The proportion of elderly patients in intensive care is increasing, and a significant proportion of them require mechanical ventilation. How to implement safe and effective mechanical ventilation for elderly patients,...The proportion of elderly patients in intensive care is increasing, and a significant proportion of them require mechanical ventilation. How to implement safe and effective mechanical ventilation for elderly patients, and when appropriate off-line is an important issue in the field of critical care medicine. Appropriate sedation can improve patient outcomes, but excessive sedation may lead to prolonged mechanical ventilation and increase the risk of complications. Elderly patients should be closely monitored and evaluated on an individual basis while offline, and the sedation regimen should be dynamically adjusted. This requires the healthcare team to consider the patient’s sedation needs, disease status, and pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the drug to arrive at the best strategy. Although the current research has provided valuable insights and strategies for sedation and off-line management, there are still many problems to be further explored and solved.展开更多
The IAP (Institute of Atmospheric Physics) land-surface model (IAP94) is described. This model is a comprehensive one with detailed description for the processes of vegetation, snow and soil. Particular attention has ...The IAP (Institute of Atmospheric Physics) land-surface model (IAP94) is described. This model is a comprehensive one with detailed description for the processes of vegetation, snow and soil. Particular attention has been paid to the cases with three water phases in the surface media. On the basis of the mixture theory and the theory of fluid dynamics of porous media, the system of universal conservational equations for water and heat of soil, snow and vegetation canopy has been constructed. On this background, all important factors that may affect the water and heat balance in media can be considered naturally, and each factor and term possess distinct physical meaning. In the computation of water content and temperature, the water phase change and the heat transportation by water flow are taken into account. Moreover, particular attention has been given to the water vapor diffusion in soil for arid or semi-arid cases, and snow compaction. In the treatment of surface turbulent fluxes, the difference between aerodynamic and thermal roughness is taken into account. The aerodynamic roughness of vegetation is calculated as a function of canopy density, height and zero-plane displacement. An extrapolation of log linear and exponential relationship is used when calculating the wind profile within canopy. The model has been validated against field measurements in off-line simulations. The desirable model′s performance leads to the conclusion that the IAP94 is able to reproduce the main physical mechanisms governing the energy and water balances in the global land surface. Part II of the present study will concern the validation in a 3-D experiment coupled with the IAP Two-Level AGCM.展开更多
Off-line programming (OLP) system becomes one of the most important programming modules for the robotic belt grinding process, however there lacks research on increasing the grinding dexterous space depending on the...Off-line programming (OLP) system becomes one of the most important programming modules for the robotic belt grinding process, however there lacks research on increasing the grinding dexterous space depending on the OLP system. A new type of grinding robot and a novel robotic belt grinding workcell are forwarded, and their features are briefly introduced. An open and object-oriented off-line programming system is developed for this robotic belt grinding system. The parameters of the trimmed surface are read from the initial graphics exchange specification (IGES) file of the CAD model of the workpiece. The deBoor-Cox basis function is used to sample the grinding target with local contact frame on the workpiece. The numerical formula of inverse kinematics is set up based on Newton's iterative procedure, to calculate the grinding robot configurations corresponding to the grinding targets. After the grinding path is obtained, the OLP system turns to be more effective than the teach-by-showing system. In order to improve the grinding workspace, an optimization algorithm for dynamic tool frame is proposed and performed on the special robotic belt grinding system. The initial tool frame and the interval of neighboring tool frames are defined as the preparation of the algorithm. An optimized tool local frame can be selected to grind the complex surface for a maximum dexterity index of the robot. Under the optimization algorithm, a simulation of grinding a vane is included and comparison of grinding workspace is done before and after the tool frame optimization. By the algorithm, the grinding workspace can be enlarged. Moreover the dynamic tool frame can be considered to add one degree-of-freedom to the grinding kinematical chain, which provides the theoretical support for the improvement of robotic dexterity for the complex surface grinding.展开更多
In order to further understand the land surface processes over the northern Tibetan Plateau, this study produced an off-line simulated examination at the Bujiao site on the northern Tibetan Plateau from June 2002 to A...In order to further understand the land surface processes over the northern Tibetan Plateau, this study produced an off-line simulated examination at the Bujiao site on the northern Tibetan Plateau from June 2002 to April 2004, using the Noah Land Surface Model (Noah LSM) and observed data from the CAMP/Tibet experiment. The observed data were neces- sarily corrected and the number of soil layers in the Noah LSM was changed from 4 to 10 to enable this off-line simulation and analysis. The main conclusions are as follows: the Noah LSM performed well on the northern Tibetan Plateau. The simulated net radiation, upward longwave radiation, and upward shortwave radiation demonstrated the same remarkable annual and seasonal variation as the observed data, especially the upward longwave radiation. The simulated soil temperatures were acceptably close to the observed temperatures, especially in the shallow soil layers. The simulated freezing and melting processes were shown to start from the surface soil layer and spread down to the deep soil layers, but they took longer than the observed processes. However, Noah LSM did not adequately simulate the soil moisture. Therefore, additional high-quality, long-term observations of land surface-atmosphere processes over the Tibetan Plateau will be a key factor in proper adiustments of the model parameters in the future.展开更多
