Production of octyl levulinate biolubricant over modified H-ZSM-5:Optimization by response surface methodology

The present study highlighted the use of modified H-ZSM-5 （Meso-HZ-5） as heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of octyl levulinate biolubricant by catalytic esterification of biomass derived renewable levulinic acid （LA） with n-octanol. The process variables such as catalyst loading （X1）, n-octanol to LA molar ratio （X2） and reaction temperature （X3） were optimized through response surface methodology （RSM）, using Box-Behnken model. Analysis of variance was performed to determine the adequacy and significance of the quadratic model. The yield of octyl levulinate was obtained to be 99% at optimum process parameters. The developed quadratic model was found to be adequate and statistically accurate with correlation value （R2） of 0.9971 to predict the yield of octyl levulinate biolubricant. The study was also extended on the validation of theoretical and experimental data, including catalyst reusability.

Synthesis and Characterization of 2-cetyl-3-20 keto acid(N-ethyl perfluorinated octyl sulfonamide) N-ethyl ester

2-Cetyl-3-20 keto acid（N-ethyl perfluorinated octyl sulfonamide） N-ethyl ester was synthesized by the reaction of N-ethyl-N-hydroxyethyl perfluorinated octyl sulfonamide and alky ketene dimer. The experimental results show that the yield of products can be 89% when the molar ratio of perfluorinated octyl sulfonamide to ketene dimer is 1 ： 1.1 and the reaction lasts about four hours at 80 ℃. The structure of the product was characterized by FTIR and ^1HNMR. The product can dissolve in polar solvents such as NMP, DMAC, THF, DMSO, CHCl3, and 10% weight-loss temperature measured by TGA is 202℃.

Extraction Separation of Scandium，Iron and Lutetium with Isopropyl Phosphonic Acid Mono（1－hexyl－4－ethyl）OctylEster

The extraction and stripping of scandium from its sulfate solutions by isopropyl phosphonic acid mono (1-hexyl-4-ethyl) octyl ester (PT-2, HL) diluted with n-hexane are reported. A high efficiency of separation between scandium, iron and lutetium can be achieved by controlling aqueous acidity. Different mechanisms of Sc3+ with PT-2 in various acid range have been proposed.At lower aqueous acidity, it is a cation exchange reaction, while at higher acidity. a solvation reaction was ascertained. Its IR and NMR spectra have been discussed. The effect of temperature on extraction of Sc3+ was observed and thermodynamic functions were calculated.

Synthesis of the Novel Fluoride-containing Organic Silane

A fluoride-containing organic silane was synthesized by the reaction of N-ethyl- N-hydroxy-etbyl perfluorinated octyl sulfonamide （EHPOS）, N-（β-aminoethyl）-γ-aminopropyl trimethoxy silane （ATS） and cis-butenedioic anhydride （CA）. The experimental results show that the yield of product is up to 87% when the molar ratio ofEHPOS ： CA ： ATS is 1 ： 1.05 ： 1.1. EHPOS and CA were maintained at 115 ℃ for 3 hours, then after cooling the reaction solution to 75 ℃, ATS was added and reacted for another 3.5 hours at 145 ℃. The structure of the product and thermal properties were characterized by Fourier transform infrared （FTIR） and thermogravimetric analysis （TGA）, respectively. Results show that fluoride-containing organic silane has excellent thermal stability below 185℃.

2-Octyl Cyanoacrylate Skin Adhesive for Topical Skin Incision Closure in Female Pelvic Surgery

Background: 2-octyl cyanoacrylate (2OCA) high viscosity tissue adhesive (Medline Industries, Inc., Mundelein, IL) is a liquid topical skin adhesive. 2OCA offers the same design features and clinical utility in terms of flexibility, strength, and low complication rate as the commercially available 2OCA tissue adhesives. Additionally, 2OCA features high viscosity allowing for better control during the application process, polymerization without the use of an external activator, and a distinctive violet color for ease of application visualization. Objective: The aim of this prospective case series is to descriptively report clinical data with the application of 2OCA as a topical incision closure system in female pelvic surgery. The primary outcomes included: incisional pain, incisional dehiscence, and post-operative bleeding. The secondary outcome included drying times of the adhesive with regard to incision length. Methods: A prospective open-label observational case series study was conducted to evaluate the use of 2OCA in surgical wound closure of the topical skin in adult patients undergoing gynecologic surgical procedures. A total of 50 adult women undergoing gynecologic surgery were enrolled. 2OCA was applied only by surgeons who had undergone product training to the incisions in a standardized, protocol-defined fashion. Drying times for the adhesive and photography were recorded intraoperatively. Post treatment follow-up was conducted with queries of pain level, incisional dehiscence, and incisional bleeding immediately post-operatively, 48 hours, 5 - 10 days and 14 days post-treatment. Adverse events were documented. Results: 2OCA was applied to a total of 154 incisions from the 50 patients enrolled to the study. The procedures included: 16 laparoscopic total hysterectomies, 4 diagnostic laparoscopies, 2 laparoscopic myomectomies, 2 laparoscopic bilateral or unilateral salpingo-oophorectomies, 5 total robotic-assisted laparoscopic surgeries (2 total hysterectomies, 1 supracervical hysterectomy, 1 sacrocolpopexy, and one excision of endometriosis), 7 sacral neuromodulation procedures, and 18 midurethral slings. The overall rate of incisional dehiscence was 3% (4/154). The rate of reported incisional bleeding was 3% (4/154). There was 1 incisional infection. The pain reports based on a 10-point scale had a mean of 4.96 immediately post-operatively, which decreased to a mean score < 1 (0.2) by post-op day (POD) 14. The mean drying times for the various lengths of incisions included the following: 1.28 minutes for incisions ≤ 5 mm, 1.53 minutes for 6 - 8 mm, 1.66 minutes for 10 mm - 20 mm, and 1.57 minutes for the 40 - 50 mm incisions. In 23% (36/154) of incisions 2OCA was the sole method of skin closure. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that 2OCA is safe to use in gynecologic surgical incisions with low rates of post-operative incisional bleeding and incisional dehiscence. Post-operative reports of pain maintained expected levels for recovery. 2OCA is a practical alternative or augmentation to traditional suture closure of skin incisions at the time of gynecologic surgery.

