected by the small tethered balloon sounding system over this ocean area including 6 continuous stations (140 ° E. 0 ° ; 145 ° E, 0 ° ; 150 ° E, 0 ° ; 140° E, 5 ° N; 145 ° E, 5° N and 150 ° E, 5 ° N) from 11 October to 15 December, 1986 . These fluxes were calculated by the semiempirical flux-profile relationships of Monin-Obukhov similarity theory using these observed data. The results show that for this tropical ocean area the drag coefficient CD is equal to (1.53 ± 0.25) × 10 3 and the daily mean latent flux Hl is greater than its daily mean sensible flux HV by a factor of about 9.

Atmospheric input of trace elements to the western Pacific Ocean and the Kuroshio ocean area

In November 1992 to February 1993 (IOP TOGA -COARE), many aerosol samples, rainwater samples and dry depesition samples were collected on the vessel Xiangyanghong No. 5 in the ocean area of IOP (2°S, 155°E). The time variations of concentration of crustal elements, sea salt elements are not very large. The dry deposition fluxes of crustal elements are related to the sources of air flows. According to the aerosol samples collected in the western Pacific Oceanduring eight cruises under the China-U. S. joint TOGA project from December 1985 to July 1990 and the aerosol data collected in the Kuroshio ocean area from 1987 to 1991 (China-Japan Kuroshio joint-investigation), seasonal average dry deposition fluxes of crustal elements, pollutant elements and sea-salt elements are calculated. It is found that the dry deposition fluxes of elements Fe, Co, Zn and Sb have their highest values in spring in the Kuroshio ocean area because of the influencing of Asian dust-storm. But in the western Pacific ocean they reach the highest values in autumn. In the

A Dynamic Study of Ekman Characteristics by Using 1998 SCSMEX and TIPEX Boundary Layer Data

A dynamic study on Ekman characteristics by using 1998 SCSMEX and TIPEX boundary layer data is made. The results are as follows: (1) Similar dynamical Ekman characteristics are observed in the Tibetan Plateau and in the South China Sea and its surrounding area. (2) The thickness of the boundary layer is about 2250 m over the Tibetan Plateau, and considering its variation, the thickness could be up to 2250–2750 m. In the tropical southwest Pacific, the thickness of the boundary layer is about 2000 m, and the variation is smaller; a smaller thickness of the boundary layer is in the plain area of the Bohai Sea. (3) Because of the difference in elevation between the Tibetan Plateau and the tropical ocean area, the influence of the boundary layer on the atmosphere is quite different although the two areas have almost the same thickness for the boundary layer, the height where the friction forcing occurs is quite different. (4) The vertical structure of turbulence friction is quite different in the Plateau and in the tropical ocean area. Calculations by 1998 SCSMEX and TIPEX boundary layer data indicate that even in the lowest levels, eddy viscosity in the Tibetan Plateauan can be 2.3 times than in the tropical ocean area.