Segmentation of cursive text has been one of the major problems in Arabic writing. The problem is the shape of the letter which is context sensitive, depending on it’s location within a word. Many text recognition sy...Segmentation of cursive text has been one of the major problems in Arabic writing. The problem is the shape of the letter which is context sensitive, depending on it’s location within a word. Many text recognition systems recognize text imagery at the character level and assemble words from the recognized characters. Unfortunately this approach does not work with Arabic text. In this paper we describe a new approach to segment Arabic text imagery at a word level, without analyzing individual characters. This approach avoids the problem of individual characters segmentation, and can overcome local errors in character recognition.展开更多
A study of the interference simulation based on robot welding of the radar pedestal was carried out by using the KUKA Sim Pro simulation software and off-line program technology. Compared with the actual robot welding...A study of the interference simulation based on robot welding of the radar pedestal was carried out by using the KUKA Sim Pro simulation software and off-line program technology. Compared with the actual robot welding process, it was found that the trajectory of the simulated robot welding process in line with that recorded in the actual welding process, and the actual limit and interference appeared at the same place as the simulation process. There was no interference phenomenon on the outside weld-seam; on the internal weld-seam, especially on the weld-joint of support plate connected to the cylinder, a phenomenon of interference appeared. It was helpful to use the simulation method to guide the actual robot welding so as to protect robot from impacting and reduce the weld defects.展开更多
Thick walled curve welding are usually joined by multi-layer and multi-pass welding, which quality and efficiency could be improved by off-line programming of robot welding. However, the precision of off-line programm...Thick walled curve welding are usually joined by multi-layer and multi-pass welding, which quality and efficiency could be improved by off-line programming of robot welding. However, the precision of off-line programming welding path was decreased due to the deviation between the off-line planned welding path and the actual welding path. A path planning algorithm and a path compensation algorithm of multi-layer and multi-pass curve welding seam for off-line programming of robot welding are developed in this paper. Experimental results show that the robot off-line programming improves the welding efftcieney and precision for thick walled curve welding seam.展开更多
Payments for ecosystem services (PES) have been created worldwide to assist watershed management and improve or maintain water quality. Considering their importance, we conducted a holistic review of payment for water...Payments for ecosystem services (PES) have been created worldwide to assist watershed management and improve or maintain water quality. Considering their importance, we conducted a holistic review of payment for water-related ecosystem services to understand how this instrument has been applied in watershed management worldwide. First, we identified the watershed management actions considered by the PES programs and the challenges of implementing water-related PES. After we identified the methods and criteria used to define priority areas for water-related PES. Our review considered articles published on the Web of Science from 2011 to 2022. We found 236 articles relating PES to water resources, highlighting the main water conservation strategies: native vegetation conservation, native vegetation restoration, and implementing best agricultural practices. The method most frequent was interview, followed by the use of technologies, document analysis, and hydrological models. Another significant result was that priority areas for receiving PES are mainly riparian zones, areas near or with native vegetation cover, areas with higher erosion potential, steep areas, and areas with socially vulnerable communities. This review was crucial to identify efficient water resource conservation strategies and potential challenges in the implementation and development of PES programs.展开更多
This study investigates how financial literacy and behavioral traits affect the adoption of electronic payment(ePayment)services in Japan.We construct a financial literacy index using a representative sample of 25,000...This study investigates how financial literacy and behavioral traits affect the adoption of electronic payment(ePayment)services in Japan.We construct a financial literacy index using a representative sample of 25,000 individuals from the Bank of Japan’s 2019 Financial Literacy Survey.We then analyze the relationship between this index and the extensive and intensive usage of two types of payment services:electronic money(e-money)and mobile payment apps.Using an instrumental variable approach,we find that higher financial literacy is positively associated with a higher likelihood of adopting ePayment services.The empirical results suggest that individuals with higher financial literacy use payment services more frequently.We also find that risk-averse people are less likely to adopt and use ePayment services,whereas people with herd behavior tend to adopt and use ePayment services more.Our empirical results also suggest that the effects of financial literacy on the adoption and use of ePayment differ among people with different behavioral traits.展开更多
