A novel coordinated control strategy considering power smoothing for a hybrid photovoltaic/battery energy storage system

This work presents a novel coordinated control strategy of a hybrid photovoltaic/battery energy storage(PV/BES) system. Different controller operation modes are simulated considering normal, high fluctuation and emergency conditions. When the system is grid-connected, BES regulates the fluctuated power output which ensures smooth net injected power from the PV/BES system. In islanded operation, BES system is transferred to single master operation during which the frequency and voltage of the islanded microgrid are regulated at the desired level. PSCAD/EMTDC simulation validates the proposed method and obtained favorable results on power set-point tracking strategies with very small deviations of net output power compared to the power set-point. The state-of-charge regulation scheme also very effective with SOC has been regulated between 32% and 79% range.

Multifunction Battery Energy Storage System for Distribution Networks

Battery Energy Storage System(BESS)is one of the potential solutions to increase energy system flexibility,as BESS is well suited to solve many challenges in transmission and distribution networks.Examples of distribution network’s challenges,which affect network performance,are:(i)Load disconnection or technical constraints violation,which may happen during reconfiguration after fault,(ii)Unpredictable power generation change due to Photovoltaic(PV)penetration,(iii)Undesirable PV reverse power,and(iv)Low Load Factor(LF)which may affect electricity price.In this paper,the BESS is used to support distribution networks in reconfiguration after a fault,increasing Photovoltaic(PV)penetration,cutting peak load,and loading valley filling.The paper presents a methodology for BESS optimal locations and sizing considering technical constraints during reconfiguration after a fault and PV power generation changes.For determining themaximumpower generation change due to PV,actual power registration of connected PV plants in South Cairo Electricity Distribution Company(SCEDC)was considered for a year.In addition,the paper provides a procedure for distribution network operator to employ the proposed BESS to perform multi functions such as:the ability to absorb PV power surplus,cut peak load and fill load valley for improving network’s performances.The methodology is applied to a modified IEEE 37-node and a real network part consisting of 158 nodes in SCEDC zone.The simulation studies are performed using the DIgSILENT PowerFactory software andDPL programming language.The Mixed Integer Linear Programming optimization technique(MILP)in MATLAB is employed to choose the best locations and sizing of BESS.

Deep reinforcement learning for online scheduling of photovoltaic systems with battery energy storage systems

A new online scheduling algorithm is proposed for photovoltaic(PV)systems with battery-assisted energy storage systems(BESS).The stochastic nature of renewable energy sources necessitates the employment of BESS to balance energy supplies and demands under uncertain weather conditions.The proposed online scheduling algorithm aims at minimizing the overall energy cost by performing actions such as load shifting and peak shaving through carefully scheduled BESS charging/discharging activities.The scheduling algorithm is developed by using deep deterministic policy gradient(DDPG),a deep reinforcement learning(DRL)algorithm that can deal with continuous state and action spaces.One of the main contributions of this work is a new DDPG reward function,which is designed based on the unique behaviors of energy systems.The new reward function can guide the scheduler to learn the appropriate behaviors of load shifting and peak shaving through a balanced process of exploration and exploitation.The new scheduling algorithm is tested through case studies using real world data,and the results indicate that it outperforms existing algorithms such as Deep Q-learning.The online algorithm can efficiently learn the behaviors of optimum non-casual off-line algorithms.

Optimal operation modes of photovoltaicbattery energy storage system based power plants considering typical scenarios

Recent advances in battery energy storage technologies enable increasing number of photovoltaic-battery energy storage systems(PV-BESS)to be deployed and connected with current power grids.The reliable and efficient utilization of BESS imposes an obvious technical challenge which needs to be urgently addressed.In this paper,the optimal operation of PV-BESS based power plant is investigated.The operational scenarios are firstly partitioned using a self-organizing map(SOM)clustering based approach.The revenue optimization model is adopted for the PV-BESS power plants to determine the optimal operational modes under typical conditions for a set of considerations,e.g.power generation revenue,assessing rewards/penalties as well as peak shaving/valley filling revenue.The solution is evaluated through a set of case studies,and the numerical result demonstrates the effectiveness of the suggested solution can optimally operate the BESS with the maximal revenue.

Can energy storage make off-grid photovoltaic hydrogen production system more economical?