Preparation and Characterization of Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Loaded with UVA/UVB Filters

A new photoprotective system based on encapsulating UVA (butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane, BMBM) and UVB (octyl methoxycinnamate, OMC) filters into nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) has been prepared to develop cosmetic formulations with effective UV protection. BMBM/OMC-loaded NLC was prepared by ultrasonication-homogenisation, and analysed by particle size, zeta potential (ZP), encapsulation efficiency (EE), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Moreover, the UV protection property and photostability were investigated and compared with BMBM/OMC-conventional emulsions. The particle size and ZP of BMBM/OMC-loaded NLC were 310.24 nm and -33.6 mV, EE of BMBM and OMC were 85.46% and 99.32%. SEM, FTIR and DSC analysis confirmed BMBM and OMC entrapped in the lipid matrix core and the structure was stable during storage. Compared with conventional emulsion, BMBM/OMC-loaded NLC displayed perfect photo protection property in whole UV range. The photostability studies showed that the NLC can improve the photostability of sunscreens.

Catalytic Esterification of Medium-Chain Fatty Acids:Kinetic Investigations

Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) are straight-chain fatty acids with aliphatic tails of 6 - 12 carbons, which can form medium-chain triglycerides. They are found mostly in animal fats and in the tropical vegetable oils. Because of their wide applications in industry, there is a growing demand of esters of medium-chain fatty acids production. The aim of our work was investigations of the kinetics of the synthesis of esters of MCFA in the presence of dowex catalyst in wide range of process parameters. Hexanoic, octanoic and decanoic acids were esterified with n-octyl alcohol in the presence of sulfuric acid and commercial dowex W50X8 as catalysts in an experimental semi-periodic glass tank reactor with instantaneous and complete water removal. Because of complete removal of water from the reacting mixture, thus eliminating the reverse hydrolysis reaction, the esterification can be assumed as irreversible reaction. The temperature range was 393 - 423 K, the range of initial mole ratio of alcohol to acid was 3 - 10. The kinetic parameters are given. The reaction kinetics appeared to be of the first order with respect to the acid. The effect of temperature on the reaction rate follows the Arrhenius equation well.

Synthesis, Thermal Degradation and Dielectric Properties of Poly[octyl(triphenylethynyl)]silane Resin

Octyl(triphenylethynyl)silane monomer(OTPES)was synthesized with ethyl bromide,octyltrichlorosilane and phenylethylene by Grignard reaction.The molecular structure was confirmed by FTIR and NMR.The poly[octyl(triphenylethynyl)]silane resin(POTPES)was prepared by thermal polymerization and the corresponding thermal degradation behavior wasstudied by thermogravimetric analysis(TG)combining with model and model-free fitted methods.The dielectric property of resin was also studied by vector network analyzer.The results show that the melt point of OTPES was 50℃ and the processing window was over 236℃.The resin degradation temperature of Td5 occurred over 433℃ and the char yield was over 60%at 800℃.Based on Kissinger,Flynn-Wall-Ozawa,Coats-Redfern,Achar,Vyazovkin-Wight and Tang methods,the reaction activity(E)was 155.51,152.97,150.82,146.02,148.38 and 148.77 kJ/mol,respectively.Dielectric properties analysis displayed that the real part(ε′)and the imaginary part(ε″)of the relative complex permittivity of POTPES was 2.5 and 0.05,respectively,and the dielectric loss tangent was between 0.03 and 0.25.The reflection loss of resin was more than?2.85 dB in all range of 1–5 mm thicknesses and 2–18 GHz frequency,which indicated that POTPES resin was a real wave-transparent resin matrix.

EXTRACTION SEPARATION OF GALLIUM WITH DI-SEC-OCTYL METHYL-PHOSPHONATE

Several papars have been published on the extraction separation of rare-earth elements with di-sec-octyl

Study on the Synthesis of Octyl Acetate by Phosphotungstate Heteropolyacid with Keggin Structure

1 Results Octyl Acetate is an important chemical material.It is widely used as solvent in many industries,such as plasterer,artificial leather,and lacquer varnish,spice and medicine industries.At the present time,it is prepared with acetic acid and 1-octanol in industry,by using sulfuric acid as the catalyst.This technique has many shortcomings,which include erosion of facility,many side reactions and difficulties of post-treatment.The most severe problem is its pollution to the environment[1-2],so this...

A NEW-TYPE LITHIUM IONSELECTIVE ELECTRODE

We have studied aud prepared a PVC membrahe lithium ion-selective electrode with the hydrogenation product of octamethyl tetraoxa Quaterence as a neutral carrier, and di-octyl phosphate as a plasticizing solvent.In pure LiCl solution, within the 10-5 M to 10-1M range, this electrode displayed Nernstian response and the average slope is 60±1 mV/pLi+. By using the separate solution method, we determined the selective coefficients of the lithium ion-selective electrode for K+, Na+, NH4+, R+b, Cs+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and Ba2+ when their concentra-