Online banking fraud occurs whenever a criminal can seize accounts and transfer funds from an individual’s online bank account.Successfully preventing this requires the detection of as many fraudsters as possible,wit...Online banking fraud occurs whenever a criminal can seize accounts and transfer funds from an individual’s online bank account.Successfully preventing this requires the detection of as many fraudsters as possible,without producing too many false alarms.This is a challenge for machine learning owing to the extremely imbalanced data and complexity of fraud.In addition,classical machine learning methods must be extended,minimizing expected financial losses.Finally,fraud can only be combated systematically and economically if the risks and costs in payment channels are known.We define three models that overcome these challenges:machine learning-based fraud detection,economic optimization of machine learning results,and a risk model to predict the risk of fraud while considering countermeasures.The models were tested utilizing real data.Our machine learning model alone reduces the expected and unexpected losses in the three aggregated payment channels by 15%compared to a benchmark consisting of static if-then rules.Optimizing the machine-learning model further reduces the expected losses by 52%.These results hold with a low false positive rate of 0.4%.Thus,the risk framework of the three models is viable from a business and risk perspective.展开更多
Objective To study the innovative drug pricing methods and medical insurance payment standards in foreign countries and to provide reference for China’s government.Methods The official websites were searched for info...Objective To study the innovative drug pricing methods and medical insurance payment standards in foreign countries and to provide reference for China’s government.Methods The official websites were searched for information and related literature,and literature review was used.Results and Conclusion In foreign countries,the clinical value of innovative drugs and their impact on medical insurance funds were comprehensively evaluated based on factors such as quality-adjusted life years,clinical benefit,and improvement of clinical benefit.Then,the evaluation results were taken as an important basis for whether innovative drugs were admitted to the medical insurance catalog and establishing medical insurance payment standards.By using international experience for reference,innovative drug pricing methods and medical insurance payment standards for China’s national conditions can be improved by establishing a basic database of clinical value and drug economic evaluation of innovative drugs,as well as innovative drug payment models based on decision thresholds.展开更多
In this paper we present some of our recent results on applications of spectral techniques over finite fields to the problems of testing and diagnosis of computer systems.
文摘The proportion of elderly patients in intensive care is increasing, and a significant proportion of them require mechanical ventilation. How to implement safe and effective mechanical ventilation for elderly patients, and when appropriate off-line is an important issue in the field of critical care medicine. Appropriate sedation can improve patient outcomes, but excessive sedation may lead to prolonged mechanical ventilation and increase the risk of complications. Elderly patients should be closely monitored and evaluated on an individual basis while offline, and the sedation regimen should be dynamically adjusted. This requires the healthcare team to consider the patient’s sedation needs, disease status, and pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the drug to arrive at the best strategy. Although the current research has provided valuable insights and strategies for sedation and off-line management, there are still many problems to be further explored and solved.
文摘The IAP (Institute of Atmospheric Physics) land-surface model (IAP94) is described. This model is a comprehensive one with detailed description for the processes of vegetation, snow and soil. Particular attention has been paid to the cases with three water phases in the surface media. On the basis of the mixture theory and the theory of fluid dynamics of porous media, the system of universal conservational equations for water and heat of soil, snow and vegetation canopy has been constructed. On this background, all important factors that may affect the water and heat balance in media can be considered naturally, and each factor and term possess distinct physical meaning. In the computation of water content and temperature, the water phase change and the heat transportation by water flow are taken into account. Moreover, particular attention has been given to the water vapor diffusion in soil for arid or semi-arid cases, and snow compaction. In the treatment of surface turbulent fluxes, the difference between aerodynamic and thermal roughness is taken into account. The aerodynamic roughness of vegetation is calculated as a function of canopy density, height and zero-plane displacement. An extrapolation of log linear and exponential relationship is used when calculating the wind profile within canopy. The model has been validated against field measurements in off-line simulations. The desirable model′s performance leads to the conclusion that the IAP94 is able to reproduce the main physical mechanisms governing the energy and water balances in the global land surface. Part II of the present study will concern the validation in a 3-D experiment coupled with the IAP Two-Level AGCM.