Under the ambitious goal of carbon neutralization,photovoltaic(PV)-driven electrolytic hydrogen(PVEH)production is emerging as a promising approach to reduce carbon emission.Considering the intermittence and variability of PV power generation,the deployment of battery energy storage can smoothen the power output.However,the investment cost of battery energy storage is pertinent to non-negligible expenses.Thus,the installation of energy-storage equipment in a PVEH system is a complex trade-off problem.The primary goals of this study are to compare the engineering economics of PVEH systems with and without energy storage,and to explore time nodes when the cost of the former scenario can compete with the latter by factoring the technology learning curve.The levelized cost of hydrogen(LCOH)is a widely used economic indicator.Represented by seven areas in seven regions of China,results show that the LCOH with and without energy storage is approximately 22.23 and 20.59 yuan/kg in 2020,respectively.In addition,as technology costs drop,the LCOH of a PVEH system with energy storage will be less than that without energy storage in 2030.

FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS OF A PHOTOVOLTAIC/BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE HYBRID SYSTEM:AN HOURLY ESTIMATION BASED APPROACH AND A REAL LIFE CASE STUDY

This study has been undertaken to develop a consumer-oriented feasibility method for a hybrid photovoltaic(PV)-battery energy storage(BES)system by analyzing a real life house in Istanbul,Turkey,as a case study.The hourly electricity demand of the house was estimated by carrying out a detailed survey of the life style and daily habits of the household.No algorithm of any kind was used for the estimation of the energy demand with the exception of relating the lighting requirement to the daylight hours and the heating and cooling requirements to the seasonal weather changes.The developed method estimates the annual demand with an overall error of 8.68%.The net grid dependency and the feasibility of the PV-BES system was calculated for different combinations of PV and BES system sizes.It was found that when the maximum available roof area is used for PV installation and when the BES system size is increased,it is possible to achieve almost zero net grid dependency,and it is estimated that houses that are in regions with more abundant solar radiation and/or with lower annual electricity consumption,can reach zero net grid dependency.However,the feasibility indicator,which is the payback period,turned out to be no less than 25 years in any of the scenarios.The reasons for the infeasibility are the high prices of PV and BES systems as well as the current restriction in the regula-tions in Turkey,which prevents BES system owners from participating in unlicensed energy generation schemes and selling excess electricity back to the grid.In order to overcome this situation,regulations should be updated to allow BES system owners to benefit from feed-in-tariff schemes,thereby increasing the popularity of both PV and BES usage in Turkey.

分布式光伏电网混合储能功率协调控制方法

对储能功率的协调控制可以稳定分布式光伏电网输出功率,为了提高分布式光伏电网混合储能功率的协调控制性能,文中提出一种基于随机森林的分布式光伏电网混合储能功率协调控制方法。利用蓄电池和超级电容,平抑处理分布式光伏电网中光伏出力的频率分量,控制分布式光伏电网输出功率的带宽。当分布式光伏电网的运行状态改变时,通过蓄电池储能的功率调节,在不同模式下都处于储能功率平衡状态。仿真结果表明,文中方法能够优化分布式光伏电网的运行过程,具有更高的协调控制精度。

Improved Energy Management Strategy for Prosumer Buildings with Renewable Energy Sources and Battery Energy Storage Systems

The concept of utilizing microgrids(MGs)to convert buildings into prosumers is gaining massive popularity because of its economic and environmental benefits.These pro-sumer buildings consist of renewable energy sources and usually install battery energy storage systems(BESSs)to deal with the uncertain nature of renewable energy sources.However,because of the high capital investment of BESS and the limitation of available energy,there is a need for an effective energy management strategy for prosumer buildings that maximizes the profit of building owner and increases the operating life span of BESS.In this regard,this paper proposes an improved energy management strategy(IEMS)for the prosumer building to minimize the operating cost of MG and degradation factor of BESS.Moreover,to estimate the practical operating life span of BESS,this paper utilizes a non-linear battery degradation model.In addition,a flexible load shifting(FLS)scheme is also developed and integrated into the proposed strategy to further improve its performance.The proposed strategy is tested for the real-time annual data of a grid-tied solar photovoltaic(PV)and BESS-powered AC-DC hybrid MG installed at a commercial building.Moreover,the scenario reduction technique is used to handle the uncertainty associated with generation and load demand.To validate the performance of the proposed strategy,the results of IEMS are compared with the well-established energy management strategies.The simulation results verify that the proposed strategy substantially increases the profit of the building owner and operating life span of BESS.Moreover,FLS enhances the performance of IEMS by further improving the financial profit of MG owner and the life span of BESS,thus making the operation of prosumer building more economical and efficient.