基金supported by National Hi-tech Research and Development Program of China (863 Program, Grant No. 2007AA04Z2443)State Key Laboratory for Man ufacturing Systems Engineering of Xi’an Jiaotong University of China
文摘Off-line programming (OLP) system becomes one of the most important programming modules for the robotic belt grinding process, however there lacks research on increasing the grinding dexterous space depending on the OLP system. A new type of grinding robot and a novel robotic belt grinding workcell are forwarded, and their features are briefly introduced. An open and object-oriented off-line programming system is developed for this robotic belt grinding system. The parameters of the trimmed surface are read from the initial graphics exchange specification (IGES) file of the CAD model of the workpiece. The deBoor-Cox basis function is used to sample the grinding target with local contact frame on the workpiece. The numerical formula of inverse kinematics is set up based on Newton's iterative procedure, to calculate the grinding robot configurations corresponding to the grinding targets. After the grinding path is obtained, the OLP system turns to be more effective than the teach-by-showing system. In order to improve the grinding workspace, an optimization algorithm for dynamic tool frame is proposed and performed on the special robotic belt grinding system. The initial tool frame and the interval of neighboring tool frames are defined as the preparation of the algorithm. An optimized tool local frame can be selected to grind the complex surface for a maximum dexterity index of the robot. Under the optimization algorithm, a simulation of grinding a vane is included and comparison of grinding workspace is done before and after the tool frame optimization. By the algorithm, the grinding workspace can be enlarged. Moreover the dynamic tool frame can be considered to add one degree-of-freedom to the grinding kinematical chain, which provides the theoretical support for the improvement of robotic dexterity for the complex surface grinding.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41075053 and 41275016)
文摘In order to further understand the land surface processes over the northern Tibetan Plateau, this study produced an off-line simulated examination at the Bujiao site on the northern Tibetan Plateau from June 2002 to April 2004, using the Noah Land Surface Model (Noah LSM) and observed data from the CAMP/Tibet experiment. The observed data were neces- sarily corrected and the number of soil layers in the Noah LSM was changed from 4 to 10 to enable this off-line simulation and analysis. The main conclusions are as follows: the Noah LSM performed well on the northern Tibetan Plateau. The simulated net radiation, upward longwave radiation, and upward shortwave radiation demonstrated the same remarkable annual and seasonal variation as the observed data, especially the upward longwave radiation. The simulated soil temperatures were acceptably close to the observed temperatures, especially in the shallow soil layers. The simulated freezing and melting processes were shown to start from the surface soil layer and spread down to the deep soil layers, but they took longer than the observed processes. However, Noah LSM did not adequately simulate the soil moisture. Therefore, additional high-quality, long-term observations of land surface-atmosphere processes over the Tibetan Plateau will be a key factor in proper adiustments of the model parameters in the future.
文摘Segmentation of cursive text has been one of the major problems in Arabic writing. The problem is the shape of the letter which is context sensitive, depending on it’s location within a word. Many text recognition systems recognize text imagery at the character level and assemble words from the recognized characters. Unfortunately this approach does not work with Arabic text. In this paper we describe a new approach to segment Arabic text imagery at a word level, without analyzing individual characters. This approach avoids the problem of individual characters segmentation, and can overcome local errors in character recognition.
基金Funded by Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(GFKJ2015B002)Quality Engineering Project of Anhui province(2014zy122)
文摘A study of the interference simulation based on robot welding of the radar pedestal was carried out by using the KUKA Sim Pro simulation software and off-line program technology. Compared with the actual robot welding process, it was found that the trajectory of the simulated robot welding process in line with that recorded in the actual welding process, and the actual limit and interference appeared at the same place as the simulation process. There was no interference phenomenon on the outside weld-seam; on the internal weld-seam, especially on the weld-joint of support plate connected to the cylinder, a phenomenon of interference appeared. It was helpful to use the simulation method to guide the actual robot welding so as to protect robot from impacting and reduce the weld defects.