An Analytical Method for Delineating Feasible Region for PV Integration Capacities in Net-zero Distribution Systems Considering Battery Energy Storage System Flexibility

To provide guidance for photovoltaic(PV)system integration in net-zero distribution systems(DSs),this paper proposes an analytical method for delineating the feasible region for PV integration capacities(PVICs),where the impact of battery energy storage system(BESS)flexibility is considered.First,we introduce distributionally robust chance constraints on network security and energy/carbon net-zero requirements,which form the upper and lower bounds of the feasible region.Then,the formulation and solution of the feasible region is proposed.The resulting analytical expression is a set of linear inequalities,illustrating that the feasible region is a polyhedron in a high-dimensional space.A procedure is designed to verify and adjust the feasible region,ensuring that it satisfies network loss constraints under alternating current(AC)power flow.Case studies on the 4-bus system,the IEEE 33-bus system,and the IEEE 123-bus system verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.It is demonstrated that the proposed method fully captures the spatio-temporal coupling relationship among PVs,loads,and BESSs,while also quantifying the impact of this relationship on the boundaries of the feasible region.

Optimal Sizing of Solar/Wind Hybrid Off-Grid Microgrids Using an Enhanced Genetic Algorithm

This paper presents a method for optimal sizing of an off-grid hybrid microgrid (MG) system in order to achieve a certain load demand. The hybrid MG is made of a solar photovoltaic (PV) system, wind turbine (TW) and energy storage system (ESS). The reliability of the MG system is modeled based on the loss of power supply probability (SPSP). For optimization, an enhanced Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used to minimize the total cost of the system over a 20-year period, while satisfying some reliability and operation constraints. A case study addressing optimal sizing of an off-grid hybrid microgrid in Nigeria is discussed. The result is compared with results obtained from the Brute Force and standard GA methods.

Performance of redox flow battery systems in Japan

Renewable energies, such as solar and wind power, are increasingly being introduced as alternative energy sources on a glosbal scale toward a low-carbon society. For the next generation power network, which uses a large number of these distributed power generation sources, energy storage technologies will be indispensable. Among these technologies, battery energy storage technology is considered to be most viable. Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. has developed a redox flow battery system suitable for large scale energy storage, and carried out several demonstration projects on the stabilization of renewable energy output using the redox flow battery system. This paper describes the advantages of the redox flow battery and reviews the demonstration projects.

Modelling and Coordinated Control of Grid Connected Photovoltaic,Wind Turbine Driven PMSG,and Energy Storage Device for a Hybrid DC/AC Microgrid

In a DC/AC microgrid system,the issues of DC bus voltage regulation and power sharing have been the subject of a significant amount of research.Integra-tion of renewable energy into the grid involves multiple converters and these are vulnerable to perturbations caused by transient events.To enhance the flexibility and controllability of the grid connected converter(GCC),this paper proposes a common DC bus voltage maintenance and power sharing control strategy of a GCC for a DC/AC microgrid.A maximum power point tracking algorithm is employed to enhance the power delivered by the wind turbine and photovoltaic module.The proposed control strategy consists of primary and secondary as-pects.In the primary layer control,the DC bus voltage is regulated by the GCC.In the secondary layer,the DC bus voltage is maintained by the energy storage device.This ensures reliable power for local loads during grid failures,while power injection to the grid is controlled by an en-ergy management algorithm followed by reference gen-eration of inductor current in the GCC.The proposed control strategy operates in different modes of DC voltage regulation,power injection to the grid and a hybrid op-erating mode.It provides wide flexible control and en-sures the reliable operation of the microgrid.The pro-posed and conventional techniques are compared for a 15.8 kW DC/AC microgrid system using the MATLAB/Simulink environment.The simulation results demonstrate the transient behaviour of the system in different operating conditions.The proposed control technique is twice as fast in its transient response and produces less oscillation than the conventional system.Index Terms—Wind energy,photovoltaic energy,DC/AC microgrid,battery energy storage system,co-ordinated control.