文摘Thick walled curve welding are usually joined by multi-layer and multi-pass welding, which quality and efficiency could be improved by off-line programming of robot welding. However, the precision of off-line programming welding path was decreased due to the deviation between the off-line planned welding path and the actual welding path. A path planning algorithm and a path compensation algorithm of multi-layer and multi-pass curve welding seam for off-line programming of robot welding are developed in this paper. Experimental results show that the robot off-line programming improves the welding efftcieney and precision for thick walled curve welding seam.
文摘Payments for ecosystem services (PES) have been created worldwide to assist watershed management and improve or maintain water quality. Considering their importance, we conducted a holistic review of payment for water-related ecosystem services to understand how this instrument has been applied in watershed management worldwide. First, we identified the watershed management actions considered by the PES programs and the challenges of implementing water-related PES. After we identified the methods and criteria used to define priority areas for water-related PES. Our review considered articles published on the Web of Science from 2011 to 2022. We found 236 articles relating PES to water resources, highlighting the main water conservation strategies: native vegetation conservation, native vegetation restoration, and implementing best agricultural practices. The method most frequent was interview, followed by the use of technologies, document analysis, and hydrological models. Another significant result was that priority areas for receiving PES are mainly riparian zones, areas near or with native vegetation cover, areas with higher erosion potential, steep areas, and areas with socially vulnerable communities. This review was crucial to identify efficient water resource conservation strategies and potential challenges in the implementation and development of PES programs.
基金National Foundation for Science and Technology Development(No.502.01-2020.308).
文摘This study investigates how financial literacy and behavioral traits affect the adoption of electronic payment(ePayment)services in Japan.We construct a financial literacy index using a representative sample of 25,000 individuals from the Bank of Japan’s 2019 Financial Literacy Survey.We then analyze the relationship between this index and the extensive and intensive usage of two types of payment services:electronic money(e-money)and mobile payment apps.Using an instrumental variable approach,we find that higher financial literacy is positively associated with a higher likelihood of adopting ePayment services.The empirical results suggest that individuals with higher financial literacy use payment services more frequently.We also find that risk-averse people are less likely to adopt and use ePayment services,whereas people with herd behavior tend to adopt and use ePayment services more.Our empirical results also suggest that the effects of financial literacy on the adoption and use of ePayment differ among people with different behavioral traits.
基金from any funding agency in the public,commercial,or not-for-profit sectors.
文摘Online banking fraud occurs whenever a criminal can seize accounts and transfer funds from an individual’s online bank account.Successfully preventing this requires the detection of as many fraudsters as possible,without producing too many false alarms.This is a challenge for machine learning owing to the extremely imbalanced data and complexity of fraud.In addition,classical machine learning methods must be extended,minimizing expected financial losses.Finally,fraud can only be combated systematically and economically if the risks and costs in payment channels are known.We define three models that overcome these challenges:machine learning-based fraud detection,economic optimization of machine learning results,and a risk model to predict the risk of fraud while considering countermeasures.The models were tested utilizing real data.Our machine learning model alone reduces the expected and unexpected losses in the three aggregated payment channels by 15%compared to a benchmark consisting of static if-then rules.Optimizing the machine-learning model further reduces the expected losses by 52%.These results hold with a low false positive rate of 0.4%.Thus,the risk framework of the three models is viable from a business and risk perspective.
文摘Objective To study the innovative drug pricing methods and medical insurance payment standards in foreign countries and to provide reference for China’s government.Methods The official websites were searched for information and related literature,and literature review was used.Results and Conclusion In foreign countries,the clinical value of innovative drugs and their impact on medical insurance funds were comprehensively evaluated based on factors such as quality-adjusted life years,clinical benefit,and improvement of clinical benefit.Then,the evaluation results were taken as an important basis for whether innovative drugs were admitted to the medical insurance catalog and establishing medical insurance payment standards.By using international experience for reference,innovative drug pricing methods and medical insurance payment standards for China’s national conditions can be improved by establishing a basic database of clinical value and drug economic evaluation of innovative drugs,as well as innovative drug payment models based on decision thresholds.
基金This work was supported by the National Science Foundation(USA)under grant MIP 9630096the NATO under Grant 910411Volkswagen Foundation(Germany)
文摘In this paper we present some of our recent results on applications of spectral techniques over finite fields to the problems of testing and diagnosis of computer systems.