Hybrid Power System Options for Off-Grid Rural Electrification in Northern Kenya

For domestic consumers in the rural areas of northern Kenya, as in other developing countries, the typical source of electrical supply is diesel generators. However, diesel generators are associated with both CO2 emissions, which adversely affect the environment and increase diesel fuel prices, which inflate the prices of consumer goods. The Kenya government has taken steps towards addressing this issue by proposing The Hybrid Mini-Grid Project, which involves the installation of 3 MW of wind and solar energy systems in facilities with existing diesel generators. However, this project has not yet been implemented. As a contribution to this effort, this study proposes, simulates and analyzes five different configurations of hybrid energy systems incorporating wind energy, solar energy and battery storage to replace the stand-alone diesel power systems servicing six remote villages in northern Kenya. If implemented, the systems proposed here would reduce Kenya’s dependency on diesel fuel, leading to reductions in its carbon footprint. This analysis confirms the feasibility of these hybrid systems with many configurations being profitable. A Multi-Attribute Trade-Off Analysis is employed to determine the best hybrid system configuration option that would reduce diesel fuel consumption and jointly minimize CO2 emissions and net present cost. This analysis determined that a wind-diesel-battery configuration consisting of two 500 kW turbines, 1200 kW diesel capacity and 95,040 Ah battery capacity is the best option to replace a 3200 kW stand-alone diesel system providing electricity to a village with a peak demand of 839 kW. It has the potential to reduce diesel fuel consumption and CO2 emissions by up to 98.8%.

计及储能电池寿命衰减的居民小区光储优化配置

在居民小区配置光伏系统可减小电力系统的供电压力,配置储能装置能够减小光伏弃光率,同时还可以实现负荷的时空转移,减小负荷峰谷差。为使居民小区光储系统的配置更加合理,利用充放电次数和放电深度对储能电池寿命的影响,通过改进曲线拟合方法及线性分段处理方法,获得更加准确的曲线拟合函数和与原曲线更加贴合的分段线性函数,建立储能电池动态损耗模型;以光储系统年均净收益最大和负荷峰谷差最小为目标函数,对光储系统进行优化配置;最后使用不同权重求解方法得到光伏出力值及负荷需求值,采用多目标粒子群算法对在不同运行场景下的居民小区光储系统配置问题进行求解,并通过仿真对比分析不同运行场景下光储系统的运行策略。结果表明,居民小区储能系统在并网场景下的经济性和削峰填谷效果更佳,所采用模型合理有效,可为居民小区光储系统的规划建设提供参考。

离网型风光储微电网控制策略研究

为了解决偏远地区电力供应不足的问题,笔者提出一种含风力发电、光伏发电及蓄电池储能的离网型风光储微电网系统。风力发电最大功率点跟踪(maximum power point tracking,MPPT)采用叶尖速比法的控制策略,光伏发电MPPT采用变步长扰动观察法的控制策略,蓄电池储能系统采用基于双闭环控制的充放电控制策略。结合广西地区实际风速及光照强度变化情况,利用MATLAB/Simulink平台对所提出的风光储微电网系统进行了建模及仿真,验证了所提系统的可靠性和控制策略的有效性。

光储系统并网功率波动平抑及储能优化配置

【目的】电池储能是保证光伏发电系统可靠性、提高光伏发电利用率的有效手段之一,但在光储电站中存在功率波动平抑难、储能容量配置不合理等问题,为解决这些问题,开展了相关研究。【方法】针对能量型电池储能,分析了调度模式和自主模式特性,提出了一种基于储能运行在调度模式的光储系统限功率平抑策略,以实现功率平抑和减少储能充放电频繁切换。建立了以最小光储系统弃电损失为优化目标,以功率波动越限概率等作为约束条件的优化模型,并利用算法对储能配置进行求解和优化。以西藏朗明桑珠孜50 MW光储电站为例,验证了所提平抑策略的有效性。【结果】所提平抑策略在不增加储能充放电切换次数的前提下,将光储系统并网功率波动越限概率由25.64%降至6.41%,且并网功率波动越限概率为5%时,该50 MW并网光伏电站储能系统最优配置为14.5 MW/94 MW·h。【结论】所提抑策略及储能优化配置方法可为并网光储电站优化设计和运行提供技术参考。

考虑电化学模型的配电网侧光储系统分布式优化调度

配电网侧广泛接入的光储系统具备成为电网调度中灵活性资源的潜力。为了提高光储系统调控的精细程度,分析建模了光储系统运行的动态特性,构建了考虑电化学模型的光储调度模型。针对保护节点用户隐私和调用分布式计算资源的需求,根据该光储调度模型给出了适用于计算的矩阵化形式,并构建了各节点处含光储系统的配电网调度优化的分布式子问题,实现了该调度优化问题的分布式求解。基于IEEE 33节点系统算例验证了所提方法的有效性。结果表明,该方法给出的调度方案在可行性、储能运行高效性和老化衰退抑制能力等方面具有优势。

从BIPV(光伏建筑一体化)到BIPVES(光伏储能建筑一体化)

[目的]随着光伏、储能、新型建材及装配式建筑产业的发展,将光伏组件与屋面、墙体、遮阳等构件进行一体化设计与制造的光伏建筑一体化(Building Integrated Photovoltaic,BIPV)技术开始延伸为光伏储能建筑一体化(Building Integrated Photovoltaic and Energy Storge,BIPVES)技术。[方法]文章提出世界首个可充电水泥电池,将建筑墙体与光伏发电装置、储放电装置相融合;对设备和材料进行跨界创新,在玻璃表面打印高清晰度、高透光率花纹图案,制造高效光伏建材;研发预制式储能墙体,与各类钢结构装配式建筑体系进行结合,实现订制式生产、装配式施工,形成建筑构件与光伏、储能一体化的变革趋势。[结果]水泥基电池实现了建筑墙体具有光伏发电、储电以及供电等多种功能;新一代光伏建材可节省建筑外立面装饰材料的成本,降低建筑物碳排放;光伏和储能等可再生能源技术在建筑中的一体化集成,可取得最大化收益。[结论]新型光伏建材技术和水泥电池等新型储能技术具有发展前景,将可充电电池构件、光伏外墙板与装配式建筑墙体及预埋件进行组合集成并推广应用具有可行性。

面向光伏平抑考虑SOH与SOC的电池储能系统功率分配方法

针对电池储能系统(BESS)参与光伏平抑时寿命损耗较高的问题,提出面向光伏平抑考虑健康状态(SOH)与荷电状态(SOC)的BESS功率分配方法。首先,将光伏并网标准、BESS容量和最大充放电功率作为约束条件,建立以并网波动率、BESS寿命损耗和SOC恢复为目标的光伏并网指令优化模型,并利用改进天鹰优化的改进雨流计数法进行求解;然后,设计BESS两级功率分配策略,在传统容量二分法的基础上引入离群组,并动态调整电池组容量,提出兼顾SOH和SOC的BESS动态分组方法,实现功率指令从BESS向电池组的初级分配,并进一步结合电池单元SOH与SOC的标准差与极差动态估计各电池单元响应能力,设计基于SOH/SOC均衡原则的电池单元功率分配方法,实现功率指令从电池组向电池单元的次级分配;最后,电池单元响应功率指令完成调节。采用某配备BESS的光伏电站的冬季典型日出力进行仿真验证,并与其他多种方案进行对比,结果表明,所提方法在满足光伏并网波动率的要求下,降低了电池SOH差异,增强了电池单元SOC一致性,减少了BESS寿命损耗。

新能源产业链构建:光伏发电-电化学储能-新能源汽车

以高速路网光伏发电-电化学储能-新能源(电)汽车全产业链为基础,描述未来新能源生态体系的构筑蓝图:①在供给侧,探讨全面普及清洁能源的战略布局,打造高速路网光伏超级电站,依托光伏发电全生命周期低成本的优势,直接为下游终端提供电力,大幅降低新能源应用端的使用成本,推动以新能源汽车为中心的下游产业扩张,减少传统能源消耗和碳排放,助推绿色发展;②在储能端,加速液流电池和液态金属电池等电网储能设备的应用以及以硅碳和三元材料为代表的高容量动力电池材料的规模化生产进程,统一电池和配套设施的制造标准,并借助互联网战略,建立电池全生命周期的监测、维护和回收利用网络;③在应用端,制定新能源汽车的全新制造标准,全面推行模块化的设计和生产,用可更换电池模组替代集成式电池模组,建设替代加油站的配套电池供应网络,提供电力接入和电池充电、更换、维护服务。另外,还简述了利用新能源产业中的弃风、弃光发展氢能源,以氢能作为当下新能源体系的补充。通过新能源产业上、中、下游的同步建设,希望在未来30年内打造一个供给端-储能端-应用端协同发展的产业链,逐步形成独立于化石能源的、包含光伏和风电等多种能源形式的新能源闭环生态体系,实现社会能源消费结构转型,助力“碳达峰、碳中和”战略实施。